The classification of fairy tales. Characteristic features of each species
The most important ideas, the main problems, the plot cores and, most importantly, the alignment of forces that carry out good and evil, in fact, are the same in the tales of different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries, it is for all mankind.
Folklore has devoted a lot of research to the fairy tale, but its definition as one of the genres of oral folk art still remains an open problem. The heterogeneity of fairy tales, the vast thematic range, the variety of motifs and characters contained in them, the innumerable number of ways to resolve conflicts really make the task of genre definition of a fairy tale very difficult.
And yet, the divergence in views on the fairy tale is associated with what is regarded in it as the main thing: an orientation towards fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.
The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical being is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.
On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not quite uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, fairy tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure fairy tales, social and everyday life, fairy tales-jokes, shifting fairy tales and others are distinguished.
The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply defined boundaries, but despite the fragility of the distinction, such a classification allows the child to start a substantive conversation about fairy tales within the framework of a conditional "system" - which, of course, facilitates the work of parents and educators.
To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been adopted:
1. Tales about animals;
2. Fairy tales;
3. Household fairy tales.
Let's take a closer look at each type.
Animal Tales
Folk poetry embraced the whole world, its object was not only man, but also all life on the planet. Depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but at the same time fixes and characterizes habits, "way of life", etc. Hence the lively, tense text of fairy tales.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature, he really was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking protection from it, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.
In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, reconcile. Such tales are based on totemism (belief in a totem beast, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. Often he was thought of as a terrible, vindictive beast, not forgiving offenses (the fairy tale "The Bear"). The further the faith in that goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible his power over the animal, the "victory" over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales "The Man and the Bear", "The Bear, the Dog and the Cat". Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf in beliefs is wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism, becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the proximity of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "The Beasts in the Pit").
Tales about animals stand out in a special group according to the nature of the characters. They are divided into types of animals. Tales about plants, inanimate nature (frost, sun, wind), about objects (bubble, straw, bast shoes) adjoin here.
In fairy tales about animals, man:
1) plays a secondary role (the old man from the fairy tale "The Fox steals fish from the cart");
2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (a man from the fairy tale "Old bread and salt is forgotten").
Possible classification of the fairy tale about animals.
First of all, the animal tale is classified according to the main character (thematic classification). Such a classification is given in the index of fairy tale plots of world folklore compiled by Arne-Thomson and in the "Comparative Index of Plots. East Slavic Fairy Tale":
1. Wild animals.
Other wild animals.
2. Wild and domestic animals
3. Man and wild animals.
4. Pets.
5. Birds and fish.
6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena.
The next possible classification of the fairy tale about animals is the structural-semantic classification, which classifies the fairy tale according to genre. There are several genres in the fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp singled out such genres as:
1. Cumulative fairy tale about animals.
3. Fable (apologist)
4. Satirical tale
E. A. Kostyukhin singled out genres about animals as:
1. Comic (household) fairy tale about animals
2. Magic fairy tale about animals
3. Cumulative Animal Tale
4. Novelistic tale about animals
5. Apologist (fable)
6. Joke.
7. Satirical tale about animals
8. Legends, stories, everyday stories about animals
9. Fables
Propp, in the basis of his classification of the fairy tale about animals by genre, tried to put a formal sign. Kostyukhin, on the other hand, partly based his classification on a formal feature, but basically the researcher divides the genres of fairy tales about animals according to content. This allows a deeper understanding of the diverse material of the fairy tale about animals, which demonstrates the variety of structural constructions, the diversity of styles, and the richness of content.
A third possible classification of animal tales is that of the target audience. Allocate fairy tales about animals to:
1. Children's fairy tales.
Fairy tales told for children.
Tales told by children.
2. Adult fairy tales.
This or that genre of fairy tale about animals has its own target audience. The modern Russian fairy tale about animals mainly belongs to the children's audience. Thus, fairy tales told for children have a simplified structure. But there is a genre of fairy tale about animals that will never be addressed to children - this is the so-called. A "naughty" ("cherished" or "pornographic") tale.
About twenty plots of animal tales are cumulative tales. The principle of such a composition is the repeated repetition of a plot unit. Thompson, S., Bolte, J. and Polivka, I., Propp identified fairy tales with cumulative composition as a special group of fairy tales. Cumulative (chain-like) composition is distinguished:
1. With endless repetition:
Boring tales like "About the white bull".
A unit of text is included in another text ("The priest had a dog").
2. With End Repeat:
- "Turnip" - plot units grow into a chain until the chain breaks.
- "Cockerel choked" - the chain is untwisted until the chain breaks.
- "For a little duck" - the previous unit of text is denied in the next episode.
Another genre form of a fairy tale about animals is the structure of a fairy tale ("The wolf and the seven kids", "The cat, the rooster and the fox").
