Instruction

Learn how to file a document GOST, the basic requirements for text business and scientific papers, you can read GOST 2.105-95. This is an interstate standard, in which everything related to test documents is very detailed and thoroughly stated. It contains general provisions and the definition of this concept and the requirements for various types such documents. Requirements for paperwork are also set out in GOST R 6.30-2003.

The text itself, according to the current GOSTs, print on one side of a sheet of A4 writing paper. The top and bottom margins should be 2 cm, the size of the left is 3 cm, the right is 1.5 cm. Print the text with one and a half line spacing, the red line is printed with a 1.25 cm spacing. Use the Times font New Roman Cyr size 14 pt.

Number the pages Arabic numerals by placing them in footer, in the middle of the page. Numbering should be continuous throughout the document. Use 10 pt font. Take the title page into account when numbering, but do not put a number on it. Figures and illustrations made on separate sheets should also be included in the general numbering and put the page number on them.

Figures and illustrations must be numbered. Place them in the text immediately after they were mentioned for the first time. The numbering is put down in Arabic numerals under the figure, after the word "Fig." or "Picture", in the middle, it should be through the entire document.

Tables should also be numbered with Arabic numerals. through throughout the entire document. Under each table, write its name after the words "Table." or "Table". Each table must be located under a link to it in the text. Headings of graphs and columns of the table begin with capital letters. You cannot quote duplicate values ​​in a table.

Place all headings in the middle of the line, do not put a dot after the title. Separate them from the body text with triple spacing above and below. Headings cannot be hyphenated. GOST recommends that each new section or chapter begin with new page.

Diploma is the most important independent work student, which determines whether he received the relevant skills during the training. But we should not forget that not only the content is important in the diploma, but also the form. There are clear state standards for the design of this work, which must be followed. So, how to get a diploma according to GOST?

You will need

• - the text of the diploma in electronic form.

Instruction

Print or format the finished text of the thesis in accordance with the requirements. The diploma must be printed in twelfth or fourteenth type called Times New Roman. The spacing between lines should be one and a half. The margins should be 20 mm for the bottom, top and left indents and 10 mm for the right. If your text does not meet these requirements, highlight finished text mouse, then change the settings. In text Word editor first, in the upper left corner of the toolbar, set the appropriate type and size of the font, then in the "Format" menu, select

The idea of ​​this material was born in the classes that the author of these lines conducted for Word users in a near-state organization. Employees were transferred to new version programs - then back in 2007. Strong impression I was struck by the fact that a good half of the questions concerned changing the defaults of the new version (font name and size, line spacing, red line indentation, margin sizes, pagination, etc.). It turned out that in this office there is a draconian instruction on record keeping, with which the initial settings of the program did not fit at all.

To verify the prevalence of this problem, just type in the search bar legal framework Consultant Plus is the name of the well-known font - Times New Roman. In response, you will receive a list of regulations of various Russian authorities - from the Prosecutor General's Office to regional administrations. All these documents strictly prescribe: for departmental office work, use Times New Roman and nothing else. I wonder if Microsoft marketers, who in two latest versions abandoned the most beloved font in Russia as a standard setting for Russian Word?

If your employer insists on meeting certain paperwork requirements, we hope this material will help you when switching to a new version of the program - Microsoft Word 2010. With these guidelines, you can quickly find the most requested settings and bring them in line with your organization's guidelines.

When using these tips, keep two important things in mind:

• Many problems in Word can be solved with a few different ways. It is possible that other authors will offer completely different recipes for solving the same problems. This shouldn't be embarrassing.
• It is preferable to make the changes described here in the order in which they are arranged in this article.

1. Set Times New Roman as Default Font

The requirement to type all documents exclusively in Times New Roman is found in almost all known to the author Russian instructions for office work. Old-timers of office work do not exclude that this norm was born in ancient times because Microsoft Word of previous versions offered this font as a standard one. However, since 2007, the behavior of the program has changed: in the last two versions of Word, by default, it uses the Calibri font for plain text.

The best way to fix this shortcoming is to create and set a new font theme as the default. For this:

1. or by choosing the command.
2. Choose a ribbon command Home - Edit Styles - Fonts - Create New Theme Fonts.
3. In the dialog that appears, set Times New Roman as the font for headings and plain text, give the scheme a name (in Fig. 1, for example, we named it Russian) and pressing the button Save commit the changes.
4. Re-enter the menu Home - Change Styles - Fonts, make sure the new font scheme appears in the list, and select it. This will fix this scheme in the current document.
5. Recall the menu Home - Change Styles and select command Default. With this step, you will oblige Word to use the schema that you created and fixed for the current document in the previous steps for all subsequent documents.

Rice. 1. Dialog Create New Theme Fonts

For documents that you created in Word 2010 before these changes were made, you must manually change the font scheme as we did in step 4.

2. Correcting the font size and spacing between lines of text

Usually, in addition to the name of the font, its size is also written in the instructions. Most often, documents need to be typed in size 14, less often in size 13 or 12, but never size 11, which Word 2010 offers by default.

The situation is similar with the distances between lines of text. In the norms of office work, a single or one and a half line spacing usually appears. And in recent versions of Word, this parameter is set to 1.15. In addition, Word 2007-2010 separates standard paragraphs at intervals of 10 points - it seems that Russian norms are not rejected, but they are not welcome either.

To make it easier to change these defaults, the authors of Word 2010 have added new team to the tab home on the menu Change styles. The dialogue that this command will lead us to existed before, but it is now more convenient to get to it. Let's use this:

1. Create a new blank document with default settings. This can be done, for example, by clicking in the window word hot key or by choosing the command File - New - New Document.
2. Choose a ribbon command Home - Edit Styles - Spacing Between Paragraphs - Custom Paragraph Spacing. A tab will open Default dialogue Style Management(Fig. 2).
3. On the tab that opens, adjust the font size, spacing before and after the paragraph, and line spacing in accordance with the standards of your organization. On fig. 2, the corresponding parameters are framed.
4. Be sure to set the switch.
5. Apply changes with a click of a button OK.

Rice. 2. Default tab of the Manage Styles dialog. Frames highlight the controls that are responsible for the font size, spacing between paragraphs and between lines in a paragraph.

