North West England(eng. North West England) - a region in the west. Includes five ceremonial counties, as well as several unitary and municipal districts.
Geography
The region of North West England covers an area of 14,165 km² (6th place among regions), is washed in the west by the Irish Sea, borders in the northwest with, in the northeast with the regions and, in the southeast with the East Midlands region, in the south with the West Midlands region, in the southwest with.
Urban agglomerations
In the region of North West England there are 10 large urban agglomerations with a population of more than 100 thousand people (according to 2001 data, in descending order of population):
- Greater Manchester (urban area) 2,244,931
- Liverpool (urban area) 816 216
- Birkenhead (urban area) 319,675
- Preston (urban area) 264,601
- Blackpool (urban area) 261,088
- Wigan (urban area) 166,840
- Warrington (urban area) 158,195
- /Nelson 149 796
- /Daruen 136 655
- Southport/Formby 115,882
Story
Demography
According to 2012 data, 7,084,300 people live on the territory of the North West England region (3rd place among regions), with an average population density of 500.13 people / km².
Policy
The Northwest Region Chairmen's Board (4NW), established in 2008, brings together local councils and the region's private non-governmental sector. The Board is responsible for housing, planning, transportation and economic development. The central office of the board is located in the city, county.
The Northwest Region Development Agency (NWRDA) was established in 1999, the main task of the agency is the development of the region's economy. The main office of the agency is located in the county.
Administrative division
The North West England region includes ten politically independent administrative units - two metropolitan counties ( and Merseyside), two non-metropolitan counties ( and ) and six unitary units ( , Blackburn-with-Darwen, East Cheshire, West Cheshire and Chester , and Holton). Metropolitan counties, non-metropolitan counties and unitary units are included in the five ceremonial counties ( , Merseyside and ) to provide them with ceremonial functions. The metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are divided into a total of 33 metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Unitary units do not have division into districts.
The region includes the following counties and districts:
(ceremonial county, non-metropolitan county)
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(ceremonial county)
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Merseyside(ceremonial county, metropolitan county)
(ceremonial county)
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Status City
Coat of arms of Liverpool City
The North West of England region contains seven of the 50 administrative divisions that have city status:
Economy
In the North West of England are the headquarters and production facilities of companies producing cars under the brands "Jaguar", "Bentley", "Vauxhall"
Bentley Continental GT 2003 Grand Tour Classic Car
Jaguar Kars
Merseyside is home to the Halewood plant of Jaguar Cars Limited, a luxury car manufacturer. The plant employs about 2,000 people.
Bentley Motors
Crewe, County, is home to the headquarters and factory of Bentley Motors, a premium car manufacturer. Bentley's car production was moved to Crewe in 1946.
Vauxhall Motors
Elesmere Port, county is home to one of Vauxhall Motors' factories, employing 2,122 employees and producing 187,000 vehicles per year in three shifts. The Vauxhall plant at Elesmere Port produces the sixth generation Astra five-door hatchback and station wagon.
culture
Sport
Four of the twenty professional football clubs playing in the 2013/2014 season in the English Football Premier League are based in North West England:
- Liverpool
- Manchester city
- Manchester United
- Everton
Three of the twenty-four clubs in the Football League Championship:
- Burnley
- Blackburn Rovers
- Bolton Wanderers
- Blackpool
- Preston North End
- Wigan Athletic
Five of the twenty-four clubs playing in Football League One are:
- Carlisle United
- Oldham Athletic
- Rochdale
- Tranmere Rovers
Four of the twenty-four clubs playing in Football League Two are:
- Accrington Stanley
- Crewe Alexandra
- Macclesfield Town
- Morecambe
Four of the twenty-four professional or semi-professional clubs in the National Conference:
- Barrow
- Southport
- Stockport County
- Fleetwood Town
Six of the twenty-two clubs playing in the Northern Conference:
- Altringham
- Vauxhall Motors
- Droylsden
- Stalybridge Celtic
- Workington
Attractions
The North West England region is home to two of the 28 groups of sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the UK:
- Fortified frontiers of the Roman Empire, Limes, Hadrian's Wall, Antonine's Wall
- - seaside trading town
Bibliography
Notes
- Statistics on urban agglomerations 2001 (pdf)
- 2011 Census, Population and Household Estimates for the United Kingdom: (2011 Census: QS211EW Ethnic group (detailed), wards in England and Wales (ZIP 7239Kb))
- Information about the board of chairmen of the North-West region
- Address of the board of chairmen of the North-West region
- Information about the agency for the development of the North-West region
- The address of the main office of the Agency for the Development of the North-West Region
- History of the Cathedral in Carlisle
- Mayor of Carlisle
- History of Chester Cathedral Archived 12 June 2010.