The leading place in fairy tales about animals is occupied by comic tales - about the tricks of animals ("A fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a cart)," A wolf at an ice-hole "," A fox smears his head with dough (sour cream), "The beaten unbeaten one is lucky", "The midwife fox ", etc.), which influence other fabulous genres of the animal epic, especially the apologist (fable). The plot core of a comic fairy tale about animals is a chance meeting and a trick (deception, according to Propp). Sometimes they combine several meetings and tricks. The hero of a comic tale is a trickster (one who performs tricks). The main trickster of the Russian fairy tale is the fox (in the world epic - the hare). Its victims are usually a wolf and a bear. It has been observed that if the fox acts against the weak, it loses, if against the strong, it wins. It comes from archaic folklore. In the modern animal tale, the victory and defeat of the trickster often receives a moral assessment. The trickster in the tale is opposed to the simpleton. It can be a predator (wolf, bear), and a person, and a simpleton animal, like a hare.
A significant part of animal tales is occupied by an apologist (fable), in which there is not a comic principle, but a moralizing, moralizing one. At the same time, the apologist does not have to have a moral in the form of an ending. Morality follows from the plot situations. Situations must be unambiguous in order to easily form moral conclusions. Typical examples of an apologist are fairy tales where contrasting characters collide (Who is more cowardly than a hare?; Old bread and salt is forgotten; A splinter in the paw of a bear (lion). An apologist can also be considered such plots that have been known in a literary fable since ancient times (Fox and sour grapes; The crow and the fox, and many others). Apologia is a relatively late form of animal tales. Refers to a time when moral norms have already been determined and are looking for a suitable form. In fairy tales of this type, only a few plots with trickster tricks have been transformed, part of the plots apologist (not without the influence of literature) he developed himself.The third way for the development of the apologist is the growth of paremia (proverbs and sayings. But unlike paremia, in the apologist the allegory is not only rational, but also sensitive.
Next to the apologist is the so-called short story about animals, singled out by E. A. Kostyukhin. A short story in an animal tale is a story about unusual cases with a fairly developed intrigue, with sharp turns in the fate of the characters. The trend towards moralization determines the fate of the genre. It has a more definite morality than in the apologist, the comic beginning is muted, or completely removed. The mischief of the comic fairy tale about animals is replaced in the short story with a different content - entertaining. A classic example of a novelistic tale about animals is the "Grateful Beasts". Most of the plots of a folklore short story about animals are formed in literature, and then pass into folklore. The easy transition of these plots is due to the fact that the literary plots themselves are formed on a folklore basis.
Speaking about satire in fairy tales about animals, it must be said that literature once gave impetus to the development of a satirical fairy tale. The condition for the appearance of a satirical tale arises in the late Middle Ages. The satirical effect in a folklore tale is achieved by the fact that social terminology is put into the mouths of animals (Fox confessor; Cat and wild animals). The plot "Ruff Ershovich", which is a fairy tale of book origin, stands apart. Having appeared late in a folk tale, satire did not gain a foothold in it, since social terminology can easily be removed from a satirical tale.
So in the 19th century, a satirical tale is unpopular. The satire within the animal tale is only an accent in an extremely small group of animal stories. And the laws of the animal fairy tale with trickster tricks influenced the satirical tale. The satirical sound was preserved in fairy tales, where the trickster was in the center, and where there was a complete absurdity of what was happening, then the fairy tale became a fiction.
Fairy tales
Fairy tales of the magical type include magical, adventure, heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales lies a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and the wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible "transformation", striking in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale "Snow Maiden". "Look, the Snow Maiden's lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then a living girl shook off the snow and came out of a snowdrift. ""Conversion" in fairy tales of a wonderful type, usually occur with the help of magical creatures or objects.
Basically, fairy tales are older than others, they bear traces of a person's primary acquaintance with the world around him.
A fairy tale is based on a complex composition, which has an exposition, plot, plot development, climax and denouement.
The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming a loss or shortage, with the help of miraculous means, or magical helpers. In the exposition of the tale, there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king with the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan with his brothers or sisters. Also in the exposition there is an absence of the older generation. An enhanced form of absence is the death of parents. The plot of the tale is that the main character or heroine discovers a loss or shortage, or there are motives for the prohibition, violation of the prohibition and subsequent trouble. Here is the beginning of opposition, i.e. sending a hero from home.
The development of the plot is a search for the lost or missing.
The climax of the fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the battle equivalent is solving difficult problems that are always solved).
Resolution is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) at the end "reigns" - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.
V.Ya. Propp reveals the monotony of a fairy tale at the plot level on a purely syntagmatic plane. It reveals the invariance of a set of functions (the actions of actors), the linear sequence of these functions, as well as a set of roles distributed in a certain way between specific characters and correlated with functions. Functions are distributed among seven characters:
Antagonist (pest)
Donor
Assistant
Princess or her father
sender
False hero.