If you are a user entry level and draw up documents exclusively "manually" (i.e., limit yourself to teams that are concentrated in groups Font And Paragraph tabs home), then you can move on to the next tip. But if you use Word styles when designing documents, then after the described changes, you will also have to check the styles used for the correctness of fonts and line spacing.

If you've delved into Word styles, you probably realize that they can be pretty tricky to link together. Sometimes making changes to one style (the parent) results in adjustments to the child styles, other times it doesn't. There are also styles that have no "parents" at all. After studying these connections, you can easily understand why, after the changes described above, in some of your styles, the font and spacing "corrected" by themselves, in others - not. Where they have not recovered, this must be done manually. For example, manual "finishing" will require built-in Word headings (styles Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3 and so on.). It is done like this:

1. In any way convenient for you, re-create a new empty document with standard settings.
2. On the tab home in the style gallery, find the button for the style you want to fix. Right-click on it and in the context menu that appears, select Change. A dialog will open Style change(Fig. 3).
3. In dialogue Style change(fig. 3) adjust the font size. When adjusting built-in headings, it is also worth changing the color (make colored text black) and alignment (in Russia, headings are often centered, and not left-aligned, as Word originally does).
4. Click on the button Format in the lower left corner of the dialog and in the menu that opens, select the command Paragraph. A dialog will open in which you can switch to the tab Indents and spacing.
5. On the tab Indents and spacing cast group controls Interval in accordance with the requirements of your employer and close the dialog with the button OK.
6. Returning to dialogue Style change(Fig. 3), be sure to install a switch in it In new documents using this template and press the button OK.

Rice. 3. Dialog Change style.

It may seem that such "fuss" with styles is unnecessary problems. However, if you create a lot of documents with standardized layout, the effort of aligning the styles to your organization's guidelines will quickly pay off.

Note. Meticulous experts in the program may say that Word 2010 has a command that allows you to quickly bring styles to the default look used in Word 2003. The author of these lines knows about such a command, but does not recommend relying on it. Word styles 2003 were closer to typical norms Russian office work, but also did not fully correspond to them. Therefore, they still have to be checked and edited.

3. We bring the page margins to the established norm

By default, Word 2010 creates documents with a left margin of 3 cm, a right margin of 1.5 cm, and a bottom and top margin of 2 cm. However, other sizes are often prescribed in paperwork instructions. For example, there may be numbers borrowed from GOST R 6.30-2003, where 2, 2, 2 and 1 cm are allocated to the left, top, bottom and right margins, respectively. On the tab Page layout on the menu fields there are several preset options for fields, but these values ​​are not there.

To avoid having to change fields in each new document, do the following:

1. Create a new blank document with default settings. This can be done, for example, by pressing the hot key in OK in Word or by choosing the command File - New - New Document.
2. Go to ribbon tab Page layout and in the group Page settings select a team Fields - Custom fields. A tab will open fields dialogue Page settings(Fig. 4).
3. In the dialog that opens, set the required margin size.
4. When the fields are set, be sure to click the button Default at the bottom of the dialog. If this is not done, the margins will change only in the current document, and not in the template, on the basis of which subsequent new documents will be created.
5. Close the dialog with a button click OK.

Rice. 4. Margins tab of the Page Setup dialog.

If you are creating documents based on other templates, you need to follow the same steps with them.

4. Style the Standard Redline Paragraph

IN Russian organizations and institutions, it is customary to align the plain text of documents to the width of the page, and start the first line of each paragraph with an indent ("red line"). Many instructions specify the amount of such an indent - usually 1.25 cm.

Novice users usually do this formatting manually. To justify in width, use the button in the group Paragraph tabs home or hot key . An indent is usually created by moving horizontal ruler the upper triangle is the one that points downward. Lazy people get by by pressing a key at the beginning of a paragraph - at standard settings, it shifts the text to the left by exactly 1.25 cm. However, if you want your documents to be neat and predictable, it is more correct to implement such a design as a style.

Several methods are available for this. In particular, you can activate and correct an existing style preset. Red line, which is deeply hidden in the bowels of the program. But perhaps it's easier and faster to create a new one. own style. Here's how it's done:

Rice. 6. The saved style should appear in the style gallery on the Home tab.

Now we can justify a paragraph and give it a red line with one click on the button in the style gallery.

The style creation algorithm is described here using the example of a paragraph with a red line, but in fact it is universal. In approximately the same way, you can create any style, for example, to quickly design the addressee of a document.

5. Provide the template with the correct pagination

Russian business rules usually require that when documents are produced on two or more pages, the second and subsequent pages should be numbered. The number should consist only of a number, be placed in the middle of the top margin of the sheet and be in the same font as the main text of the document.

In Word 2007-2010, the blank is closest to these requirements. Simple number 2, which is available on the tab Insert on the menu Page number - Top of page. However, this blank requires "finishing": the number will first be inserted on all pages of the document, including the first one, and its design may differ from the main text.

Once and for all, we will formulate the numbering rules in the template on the basis of which you create documents. Then in the future from time to time the required version of the headers and footers will be generated "by itself". Do the following:

We recommend that you create new document and test the operation of headers and footers on it. As long as there is one page in the file, there is no header or footer on it. But as soon as the following pages are added to the document, they should automatically display the number.

6. Tame autocorrect and autoformat

The settings that we will talk about in this section are not prescribed in regulatory documents. However, the root of the problem is the same: Word's defaults don't quite match. Russian traditions paperwork.

Let us briefly recall what the essence of the considered autocorrect and autoformat functions is. The editor continuously monitors your actions. And it doesn't just keep track: the text you enter can be corrected "by itself", without explicit commands from you. In some cases, such automatism makes life easier, for example, the program is able to correct wide circle typos. Type "however" in the document and make sure that Word itself turns the misspelled word into "however". Alas, the "arbitrariness" of the program is not always so useful. A fair percentage of Word users spend their energy fixing the same AutoFormat and AutoCorrect errors day in and day out, instead of tweaking their settings once and for all with a few clicks of the mouse.

To get to the autocorrect and autoformat settings, do the following:

1. call the command File - Options and in the opened dialog Word Options go to section Spelling.
2. In chapter Spelling press the button AutoCorrect. A dialog will open AutoCorrect, in which two tabs are of most interest - AutoCorrect And Autoformat as you type.

Picky users are advised to carefully study all (exactly all) settings of these tabs at their leisure. Here we will confine ourselves to one example, in which the limitations of the Russification of Word are especially clearly visible. It's a checkbox on a tab AutoCorrect(rice.).