Meletinsky, singling out five groups of fairy tales, tries to solve the problem of the historical development of the genre in general, and plots in particular. The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. The mythological origin of the universally widespread fairy tale about marriage with a wonderful "totem" creature, which temporarily shed its animal shell and assumed a human form, is quite obvious ("Husband is looking for a disappeared or kidnapped wife (wife is looking for a husband)", "The Frog Princess", "Scarlet Flower" and etc.). A fairy tale about visiting other worlds to free the captives who are there ("Three Underground Kingdoms", etc.). Popular fairy tales about a group of children who fall into the power of an evil spirit, a monster, a cannibal and are saved thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them ("The Witch's Thumb Boy", etc.), or about the murder of a mighty snake - a chthonic demon ("The Conqueror of the Serpent" and etc.). In a fairy tale, a family theme is actively developed ("Cinderella", etc.). For a fairy tale, a wedding becomes a symbol of compensation for the socially disadvantaged ("Sivko-Burko"). The socially disadvantaged hero (younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the tale, endowed with all the negative characteristics of his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence at the end ("The Little Humpbacked Horse"). The distinguished group of fairy tales about wedding trials draws attention to the story of personal destinies. The novelistic theme in a fairy tale is no less interesting than the heroic one. Propp classifies the genre of fairy tale by the presence in the main test of "Battle - Victory" or by the presence of "Hard task - Solving a difficult task". The household fairy tale became a logical development of a fairy tale.
Household fairy tales
A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of everyday fairy tales often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of rusticity and naivety oppose those personality traits that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).
As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since Good triumphs, but the accidental or singularity of its victory is accentuated.
The diversity of everyday fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tale contains a more significant element of social and moral criticism, it is more definite in its social preferences. Praise and condemnation in everyday fairy tales sound stronger.
Recently, information about a new type of fairy tales has begun to appear in the methodological literature - about fairy tales of a mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they were not given much importance, since they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.
They combine the features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world, everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form of magical objects around which the main action is grouped.
A fairy tale in various forms and scales strives to embody the ideal of human existence.
The fairy tale's belief in the intrinsic value of noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for the Good, is also based on a call for wisdom, activity, and true humanity.
Fairy tales broaden horizons, arouse interest in the life and work of peoples, instill a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth, engaged in honest work.
MBOU "Petrushinskaya secondary school"
Research work: What are fairy tales.
Performed: Klimenkova Veronika
Supervisor: primary school teacher Klimenkova Olga Nikolaevna
1. Introduction.
2. The main part.
3. Conclusion.
4. List of references.
Introduction:
Great planet Earth
And do not count miracles on it.
They say that even somewhere
There is one magical forest.
All the birches are there in earrings
And not scary at all
There is a hut on chicken legs
Invites you to relax.
In this fabulous forest
Wonder horses drink dew
Wonder birds sing
Miracle lake glitters...
V. Suslov
Do you like fairy tales? I think that everyone loves fairy tales: both adults and children. They live everywhere: in the dense forest, in the field. A fairy tale originated with a person, and as long as a person lives, a fairy tale is also alive. They have many different miracles.
I got acquainted with a fairy tale when I was still very young and could not read, then my mother and grandmother read fairy tales to me ... I listened to them with pleasure. Now I'm in the second grade, I can read myself, Reading fairy tales, I noticed that all fairy tales are different. In some, the main characters are animals, in others, people and magical creatures. And I began to worry about the question "What are fairy tales?".
Hypothesis: I made the assumption that fairy tales are different and arose a very long time ago.
Target: find out what fairy tales are and when they originated.
To achieve the goal of the research work, I had to solve the following
tasks:
5. Draw conclusions.
Research methods. Reflections, reading books, questioning, analysis of results.
To solve the tasks, I went to the library, looked at fairy tale books in my library at home and read them, went on the Internet with Olga Nikolaevna and found information about the types of fairy tales, made up questions for the survey:
1. Do you like a fairy tale and why?
2. How long ago did fairy tales appear?
3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?
4. What does a fairy tale teach?
The survey involved 25 primary school students grades 1-4. As a result of the survey, 100% of students answered the question: Do you like a fairy tale and why? When asked why, they answered: “Because it’s interesting.” To the next question: How long ago did the fairy tale appear? 80% of students answered that they appeared a long time ago, 15% answered that the fairy tale appeared not so long ago, and 5% answered I don’t know. The question is, are all fairy tales the same? 100% of the respondents answered: "All fairy tales are different." And to the fourth question: What does a fairy tale teach? 63% of the children answered that the fairy tale teaches kindness, 20% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches mutual help, 11% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches justice and 6% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches love for people. Then I read such fairy tales on my own: Russian folk “Porridge from an ax”, “Thrush and the Fox”, “The Frog Princess”, “At the command of the pike”. "The Fox and the Crane", Brothers Grimm "Rapunzel", Hans Christian Anderson "Thumbelina", Dutch fairy tale "Snow White", A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs", Charles Perrault "Cinderella", "Puss in Boots".