Rice. 9. AutoCorrect tab of the AutoCorrect dialog. The checkbox responsible for converting letters to uppercase after a punctuation mark is highlighted.

If this check box is enabled, Word keeps track of the occurrence of punctuation marks in the text. You enter a dot, the program checks if the word preceding this dot is included in the list of exceptions, and if not, it automatically translates the first letter next word to uppercase. On the one hand, such automatism is convenient, especially for users with poor keyboard skills. On the other hand, inappropriate capitalization after abbreviations is one of the most common mistakes that every reader encounters. electronic documents.

The trouble is that the list of exceptions compiled by Microsoft experts is incomplete. Most a prime example: it is customary in Russia to abbreviate the word "ruble" with three letters (rubles) and one (r.). For business and professional use, the second option is considered more preferable, as it is specified in the localization settings of the Microsoft Windows OS. Alas, the Russian Word initially believes that after the letter p with a dot, the beginning of a new sentence must certainly follow.

Correcting such misunderstandings is simple: add an abbreviation to the number of exceptions. When Word capitalizes the first letter of a word by mistake, do the following:

1. Hover your mouse over the letter that is erroneously capitalized. A blinking contextual icon will appear below the letter AutoCorrect options.
2. Click on this contextual icon. The autocorrect control pop-up menu will open (Figure 10).
3. Select the appropriate option from the menu that appears. In our example, it is best to create an exception for the letter "p" with a dot (the corresponding command is marked in Fig. 10 with an arrow).

Rice. 10. An example of an autocorrect error and its correction using the AutoCorrect Options context menu. A command has been highlighted that will throw a new exception.

View full list created exceptions can be in the already mentioned dialog AutoCorrect. To do this, on the tab AutoCorrect you have to press the button Exceptions.

However, the author of these lines prefers not to suffer with exceptions, but generally turns off the setting Capitalize first letters of sentences. It's over, then you have to press at the beginning of each sentence, but in my opinion, this is easier than keeping track of the excessive "creativity" of the program.

Conclusion

As you can see, the initial settings of Microsoft Word do not fully comply with the prevailing rules of Russian office work. But due to the flexibility of the program, it can really be adapted to almost any formatting options.

If among the readers of this article were the heads of organizations and institutions with clear regulations for paperwork, we dare to give them advice. Instruct your "IT specialists" to work out the issue of centralized bringing user settings Microsoft Office in accordance with departmental or local regulations. It is possible and necessary to create an in-house template with a carefully adjusted set of settings, provide it with instructions and then "scatter" it among the workplaces. This will allow you to create better and more consistent documents with less time.

GOST 2.105-95

INTERSTATE STANDARD

UNIFIED SYSTEM OF DESIGN DOCUMENTATION

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TEXT
DOCUMENTS

INTERSTATE COUNCIL
ON STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

Minsk

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the All-Russian Research Institute of Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH) of the State Standard of Russia

INTRODUCED by Gosstandart Russian Federation

2 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (April 26, 1995 protocol No. 7)

3 By the Decree of the Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of August 8, 1995 No. 426, the Interstate Standard GOST 2.105-95 was put into effect as the state standard of the Russian Federation from July 1, 1996.

4 INSTEAD OF GOST2.105-79, GOST 2.906-71

5 EDITION (June 2002) as amended (IUS 12-2001)

INTERSTATE STANDARD

one system design documentation

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TEXT DOCUMENTS

Unified system for design documentation.

General requirements for textual documents

Introduction date 1996-07-01

1 AREA OF USE

This International Standard specifies general requirements for the performance text documents for products of mechanical engineering, instrument making and construction.

2REFERENCES

3GENERAL PROVISIONS

3.1 Text documents are divided into documents containing mainly solid text (technical specifications, passports, calculations, explanatory notes, instructions, etc.), and documents containing text divided into columns (specifications, statements, tables, etc.).

Text documents are performed in paper form and (or) in the form of an electronic document (DE)

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1)

3.2 Text documents are executed on the forms established by the relevant standards of the Unified Design Documentation System (ESKD) and the System project documentation for construction (SPDS).

Requirements specific to certain types of text documents (for example, operational documents) are given in the relevant standards.

3.3 The originals of text documents are performed in one of the following ways:

Typewritten, while the requirements of GOST 13.1.002 should be followed. Font typewriter must be clear, at least 2.5 mm high, the tape is only black (bold);

Handwritten - drawing font according to GOST 2.304 with a height of letters and numbers of at least 2.5 mm. Numbers and letters must be written in clear black ink;

With the use of computer printing and graphic output devices (GOST2.004);

- on electronic data carriers.

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1)

3.4 Copies of text documents are made in one of the following ways:

Typographic - in accordance with the requirements for publications produced by typographic method;

Blueprinting;

microfilming;

On electronic data carriers.

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1)

3.5 Enter into typewritten text documents individual words, formulas, conventional signs(handwritten), as well as illustrations should be done in black ink, paste or ink.

3.6 The distance from the frame of the form to the boundaries of the text at the beginning and at the end of the lines is at least 3 mm.

The distance from the top or bottom line of text to the top or bottom frame must be at least 10 mm.

Paragraphs in the text begin with an indent equal to five strokes of a typewriter (15 - 17 mm).

An example of the execution of a text document is given in the appendix.

3.7 Misprints, typos and graphical inaccuracies found during the execution of the document may be corrected by erasing or painting over with white paint and applying the corrected text (graphics) in the same place in typewritten way or in black ink, paste or handwritten ink.

Damage to sheets of text documents, blots and traces of incompletely removed old text (graphics) is not allowed.

After making corrections, the document must meet the microfilming requirements established by GOST 13.1.002.

3.8 To place approving and agreeing signatures to text documents, it is recommended to draw up a title page and (or) an approval sheet in accordance with the section of this standard.

The obligatory nature and features of the execution of title pages are stipulated in the ESKD and SPDS standards for the rules for the execution of the relevant documents.

3.9 It is recommended to issue a change registration sheet for text documents in accordance with GOST 2.503 and GOST 21.101.

3.10 The content and requisite parts of the DE must comply with the requirements of the ESKD standards.

The structure and composition of the details of the DE must ensure its circulation within the software (display, modification, printing, accounting and storage in databases, and also transfer to other automated systems) while complying with the regulatory requirements for the design of text documents.