Main part.
What is a fairy tale?
At all times of his life, a person has encountered difficulties and inexplicable phenomena in the reality surrounding him. And there was always a desire to overcome, to know the world around. Dreams about this were reflected in oral folklore, one of the forms of which is a fairy tale.
Fairy tale- one of the most popular and favorite genres in the folklore and literature of the peoples of the world.
In additional literature, I found the following definition of a fairy tale:
Fairy tales
Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and even writing. They were composed by the people in ancient times and, passing them from mouth to mouth, carefully carried them through the centuries.
Scholars have interpreted the story in different ways. Everything that was related to fiction was called a fairy tale. A number of folklore researchers called everything that “affected” a fairy tale.
The fantasy world is alive. Mandatory attributes of this world are miracles, unusual animals, birds, plants, sudden transformations, talismans, prophetic words.
The classification of fairy tales.
I divided the fairy tales I read into two groups: literary (author's) and folk. These two groups can be divided into fairy tales: fairy tales, household tales, animal tales and epic tales.
Folk
Types of fairy tales
magical
Animal Tales
household
Heroic (epics)
Folk- these are those who do not have a specific author, the tale was passed on from mouth to mouth among the people and no one will say by whom it was originally written. For example, fairy tales familiar to everyone from childhood: “Gingerbread Man”, “Turnip”, “Pockmarked Hen”, etc.
Tales about animals.
They involve permanent characters (bear, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, etc.). Basically, constant signs of animals are indicated (the fox is cunning, the bear is strong, the cat is smart, the hare is timid, etc.). For example, from those fairy tales that I read, these are “The Thrush and the Fox”, “The Fox and the Crane”.
Magic tales.
They involve romantic heroes who embody the best qualities of a person. Mandatory for this fairy tale: the image of a good hero + helpers + magic items. The main thing in such fairy tales: the struggle for love, for truth, for good. In fairy tales there are negative characters - fantastic (Baba Yaga, Goblin, Kikimora, Serpent Gorynych). These stories have a beginning, a middle, and an ending. Magic tales. For example, from those fairy tales that I read are the Russian folk tale "The Frog Princess", the Brothers Grimm "Rapunzel", Hans Christian Anderson "Thumbelina", the Dutch folk tale "Snow White", A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs", Charles Perrault "Cinderella", Russian folk tale "At the command of the pike".
household tales.
They show real life, ridicule negative human qualities. Most often it is greed and vices of rich people. For example, from those fairy tales that I read, this is the tale “Porridge from an ax”, “Two geese”.
Heroic tales (epics).
B elyny are folk songs. They were created for performance at holidays, at feasts. They were performed by special people - storytellers who, from memory, recited epics in a singsong voice and accompanied themselves on the harp.
In epics you can learn not only about the exploits, battles of Russian heroes, but also about the life of people in those days: where they lived, how they dressed, with whom they traded, what kind of crafts they had, how they worked.
Research results.
General conclusions.
Thus, in all the fairy tales I read, I noted her structure of the structure, and it was basically the same. This tip. “And I was there ...” “Soon a fairy tale is affecting ...” Fairy tales have a beginning (beginning). In the beginning, the heroes of the fairy tale, the place and time of the action are determined. “They lived - they were ...”, “They lived - they were ...”. Fairy tales have beginnings: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state”, “Once upon a time”, “In a faraway kingdom, in a faraway state”.
The stories also have unique endings. This is how fairy tales traditionally end: “They live, live and make good”, “I was there, I drank honey and beer. It flowed down the mustache, it didn’t get into the mouth. ” Sometimes the ending is a proverb. Basically, in all fairy tales, heroes are tested, but he has helpers, for example, Snow White was helped by gnomes, and the Tsarevich from the fairy tale “The Frog Princess” was helped by animals to whom he rendered a service. It should be noted that in fairy tales there are repetitions, most often they are three times.
Analysis of the research results.
Based on the connections between various objects, phenomena, actions of heroes in a fairy tale, one can draw a conclusion about its essence. The story has been around for a very long time. The very word "fairy tale" (tale) in Russian did not appear until the 17th century. But this does not mean that until that time there were no fairy tales.
All fairy tales are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's). Moreover, they can be household, magical, heroic and fairy tales about animals.
Conclusion.
In the course of the research itself, I found answers to many questions. I have read many folk and author's fairy tales. I learned that there are not only Russian folk tales, but also other peoples of the world, not only folk, but also literary (author's). I really enjoyed analyzing stories. I learned to draw conclusions: who is the main character of the fairy tale, what does he look like, I learned about the essence of the fairy tale itself.