Example

A) ____________________

b) ____________________

1) ________________

2) ________________

V) ____________________

4.1.8 Each item, sub-item and listing is recorded with paragraph indent.

4.1.9 Sections, subsections should have headings. Items usually do not have headings.

Headings should clearly and briefly reflect the content of sections, subsections.

Headings should be printed with capital letter without a dot at the end, without underlining. Word hyphenation in titles is not allowed. If the heading consists of two sentences, they are separated by a dot.

The distance between the headings and the text when executing the document in a typewritten way should be equal to 3.4 intervals, when executing in a handwritten way - 15 mm. The distance between the headings of the section and subsection - 2 intervals, when performed by handwriting - 8 mm.

When executing text documents in an automated way, it is allowed to use distances close to the specified intervals

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1)

4.1.10 It is recommended to start each section of a text document from a new sheet (page).

4.1.11 In a document (part, book) of a large volume, on the first (title) page and, if necessary, on subsequent sheets, the content is placed, including the numbers and names of sections and subsections, indicating the numbers of sheets (pages).

If the document is divided into parts (books), then at the end of the content of the first part (book) the designation and name (if any) of the remaining parts (books) are listed. Contents include in total sheets of this document (parts, books).

The word "Content" is written as a title (symmetrical to the text) with a capital letter. The names included in the content are written in lowercase letters, starting with a capital letter.

4.1.12 At the end of the text document, before the change registration sheet, it is allowed to provide a list of literature that was used in its preparation. Implementation of the list of references to it in the text - according to GOST 7.32. The list of references is included in the content of the document.

4.1.13 The numbering of the pages of the document and the annexes included in this document must be continuous. Instead of continuous page numbering, it is allowed to use page numbering within each section of the document in the following way:

315

sectionpage

4.2Presentation of the text of documents

4.2.1 Full name of the product on title page, in the main inscription and at the first mention in the text of the document should be the same as its name in the main design document.

In the following text, the word order in the name should be direct, i.e. in the first place there should be a definition (adjective), and then - the name of the product (noun); in this case, it is allowed to use the abbreviated name of the product.

The names given in the text of the document and in the illustrations must be the same.

4.2.2 The text of the document should be concise, clear and not open to different interpretations.

When stating mandatory requirements, the text should use the words “should”, “should”, “necessary”, “required that”, “only allowed”, “not allowed”, “prohibited”, “should not”. When presenting other provisions, the words - “may be”, “as a rule”, “if necessary”, “maybe”, “in case”, etc. should be used.

In this case, it is allowed to use the narrative form of presenting the text of the document, for example, “apply”, “indicate”, etc.

The documents should use scientific and technical terms, designations and definitions established by the relevant standards, and in their absence - generally accepted in the scientific and technical literature.

If specific terminology is adopted in the document, then at the end of it (before the list of references) there should be a list of accepted terms with appropriate explanations. The list is included in the content of the document.

4.2.3 In the text of the document it is not allowed:

Apply turns colloquial speech, technicalisms, professionalisms;

Apply for the same concept different scientific and technical terms that are close in meaning (synonyms), as well as foreign words and terms in the presence of equivalent words and terms in Russian;

Apply arbitrary word formations;

Use abbreviations of words, except for those established by the rules of Russian spelling, the relevant state standards, as well as in this document;

Abbreviate the designations of units of physical quantities, if they are used without numbers, with the exception of units of physical quantities in the heads and sides of tables and in the decoding of letter designations included in formulas and figures.

4.2.4 In the text of the document, with the exception of formulas, tables and figures, it is not allowed:

Use a mathematical minus sign (-) before negative values ​​​​of quantities (the word “minus” should be written);

Apply sign "Æ ” to indicate the diameter (the word “diameter” should be written). When specifying the size or maximum deviations of the diameter in the drawings placed in the text of the document, Before the dimension number, you should write the sign "Æ »;

Apply without numeric values mathematical signs, for example > (greater than),< (меньше), =(равно), ³ (more or equal),£ (less or equal),¹ (not equal), as well as signs No. (number),% (percentage);

Apply indexes of standards, specifications and other documents without a registration number.

4.2.5 If the document contains explanatory inscriptions applied directly to the manufactured product (for example, on strips, plates for controls, etc.), they are highlighted in a font (without quotes), for example, ON, OFF, or in quotation marks - if the inscription consists of numbers and/or signs.

Names of commands, modes, signals, etc. in the text should be enclosed in quotation marks, for example, "Signal+27 on".

4.2.6 The list of allowed word abbreviations is established in GOST 2.316.

If the document adopts a special system of abbreviations of words or names, then it should contain a list accepted abbreviations, which is placed at the end of the document before the list of terms.

4.2.7 Symbolic letters, images or signs must comply with those adopted in the current legislation and state standards. In the text of the document, before the designation of the parameter, its explanation is given, for example, “Temporary tear resistance σ in”.

If necessary, use symbols, images or signs not established by the current standards, they should be explained in the text or in the list of symbols.

4.2.8 The document should use standardized units of physical quantities, their names and symbols in accordance with GOST 8.417.

Along with SI units, if necessary, the units of previously used systems that are allowed for use are indicated in brackets. Application in one document different systems notation of physical quantities is not allowed.

4.2.9 In the text of the document, numerical values ​​of quantities with the designation of units of physical quantities and counting units should be written in numbers, and numbers without designation of units of physical quantities of counting units from one to nine - in words.

Examples

1 Test five pipes, each 5 m long.

2 Select 15 pipes for pressure testing.

4.2.10 The unit of the physical quantity of the same parameter within one document must be constant. If the text contains a series numerical values expressed in the same unit physical quantity, then it is indicated only after the last numerical value, for example 1.50; 1.75; 2.00 m

4.2.11 If the text of the document gives a range of numerical values ​​of a physical quantity expressed in water and the same unit of a physical quantity, then the designation of the physical quantity unit is indicated after the last numerical value of the range.

Examples

1 From 1 to 5 mm.

2 From 10 to 100 kg.

3 From plus 10 to minus 40 °C.

4. From plus 10 to plus 40 °С.

It is unacceptable to separate a unit of a physical quantity from a numerical value (transfer them to different lines or pages), except for the units of physical quantities placed in typewritten tables.

4.2.12 Giving the largest or smallest values values, the phrase “should be no more (no less)” should be used.

When citing the permissible values ​​of deviations from the specified norms, the requirements should use the phrase "should not be more (less)".

For example, mass fraction sodium carbonate in technical soda ash should be at least 99.4%.

4.2.13 The numerical values ​​of the quantities in the text should be indicated with the degree of accuracy that is necessary to ensure the required properties of the product, while in a number of quantities the number of decimal places is aligned.

Rounding numeric values ​​to the first, second, third, etc. decimal point for various standard sizes, brands, etc. products of the same name should be the same. For example, if the gradation of the thickness of a hot-rolled steel strip is 0.25 mm, then the entire range of strip thicknesses must be indicated with the same number of decimal places, for example 1.50; 1.75; 2.00.

4.2.14 Fractional numbers should be given as decimal fractions, except for measurements in inches, which should be written 1/4² ; 1 / 2 ² (but not ).

If it is impossible to express a numerical value as a decimal fraction, it is allowed to write it as a simple fraction in one line through a slash, for example, 5/32; (50A - 4C) / (40V + 20).

4.2.15 In formulas, the symbols established by the relevant state standards should be used as symbols. Explanations of the symbols and numerical coefficients included in the formula, if they are not explained earlier in the text, should be given directly below the formula. Explanations of each symbol should be given from a new line in the order in which the symbols are given in the formula. The first line of explanation must begin with the word "where" without a colon after it.

EXAMPLE Density of each sample ρ, kg / m 3, calculated by the formula

(1)

Where T-sample weight, kg;

V- sample volume, m 3 .

Formulas that follow one after the other and are not separated by text are separated by a comma.

4.2.16 Transfer formulas to next line allowed only on signs of ongoing operations, and the sign at the beginning of the next line is repeated. When transferring the formula on the multiplication sign, the sign "´ ».

4.2.17 In non-typographically published documents, formulas can be made in typewritten, machine or drawing font with a height of at least 2.5 mm. The use of typewritten and handwritten characters in the same formula is not allowed.

4.2.18 Formulas, with the exception of formulas placed in the appendix, must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, which are written at the formula level on the right in parentheses. One formula is denoted by - (1).

Formulas placed in applications must be numbered separately by Arabic numerals within each application with the addition of an application designation before each digit, for example, formula ( B.1).

The numbering of formulas within the section is allowed. In this case, the formula number consists of the section number and the formula serial number, separated by a dot, for example (3.1).

4.2.19 The order of presentation of mathematical equations in documents is the same as for formulas.

4.2.20 Notes are given in documents if explanations or reference data are needed for the content of the text, tables or graphic material.

Notes should not contain requirements.

Examples

Note -________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Notes

1 ______________________

2 ______________________

4.2.22 References to this document, standards, specifications and other documents, provided that they fully and unambiguously define the relevant requirements and do not cause difficulties in using the document.

You should refer to the document as a whole or its sections and appendices. References to subsections, paragraphs, tables and illustrations are not allowed, with the exception of subsections, paragraphs, tables and illustrations of this document.

When referring to standards and specifications, only their designation is indicated, while it is allowed not to indicate the year of their approval, provided that the designation with the year of approval is written at the end of the text document under the heading "REFERENCE REGULATORY DOCUMENTS" in the form:

4.3Making illustrations and applications

4.3.1 The number of illustrations should be sufficient to explain the text being presented. Illustrations can be located both in the text of the document (possibly closer to the corresponding parts of the text), and at the end of it. Illustrations must be made in accordance with the requirements of ESKD and SPDS standards. Illustrations, with the exception of illustrations of appendices, should be numbered with Arabic numerals through numbering. If there is only one figure, then it is designated "Figure 1".

The illustrations of each application are designated by a separate numbering in Arabic numerals with the addition of the application designation before the number. For example - Figure A.3.

It is allowed to unnumber small illustrations (small drawings) placed directly in the text and to which there are no further references.

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1)

It is allowed to number the illustrations within the section. In this case, the number of the illustration consists of the number of the section and the ordinal number of the illustration, separated by a dot. For example -Figure 1.1.

When referring to illustrations, write "¼ in accordance with Figure 2" with end-to-end numbering and "¼ in accordance with Figure 1.2" when numbering within a section.

Illustrations, if necessary, may have a name and explanatory data (figure text). The word "Figure" and the name are placed after the explanatory data and arranged as follows: Figure 1 - Details of the device.

4.3.2 If the text of the document contains an illustration that depicts the component parts of the product, then this illustration should indicate the position numbers of these components within this illustration, which are arranged in ascending order, excluding repeating positions, and for electric and radio elements - positional designations set in the diagrams of this product.

The exception is electrical and radio elements, which are adjustment or adjustment elements, for which (except for the position number) the purpose of each adjustment and adjustment, the reference designation and inscriptions on the corresponding bar or panel are additionally indicated in the figure text.

It is allowed, if necessary, to keep the number assigned to the component part of the product in the illustration within the document.

For layouts of structural elements and architectural and construction drawings of buildings (structures), the marks of the elements are indicated.

The specified data is applied to the illustrations in accordance with GOST 2.109.

4.3.3 electrical diagrams near each element indicate its positional designation, established by the relevant standards, and, if necessary, the nominal value of the value.

4.3.4 Material supplementing the text of the document may be placed in annexes. Applications can be, for example, graphic material, large format tables, calculations, descriptions of equipment and instruments, descriptions of algorithms and programs for problems solved on a computer, etc.

The application is drawn up as a continuation of this document on its subsequent sheets or issued as an independent document.

4.3.5 Annexes may be mandatory and informational.

Informational appendices may be of a recommended or reference nature.

4.3.6 References should be given to all annexes in the text of the document. The degree of mandatory applications is not indicated in the references. Annexes are placed in the order of references to them in the text of the document, with the exception of the informational appendix "Bibliography", which has the last one.

4.3.7 Each annex should start from a new page with the word “Annex” and its designation at the top in the middle of the page, and below it in brackets for a mandatory annex, write the word “mandatory”, and for informational - “recommended” or “reference”.

The application must have a title that is written symmetrically with respect to the capitalized text on a separate line.

4.3.8 Applications are designated by capital letters of the Russian alphabet, starting with A, with the exception of the letters Ё, З, Й, O, Ch, b, Ы, Ъ. The word "Appendix" is followed by a letter denoting its sequence.