I realized that the fairy tale arose in antiquity, but remained beloved and understandable by us. I would like to involve my classmates in reading and analyzing fairy tales so that they love fairy tales and can not only read them, but also tell them. My research work will be useful to me in the lesson of literary reading, because throughout our studies we will get acquainted with various fairy tales. Fairy tales teach us to help others, look at ourselves from the outside and correct our shortcomings. They teach kindness, love, and so on.
View presentation content
"What are fairy tales"
Research work on the topic "What are fairy tales"
Completed by: Klimenkova Veronika
Head: primary school teacher Klimenkova Olga Nikolaevna
Great planet Earth
And do not count miracles on it.
They say that even somewhere
There is one magical forest.
In this fabulous forest
Wonder horses drink dew
Wonder birds sing
Miracle lake glitters...
V. Suslov
Hypothesis
Fairy tales are different and originated a long time ago
Target : Find out what fairy tales are and when they originated.
To achieve my goal, I had to solve the following tasks :
1. Find in additional literature and study the definition of a fairy tale;
3. Reveal the classification of fairy tales;
4. Conduct a survey on the topic of work among primary school students of our school;
5. Make a conclusion.
Object of study : fairy tales and folk tales. Research methods : reflection, reading books, questioning, analysis of results.
Questionnaire
1. Do you like fairy tales and why?
2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?
3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?
4. What does a fairy tale teach?
Poll results
- Do you like fairy tales and why?
100% - yes, because it's interesting
2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?
80% - appeared a long time ago, 15% - appeared not so long ago, 5% - I don't know
3. Are all fairy tales the same?
100% - all fairy tales are different
4. What does a fairy tale teach?
63% - goodness, 20% - mutual assistance, 11% - justice, 6% - love for people.
Fairy tales- These are entertaining stories about unusual, fictional events and adventures.
All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other. Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad in life and what is good.
Fairy tales read
Russian folk: "Porridge from an ax", "Thrush and Fox", "Princess Frog", "By the Pike's Command", "Fox and Crane".
G.H. Anderson "Thumbelina".
C. Perrot "Cinderella", "Puss in Boots".
Brothers Grimm Rapunzel.
Dutch fairy tale "Snow White" ...
Fairy tale classification
Folk
Types of fairy tales
magical
Heroic
Animal Tales
The structure of the fairy tale.
1. Saying: “Soon the fairy tale is told, but the deed is not done soon”
2. Beginning: "In a certain kingdom, in a certain state"; "Lived once…"
3. Ending: “They live and get good”; “And I was there, drinking honey-beer. It flowed down the mustache, it didn’t get into the mouth ”
Conclusion
Fairy tales have been around for a long time.
They are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's).
Moreover, they can be household, magical, heroic
and stories about animals.
Bibliography:
1. V.I. Dal Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language - Moscow, 2007;
2. Collection of the Best Tales of the World - RIPOL Classic, 2008;
3. Collection of Russian folk tales - Moscow "Makhaon", 2004;
4. Means of the Internet.
Our life is simply impossible to imagine without fairy tales. We get to know them at an early age. From fairy tales, we first learn that in the world there is good and bad, good and evil. Fairy tales awaken and develop the imagination, teach the little man to distinguish good from bad, think, feel and empathize, gradually preparing him for entering adulthood. First, my mother reads us "Turnip" and "Ryaba the Hen", then introduces us into the magical world of fairy tales by Pushkin and Charles Perrault. And there we ourselves read the amazing tales of Nikolai Nosov, Vitaly Bianchi and Evgeny Schwartz. And what are fairy tales?
Tales are:
- folk, or folklore;
- literary, or copyright.
Types of folk children's fairy tales
folk tale came to us from time immemorial. After a hard day's work or long winter evenings, with a torch lit in the hut, people put together and listened to fairy tales. Then they retold them to each other, simplifying or embellishing, enriching them with new heroes and events. So they passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. But fairy tales were formed not only for the sake of entertainment, in them people wanted to express their attitude to life. In folk tales, we see faith in reason, goodness and justice, the triumph of truth over falsehood, the glorification of courage and bravery, neglect of stupidity, hatred of enemies or mockery of them. A folk tale allows you to feel a connection with the past and gives you the opportunity to join the origins of folk culture.
Folk tales, in turn, are divided into three types:
- fairy tales about animals;
- fairy tales;
- household stories.
Animal Tales. From time immemorial, animals have lived next to humans, so it is not surprising that they are often the main characters in folk tales. Moreover, in fairy tales, animals often have human qualities. Such a fairy-tale character immediately becomes more understandable to the reader. And the role of a person in the plot of a fairy tale can be primary, secondary or equal. By genre, there are fairy tales about animals and cumulative (repeated tales). A distinctive feature of the cumulative tale is the multiple repetition of a plot unit, as, for example, in "Turnip" and "Ryaba the Hen".