It is allowed to designate applications with letters of the Latin alphabet, with the exception of letters I and O.

In the case of full use of the letters of Russian and Latin alphabets it is allowed to designate applications with Arabic numerals. If there is one appendix in the document, it is designated "Appendix A".

4.3.9 Applications, as a rule, are performed on A4 sheets. It is allowed to issue applications on A3, A4 sheets´ 3, A4 ´ 4, A2 and A1 according to GOST 2.301.

4.3.10 The text of each annex, if necessary, can be divided into sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, which are numbered within each application. The designation of this application is put in front of the number.

Applications must be in common with the rest of the document continuous numbering pages.

4.3.11 All attachments should be listed in the document's table of contents (if any) with their numbers and headings.

4.3.12 Applications issued in the form of an independent document are drawn up according to general rules- the first sheet with the main inscription in form 2, the subsequent sheets - in form 2a according to GOST 2.104, GOST 21.101.

If necessary, such an application may have "Content".

4.3.13 Applications or books issued as an independent document are assigned the designation as part of the document, indicating their serial number in the document code. If the application or book has a title page, then under the name of the document indicate the word "Appendix" and its designation in the case of two or more applications, for example "Appendix B" or "Book" and its serial number, for example "Book 6".

4.3.14 It is allowed to use other independently issued design documents (dimensional drawings, diagrams, etc.) as an attachment to the document.

The document, including the document to which applications are issued, is compiled into an album with the compilation of an album inscription to it. The inventories assign the designation of the product for which the main document was developed, and the OP code.

The inventory is compiled according to the form 4 and 4a GOST 2.106. First, a document is written into it, for which other design documents are applied as an application. Further, the documents are recorded in the order of their acquisition in the album. If necessary, the album of documents is the title page.

4.4Table building

4.4.1 Tables are used for better clarity and ease of comparison of indicators. The title of the table, if any, should reflect its content, be precise, brief. The title should be placed above the table.

When transferring part of the table to the same or other pages, the title is placed only above the first part of the table.

Digital material, as a rule, is drawn up in the form of tables in accordance with the figure.

Tables with a small number of columns can be divided into parts and placed one part next to the other on one page, while repeating the head of the table in accordance with the figure. It is recommended to separate parts of the table with a double line or a line with a thickness of 2s.

4.4.10 The restrictive words “more”, “no more”, “less”, “not less”, etc. should be placed in one line or column of the table with the name of the corresponding indicator after the designation of its unit of physical quantity, if they refer to the entire line or column. In this case, after the name of the indicator, a comma is placed before the restrictive words in accordance with the figures and .

4.4.11 The designation of the unit of a physical quantity common to all data in a line should be indicated after its name in accordance with the figure. It is allowed, if necessary, to put in a separate line (column) the designation of the unit of a physical quantity.

4.4.12 If the values ​​of the same physical quantity are placed in the column of the table, then the designation of the unit of the physical quantity is indicated in the heading (subheading) of this column in accordance with the figure.

4.4.19 When specifying in the tables consecutive intervals of numbers covering all the numbers of the series, they should be written: “From¼ before ¼ included", "St. ¼ before ¼ inclusive" in accordance with the drawing.

In the interval covering the numbers of the row, it is allowed to put a dash between the extreme numbers of the row in the table in accordance with the figure.

The location of the headings for statements is established by the relevant ESKD and SPDS standards.

Below each heading, one free line should be left, above - at least one free line.

5.3 Notes to sections, subsections or to the entire document are numbered in accordance with.

5.4 In text documents in paper form with lines, all entries are made on each line in one row.

(Changed edition. Rev. No. 1)

To make changes easier:

Record at the bottom of the line field. Entries should not merge with lines delimiting rows and columns;

Leave free lines between sections and subsections, and in documents of a large volume - also within sections and subsections.

When compiling documents prototypes additionally provide free lines for writing documents and other data that can be entered into the documentation.

5.5 If the text in several lines is written in the column of the document, then in the subsequent columns the entries begin at the level of the first line. If in subsequent columns the entry is placed on one line, then with the typewritten method of execution it is allowed to be placed at the level of the last line.

5.6 For electronic documents when output to paper or a display device using software tools deviations are allowed in the forms of execution of tables (sizes of frames, columns, etc.) and the placement of text (field sizes, intervals, etc.), while observing the requirements for the design of text documents.

(Introduced additionally. Change No. 1 )

6 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE TITLE PAGE OR APPROVAL

6.1 The title page is the first page of the document. The title page compiled for the album of documents is the first sheet of the inventory of this album.

6.2 An approval sheet (LA) is issued for documents on which, according to the terms of their use, the developer and (or) the customer considers it inappropriate to give the names of organizations, positions and names of the persons who signed these documents.

6.3 LU is issued for one document, for several documents, for an album of documents or a set of documents. It is allowed to issue a license for a separate part or several parts of the document.

6.4 The designation of the LU consists of the designation of the document to which it refers, with the addition of a hyphenated LU, for example, ХХХХ.ХХХХХХ.ХХХТУ-ЛУ.

6.5 If the LU is issued on an album of documents, it is assigned the designation of one of these documents by adding the LU code through a hyphen and recorded in the inventory of the album first.

6.6 If the LU is issued for several documents, it is assigned the designation of one of these documents with the addition of the LU code through a hyphen and recorded in the specification, which includes this document.

6.7 If the LU is issued as a set of documents, it is assigned a specification designation with the addition of the LU code and is recorded first in the specification in the "Documentation" section.

6.8 When recording a license plate, the specification should be indicated in the "Note" - "Propagate as directed" column.

Notes

1 LR is multiplied and distributed if necessary. The need to distribute copies of the LC is determined by the holder of the original LC in agreement with the customer.

2 They are not included in the list of operational documents, as well as in the list of documents for the repair of LU.

6.9 The title page and LU are performed on sheets of A4 format according to GOST 2.301 in the form shown in the figure:

field 1 - the name of the department whose system includes the organization that developed this document. The field is optional;

field 2 - on the left side (for technical conditions, operational and repair documents) - the code for the product classifier (for example, in the Russian Federation they use the code for the All-Russian Classifier of Products - OKP - six characters), on the right side - special marks. To be completed for the title page only;

field 3 - on the left side - approval stamp, on the right side - approval stamp, carried out in accordance with GOST 6.38, if necessary;

field 4 - product name ( capital letters) and the document for which the title page or license is drawn up. If the title page is compiled for documents broken into parts, indicate the part number and its name. For an album of documents, indicate the album number and the total number of albums, for example:

MACHINE HORIZONTAL

MODEL 2620V

Dimensional drawings

Album 2

Total albums 5

field 5 - the words "Approval sheet"; the field is filled in only for LU;

field 6 - for the title page - the designation of the document (in capital letters), for the album of documents - the designation of the inventory of this album; for LU - LU designation;

field 7 - number of LL sheets. The field is not filled if the LU is made on one sheet;

field 8 - for the title page: signatures of the document developers, performed in accordance with GOST 6.38. If the document is subject to agreement with several officials, then in addition to the signatures indicated in field 3, the remaining signatures are placed on the left side of field 8.

The signatures indicated in the main inscription of the title page should not be repeated on the title page and the statement sheet.

For LU: on the left - signature approval (if necessary), on the right - signatures of the developers of the regulatory controller in accordance with GOST 6.38 in the manner established at the developer enterprise.

With a large number of signatures, field 8 is increased by issuing a second sheet. At the same time, it is indicated in the upper right corner: for the title page "Continuation of the title page", for the LU - "Continuation of the approval sheet" and then the name and designation of the document. In this case, at the end of the first sheet indicate: "Continuation on the next sheet";

field 9 - columns 19 - 23 according to GOST 2.104, placed on the field for filing. It is allowed to place field 9 on field 10 according to GOST2.004;

field 10 - columns 14 - 18 according to GOST 2.104 (it is allowed to set the dimensions arbitrarily; the lines separating columns and lines are not applied; the name of the column is not indicated). The field is filled in lines from bottom to top. The field is filled in only for LU.

6.12 A change in the license plate is made in accordance with GOST 2.503 and reflected in additional columns in accordance with GOST 2.104 or GOST 2.004.

Examples of the design of the title page and the approval sheet are given in the appendices -.

7DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR DOUBLE-SIDED COPYING

7.1 For double-sided copying, the sheets of the document are doubled with a fold line in the middle. The main inscription is given on both halves of each sheet (figure), with the exception of additional columns that are placed only on the odd page.

7.2 In the main inscriptions, the name of the “Sheet” column is changed to “S.”, and the name of the “Sheets” (on the title sheets) to “Pages”.

GOST 2.105-95

INTERSTATE STANDARD

This standard establishes general requirements for the execution of text documents for products of mechanical engineering, instrumentation and construction

GOST 2.004-88 ESKD. General requirements to the implementation of design and technological documents on printing and graphic output devices of a computer

GOST 2.104-68 ESKD. Basic inscriptions

GOST 2.106-68 ESKD. Text Documents

GOST 2.109-73 ESKD. Basic requirements for drawings

GOST 2.301-68 ESKD. formats

GOST 2.304-81 ESKD. Drawing fonts

GOST 2.316-68 ESKD. Rules for applying inscriptions, technical requirements and tables on drawings

GOST 2.321-84 ESKD. Letter designations

GOST 2.503-90 ESKD. Rules for making changes

GOST 6.38-90 USD. System of organizational and administrative documentation. Documentation requirements

GOST 7.32-91 System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing. Research report. Structure and design rules

Official edition

GOST 2.105-95

3.1 Text documents are divided into documents containing mainly solid text (technical specifications, passports, calculations, explanatory notes, instructions, etc.), and documents containing text divided into columns (specifications, statements, tables, etc. .P.).

3.2 Text documents are executed on the forms established by the relevant standards of the Unified Design Documentation System (ESKD) and the Design Documentation System for Construction (SPDS).

Requirements specific to certain types of text documents (for example operational documents) are given in the relevant standards.

3.3 The originals of text documents are performed in one of the following ways:

Typewritten, while the requirements of GOST 13.1.002 should be followed. The typewriter font must be clear, at least 2.5 mm high, the ribbon is only black (bold);

Handwritten - drawing font in accordance with GOST 2.304 with a height of letters and numbers of at least 2.5 mm. Numbers and letters must be written clearly in black ink;

With the use of printing and graphic computer output devices (GOST 2.004).

On magnetic data carriers (GOST 28388).

V) ____________

4.2.2 The text of the document should be concise, clear and not open to interpretation.

When presenting mandatory requirements the text should use the words "should", "should", "should", "required that", "only allowed", "not allowed", "prohibited", "should not". When presenting other provisions, the words - "may be", "as a rule", "if necessary", "may be", "in case", etc. should be used.

In this case, it is allowed to use the narrative form of the text of the document, for example, "apply", "indicate", etc.

The documents should use scientific and technical terms, designations and definitions established by the relevant standards, and in their absence - generally accepted in the scientific and technical literature.

If a specific terminology is adopted in the document, then at the end of it (before the list of references) there should be a list of accepted terms with appropriate explanations. The list is included in the content of the document.

4.2.3 In the body of the document not allowed :

-use arbitrary word formations;

Use abbreviations of words, except for those established by the rules of Russian spelling, the relevant state standards, as well as in this document;

Abbreviate the designations of units of physical quantities if they are used without numbers, with the exception of units of physical quantities in the heads and sides of the table in the decoding of the letter designations included in the formulas and figures.

4.2.4 In the text of the document, with the exception of formulas, tables and figures, it is not allowed:

-use the mathematical minus sign (-) before negative values ​​​​of quantities (the word "minus" should be written);

Use the sign "0" to indicate the diameter (the word "diameter" should be written). When specifying the size or maximum deviations of the diameter in the drawings placed in the text of the document, the sign "0" should be written before the dimension number;

Use mathematical symbols without numeric values, for example > (greater than),< (меньше), = (равно), 2: (больше или равно), ^ (меньше или равно), -^ (not equal), as well as signs No. (number),% (percentage);

Apply indices of standards, specifications and other documents without a registration number.

4.2.5 If the document contains explanatory inscriptions that are applied directly to the manufactured product (for example, on strips, plates for controls, etc.), they are highlighted in font (without quotes), for example, ON, OFF,. or quotes - if the inscription consists of numbers and (or) characters.

Names of commands, modes, signals, etc. in the text should be enclosed in quotation marks, for example, "Signal +27 is on".