Fairy tales differ in that their heroes operate in a fantastic, unreal world that lives and acts according to its own special laws, different from human ones. Such a fairy tale is replete with magical events and adventures that excite the imagination. Fairy tales are classified by plot:
- heroic tales associated with the struggle and victory over a magical creature - a snake, an ogre, a giant, a witch, a monster or an evil wizard;
- fairy tales related to finding or using some magical item;
- fairy tales related to wedding trials;
- fairy tales about the oppressed in the family (for example, about the stepdaughter and the evil stepmother).
Household fairy tales. A feature of everyday fairy tales is the reflection of everyday folk life and everyday life. They raise social problems, ridicule negative human qualities and actions. In a household fairy tale, elements of a fairy tale may also be present. In everyday fairy tales, as a rule, greedy priests and stupid landowners are ridiculed, and the hero of the fairy tale (a man, a soldier) emerges victorious from all troubles.
Types of literary children's fairy tales
What is a literary tale? A literary fairy tale has an author, which is why it is also called an author's fairy tale. This is a work of art that can be written in prose or poetry. The plot of a literary fairy tale can be based on folklore sources, or it can be an exclusively original idea of the author. A literary fairy tale is more diverse in plot, the narration in it is more saturated, it is replete with various literary devices. In it, as in a folk tale, there is also fiction and magic. But the predecessor of the author's tale, of course, was a folk tale, it is too connected with the folklore that gave birth to it. The author, individual author's fantasy, selection from the treasury of folklore only what the author needs to express and shape his thoughts and feelings - this is the main difference between a literary fairy tale and a folklore one.
Fine examples of a literary tale are the tales of A.S. Pushkin, K.D. Ushinsky, G.Kh. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, V. Bianchi, JRR Tolkien and many other wonderful storytellers.
Despite the difference in types and genres, all fairy tales have one unifying principle - goodness. After all the ups and downs and untruths in a fairy tale, goodness and justice always win. There are no bad stories. Fairy tales are only good. That's why they are fairy tales.
The story has always moved with the times. The fairy tale put once and for all a sharp line between good and evil. She is a severe accuser, being able to simply, bluntly talk about what is really good, and what, on the contrary, is worthy of merciless condemnation. The fairy tale “gives” all its love and sympathy to good, and evil tries to destroy it by any means available to it.
Fairy tales are folklore (a genre of written and oral folk art) and literary.
Literary tales have one or more authors. The characters of literary tales, as well as folklore ones, are fictional. The text of fairy tales of this kind is unchanged, fixed in writing.
Folklore tales are the creation of the people themselves. They are passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. In these fairy tales there is a reflection of popular ideals.
A folk tale is often characterized by a certain dimensional warehouse - "and I was there, I drank honey, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth." The poetic nature of the fairy-tale language is also expressed in the usual epic repetitions, usually up to three times - the hero's feat, an important saying, a key meeting are repeated. There are often three heroes in a fairy tale - three brothers, three sisters.
What types of folklore tales exist?
Magical, everyday, about animals, annoying.
Fairy tales, in which a wonderful beginning, supernatural events and persons predominate, are called magical. In them, the characters are Koschei the Immortal, the Sea King, Morozko, Baba Yaga, the Golden-Maned Horse, the Firebird, Sivka-Burka, Mumps - a golden bristle. We also find wonderful objects in them - living and dead water, a flying carpet, an invisibility hat, a self-assembly tablecloth.
It is believed that all this is the personification of the forces of nature. So, for example, Koschey the Immortal, a dry and angry old man with white hair, this is winter. The king of the sea is the sea, his daughters are the waves of the sea. The Firebird is the sun, Sivka-Burka is the horse, from which the earth trembles, smoke from the ears, and flames from the nostrils - thunder and lightning. Dead and living water - rain, flying carpet - wind ...
The hero of a fairy tale, acting among these creatures and objects, is an ordinary person, most often Ivan Tsarevich, or simply Ivanushka. The hero of a fairy tale struggles with various forces, suffers, but, in the end, emerges victorious, most often he is helped by mythical characters.
The hero of a fairy tale is often at first humiliated, despised by others, reputed to be a fool, but then he rises above those who neglected him. This is already a moral element in the tale, it probably appeared later.
There are fairy tales in which the moral idea is imperceptible. And, for example, in the tale of Koshchei the Immortal, who kidnapped Princess Marya and imprisoned her in the walls of his castle, Ivan Tsarevich, the bridegroom, defeats the enemy with his moral virtues: firmness of will, patience, kindness.
We also see the moral principle in the tale of Frost, who rewarded the good girl-stepdaughter and punished the evil stepmother's daughters.