4.2.6 The list of allowed word abbreviations is established in GOST 2.316.

If the document adopts a special word abbreviation system or. names, then it should contain a list of accepted abbreviations, which is placed at the end of the document before the list of terms.

4.2.7 Symbolic letters, images or signs must comply with those adopted in the current legislation and state standards. In the text of the document, before the designation of the parameter, its explanation is given, for example, "Temporary tensile strength Std".

If it is necessary to use symbols, images or signs that are not established by the current standards, they should be explained in the text or in the list of symbols.

4.2.8 The document should use standardized units of physical quantities, their names and designations in accordance with GOST 8.417.

Along with the SI units, if necessary, the units of previously used systems allowed for use are indicated in brackets. The use of different systems of designation of physical quantities in one document is not allowed.

4.2.9 In the text of the document, numerical values ​​of quantities with the designation of units of physical quantities and counting units should be written in numbers, and numbers without designation of units of physical quantities and counting units from one to nine - in words.

1 Test five pipes, each 5 m long.

2 Select 15 pipes for pressure testing.

4.2.10 The unit of the physical quantity of the same parameter within one document must be constant. If the text contains a series of numerical values ​​expressed in the same unit of physical quantity, then it is indicated only after the last numerical value, for example 1.50; 1.75; 2.00 m

4.2.11 If the text of the document gives a range of numerical values ​​of a physical quantity expressed in the same unit of a physical quantity, then the designation of the unit of the physical quantity is indicated after the last numerical value of the range.

1 From 1 to 5 mm.

2 From 10 to 1QD kg.

3 From plus 10 to minus 40 "C.

4 From plus 10 to plus 40 "C.

It is unacceptable to separate a unit of a physical quantity from a numerical value (transfer them to different lines or pages), except for the units of physical quantities placed in typewritten tables.

4.2.12 When citing the largest or smallest values ​​of quantities, the phrase "should be no more (no less)" should be used.

When citing the permissible values ​​of deviations from the specified norms, the requirements should use the phrase "should not be more (less)".

For example, the mass fraction of sodium carbonate in technical soda ash must be at least 99.4%.

4.2.13 The numerical values ​​of the quantities in the text should be indicated with the degree of accuracy necessary to ensure the required properties of the product, while in a number of quantities the number of decimal places is aligned.

Rounding numerical values ​​of quantities to the first, second, third, etc. decimal point for different sizes, brands, etc. products of the same name should be the same. For example, if the gradation of the thickness of the hot-rolled steel strip is 0.25 mm, then the entire range of strip thicknesses must be indicated with the same number of decimal places, for example 1.50; 1.75; 2.00.

4.2.14 Fractional numbers should be given as decimals, except for inch sizes, which should be recorded. ¼"; ½"; (but not )

V- sample volume, m 3 .

4.3.7 Each annex should begin on a new page with the word "Annex" and its designation at the top in the middle of the page, and below it in brackets for a mandatory annex, write the word "mandatory", and for information - "recommended" or "reference".

The application must have a title that is written symmetrically with respect to the capitalized text on a separate line.

4.3.8 Applications are denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet, starting with A, with the exception of the letters Ё, 3, I, O, Ch, b, Y, Ъ. The word "Appendix" is followed by a letter denoting its sequence.

It is allowed to designate applications with letters of the Latin alphabet, with the exception of the letters I and O.

In the case of full use of the letters of the Russian and Latin alphabets, it is allowed to designate applications with Arabic numerals.

If the document has one appendix, it is designated "Appendix A".

4.3.9 Applications, as a rule, are performed on A4 sheets. It is allowed to draw up applications on sheets of A3, A4x3, A4x4, A2 and A1 formats in accordance with GOST 2.301.

Figure 2

Table …

The presentation of the text and the design of the work should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 7.32 - 2001

1 The text of works should be printed, observing the following requirements:

· the text is typed in Times New Roman font, size not less than 12, lowercase, without highlighting, justified;

paragraph indentation should be the same and equal throughout the text to 1.27 cm;

lines are separated by one and a half intervals;

Page margins: top and bottom not less than 20 mm, left not less than 30 mm, right not less than 10 mm;

Bold font is not used;

allowed to use computer capabilities focusing on certain terms, formulas, theorems, using fonts of different fonts;

Introduction and conclusion are not numbered.

2 The main part of the work should be divided into sections and subsections:

· Sections and subsections should have sequential numbering within the entire text, with the exception of appendices;

They should be numbered with Arabic numerals;

The subsection number includes the section number and subsection serial number separated by a dot;

Do not put a dot after the number of the section and subsection in the text;

sections and subsections should have headings;

headings of sections and subsections should be typed with a paragraph indent from a capital letter without a dot at the end, without underlining;

if the heading consists of two sentences, they are separated by a dot;

hyphenation in headings is not allowed;

3 Pagination of text documents:

· pages of papers should be numbered with Arabic numerals, following continuous numbering throughout the text of the papers;

· the title page is included in the general numbering of pages of works;

Page number on the title page is not affixed;

The page number is put in the center of the bottom of the sheet without a dot.

Belyakov E.V. Preparing and using presentations in educational process/ http://belyk5.narod.ru/Present.htm.

Volkov Yu.G. Dissertation: preparation, defense, design: A practical guide / Ed. N.I. Zaguzov. M.: Gardariki, 2001.

GOST 7.32 - 2001 Research report. Structure and rules of registration.

Dzhurinsky K. How to write a scientific article? Tips for a novice author / http://www.power-e.ru/pdf/article_write.pdf.

Didactic approaches to creation and application multimedia presentations in the educational process: Tutorial for teachers and students / E.R. Zinkevich, O.S. Kulbakh - St. Petersburg, 2011.

Zakharov A., Zakharova T. How to write and defend a dissertation / http://diss-union.com/ infot.php?idd=1&id2=20.

Writing technique scientific article/ www.ukrwiki.uamir.org.

Scientific publications/ http://bio.sfu-kras.ru/?page=137.

Rules for authors/ http://www.rae.ru/fs.

Rules for the design of text documents / http://guap.ru/guap/standart/prav_main.shtml.

Skalepov A.N. Basics scientific research: studies. allowance. M.: Law Institute of MIIT, 2012.

Khalin S.M. Methodology public speaking: studies. allowance. 2nd ed., revised. Tyumen: Tyumen State. un-t, 2006.