In some fairy tales, in addition to wonderful people and events, there is an image of modern life. So, in the fairy tale about the Boy with a finger, a peasant life is drawn: a woman is engaged in farming, a man plows in the field. The son brings his father lunch in the field and helps him to plow. This picture of agricultural life is a late stratification in a fairy tale, the mythical basis of which, perhaps, was formed even before organized agriculture.
In a household fairy tale, wonderful events and characters are relegated to the background, and the main place is occupied by showing a person with all his advantages and disadvantages. Such tales belong to a later period than fairy tales. The main thing in these tales is the image of characters and moral thought.
Everyday fairy tales are closest to real life, there is some kind of fiction in it, with the help of which negative sides are revealed, or, conversely, the ingenuity and kindness of the characters are shown. In everyday fairy tales, we can observe pictures of real, everyday life.
An important place is occupied by fairy tales about animals. These tales originate from ancient times, to those times when people looked at animals as beings like themselves, gifted with reason and the gift of words. Until our time, these tales have come down in a fairly unchanged form. Fairy tales of this kind are fun for children, although there is a moralizing moment in them.
The heroes of fairy tales about animals are animals that are found in the country. In our Russian fairy tales, the main characters are a fox, a bear, a wolf, a cat, a rooster, a ram. Fairy tales of this kind are distinguished by their artistry, both in language and in characterization - each animal with its own original appearance is described briefly, but often versatile.
Boring fairy tales are the subject of a special conversation. They are small in size, have the character of a joke. Boring tales are built on a play on words. In fairy tales of this kind, light humor and irony are certainly present.
A fairy tale is a specific phenomenon that unites several genres. Russian fairy tales are usually divided into the following genres: about animals, magical and everyday (anecdotal and novelistic). In historical terms, fairy tales are a rather late phenomenon. The prerequisite for their creation in each nation was the decomposition of the primitive communal system and the decline of the mythological worldview. The most ancient are fairy tales about animals, later fairy tales and anecdotes appeared, and even later short stories.
The main artistic feature of fairy tales is their plot. The plot arose due to the conflict, and the conflict was generated by life. At the heart of a fairy tale there is always an antithesis between a dream and reality. In the world of a fairy tale, a dream triumphs. In a fairy tale, the main character always appears, the action unfolds around him. The victory of the hero is an obligatory setting of the plot, the fairy-tale action does not allow a violation of the chronology or the development of parallel lines, it is strictly sequential and one-line.
Fairy tales can be combined in one story. This phenomenon is called contamination (from Latin contaminatio - "mixing.
Fairy-tale plots have the usual epic development: exposition - plot - development of action - climax - denouement. Compositionally, a fairy tale plot consists of motives. A fairy tale usually has a main, central motif. Fairy tale motifs are often tripled: three tasks, three trips, three meetings, etc. This creates a measured epic rhythm, a philosophical tone, and restrains the dynamic impetuousness of the plot action. But the main thing is that triplings serve to reveal the idea of the plot. Elementary plots consist of only one motif (probably ancient myths were such). A more complex type are cumulative plots (from the Latin cumulare - "increase, accumulation") - resulting from the accumulation of chains of variations of the same motif. Telling fairy tales they used traditional beginnings and endings - initial and final formulas. They were used especially consistently in fairy tales. The most typical are: In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived...(beginning); Made a feast for the whole world. And I was there, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth(ending). The beginning led the listeners out of reality into the world of a fairy tale, and the ending brought them back, jokingly emphasizing that the fairy tale is the same fiction as the very same honey beer, which did not enter the mouth.
Tales about animals (or animal epic) are distinguished by the main feature that their main characters are animals. Structurally, the works of the animal epic are diverse. There are single-motif tales ("The Wolf and the Pig", "The Fox drowns the jug"), but they are rare, since the principle of repetition is very developed. First of all, it manifests itself in various types of cumulative plots. Among them - a three-time repetition of the meeting ("Bast and ice hut"). Plots are known with a multiple line of repetition ("Foolish Wolf"), which can sometimes claim to develop into a bad infinity ("The Crane and the Heron"). But most often cumulative plots are presented as multiply (up to 7 times) increasing or decreasing frequency. The last link has a resolving possibility.
For the composition of fairy tales about animals, contamination is of great importance. Only in a small part of these tales are stable plots, but in the main, the index does not reflect plots, but only motives. The motifs connect with each other in the process of storytelling, but are almost never performed separately.
The genre form of the fairy tale was determined in folklore quite late, only after the decline of the mythological worldview. The hero of a fairy tale is an ordinary person, morally and economically infringed as a result of the historical reconstruction of the everyday way of life. Actually, the fairy tale conflict is a family conflict, it is in it that the social nature of the fairy tale genre is manifested. Two conflicts of different historical depths - mythological and family - are united within the same genre thanks to the image of the protagonist, who in all his modifications combines mythological and real (everyday) features.
From mythology, the tale inherited two types of hero: "high" (hero) and "low" (fool); the fairy tale itself generated the third type, which can be defined as "ideal" (Ivan Tsarevich). A hero of any type, as a rule, is the third, younger brother and is named Ivan.
The most ancient type of hero is the hero miraculously born from a totem. Endowed with great physical strength, he expresses the early stage of human idealization. Around the extraordinary strength of the hero. The main role of the heroine of a fairy tale is to be an assistant to the groom or husband. The fairy tale is one of the largest narrative forms of classical folklore. All her plots retain the traditional uniformity of the composition: his kingdom road to another kingdom - V another kingdom - road from another kingdom - his own kingdom. According to this narrative logic, a fairy tale combines into a whole (into a plot) a chain of motives.
Traditional stylistics played a certain role in the construction of fairy-tale plots: beginnings, endings, as well as internal formulas of a compositional nature.
The presence of formulas is a clear sign of the style of a fairy tale. Many formulas are pictorial in nature, associated with wonderful characters, they are a kind of marking.
The fairy tale actively used the poetic style common to many folklore genres: comparisons, metaphors, words with diminutive suffixes; proverbs, sayings, jokes; various nicknames for people and animals Formulas depicting a wonderful horse, Baba Yaga, are widely known. Some fairy tale formulas go back to conspiracies, they retain clear signs of magical speech (calling a wonderful horse,
Household fairy tales. In everyday fairy tales, a different view of a person and the world around him is expressed. At the heart of their fiction are not miracles, but reality, folk everyday life.
The events of everyday fairy tales always unfold in one space - conditionally real, but these events themselves are incredible. Due to the improbability of events, everyday fairy tales are fairy tales, and not just everyday stories. Their aesthetics requires an unusual, unexpected, sudden development of action. In everyday fairy tales, purely fantastic characters sometimes appear, such as the devil, grief, share. The plot develops due to the hero's collision not with magical forces, but with difficult life circumstances. The hero comes out unscathed from the most hopeless situations, because he is helped by a happy coincidence of events. But more often he helps himself - with ingenuity, resourcefulness, even trickery. Everyday fairy tales idealize the activity, independence, intelligence, courage of a person in his life struggle.
The artistic sophistication of the narrative form is not characteristic of everyday fairy tales: they are characterized by brevity of presentation, colloquial vocabulary, and dialogue. Everyday fairy tales do not tend to triple motives and generally do not have such developed plots as fairy tales. Tales of this type do not know colorful epithets and poetic formulas.
Of the compositional formulas, the simplest concept is common in them Once upon a time, there were as a signal for the beginning of a fairy tale. It is archaic in origin.
The artistic framing of everyday fairy tales with beginnings and endings is not mandatory, many of them begin right from the beginning and end with the final touch of the plot itself.
Anecdotal tales. Researchers call everyday anecdotal tales differently: "satiric", "satiric-comic", "everyday", "social everyday", "adventurous". They are based on universal laughter as a means of resolving conflict and destroying the enemy. The hero of this genre is a person humiliated in the family or in society: a poor peasant, a hired worker, a thief, a soldier, a simple-hearted fool, an unloved husband. His opponents are a rich man, a priest, a gentleman, a judge, a devil, "smart" older brothers, an evil wife.
No one accepts such stories as reality, otherwise they would only cause a feeling of indignation. An anecdotal tale is a hilarious farce, the logic of the development of its plot is the logic of laughter, which is opposite to ordinary logic, is eccentric. The anecdotal tale took shape only in the Middle Ages. She absorbed later class contradictions: between wealth and poverty, between peasants. In fairy tales, realistic grotesque is used - fiction based on reality. The tale uses the technique of parody, comic word creation. Anecdotal tales can have an elementary, one-motif plot. They are also cumulative ("Stuffed fool", "Good and bad"). But their especially characteristic property is a free and mobile composition, open to contamination.
Novels tales. Everyday novelistic tales introduced a new quality into narrative folklore: an interest in the inner world of a person.
The theme of short stories is personal life, and the characters are people related to each other by premarital, marital or other family relationships. The heroes of short stories are separated lovers, a slandered girl, a son expelled by his mother, an innocently persecuted wife. According to the content in this genre, the following groups of plots are distinguished: about marriage or marriage ("Signs of the Princess", "Unsolved Riddles"); about testing women ("Dispute about fidelity of the wife", "Seven years"); about robbers ("Groom-robber"); about the predetermination of the predicted fate ("Marko the Rich", "Truth and Falsehood"). Often the plots are "wandering", developed at different times and among many peoples.
In the Russian fairy tale, many short stories came from folk books of the 17th-18th centuries. together with extensive translated literature - chivalric novels and stories. Short stories have a structure similar to fairy tales: they also consist of a chain of motifs with different content. However, unlike fairy tales, short stories depict not the whole life of the hero, but only some episode from it.