- Mayors and Sheriffs of Chester
- Mayors of Lancaster Archived October 19, 2014.
- Mayor of Lancaster Tony Wade
- History of Liverpool Cathedral
- List of mayors of Liverpool Archived 22 August 2008.
- Biography of the Lord Mayor of Liverpool
- History of the Diocese of Blackburn Archived 10 September 2015.
- List of mayors of Manchester
- Biography of the Lord Mayor of Manchester
- History of mayorship in Preston
- Mayor of Preston
- Note on Salford city status, 1926 (pdf)
- Mayor of Salford
- Model Bentley Motors Continental GT
- Plants and Museum of Jaguar Cars Limited
- Bentley Motors headquarters
- History of Bentley Motors
- Vauxhall Company Information Archived August 6, 2012.
Links
- Board of Chairmen of the North-West Region
- Government Office for the North West
- Agency for the Development of the North-West Region
- North West Regional Assembly
South West England consists of two dissimilar historical areas: Wessex and Cornwall .
wessex- the ancient country of the Celtic king Arthur, and much later - the Saxon king Alfred the Great. Cornwall- the ancient land of the Celts. Until the 18th century, its population retained its own Celtic language, and Celtic folk customs are still observed here. In the South, the rocky shores are indented by bays, while each cape has its own color, depending on the rocks that make it up. The south of Cornwall is famous for its very warm and humid climate. So if county of kent- the "garden" of England, then Cornwall- "her city".
The picturesque coastline with beautiful bays, white sand beaches, clean green villages, small resort towns, Dartmoor and Exmoor national parks attract here, first of all, the British themselves.
They say that if you want to get lost or disappear for everyone for a while, then it is better not to find measured Cornwall.
COUNTY:
South East of England: Kent, Surrey, East Sussex, West Sussex.
Central part of southern England: Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Hampshire, Isle of Wight, parts of Wiltshire, parts of Dorset.
South West of England: parts of Wiltshire, west Dorset, Gloucestershire, Bristol, Bath, Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Isles of Scilly.
Airports: London Heathrow and Gatwick airports; Bournemouth; Bristol, Plymouth and Newquay.
Ferry service: Dover (from Belgium and France); Folkestone, New Haven, Portsmouth, Poole and Plymouth (from France); Poole and Portsmouth (from the Channel Islands).
Rail connection:
by train "Eurotunnel" (motor transport) through the tunnel under the English Channel from Calais to Folkestone;
by Eurostar train from Calais to Folkestone, Ashworth (Kent) and Waterloo in London;
regular rail service from London Gatwick Airport and London Charring Cross, Victoria and Waterloo to the South East and Central South of England; from Paddington station to the southwest of England.
Cities and attractions
Bath is an amazingly beautiful city, famous for its Roman baths, honey-coloured stone houses and the only hot spring in the UK.
Cities with cathedrals and magnificent city centers - Salisbury in Wiltshire (the tallest Gothic cathedral in England), Exeter in Devon, Truro in Cornwall and Wells in Somerset - are famous for their cathedrals and magnificent medieval city centers.
Plymouth in Devon is a famous seafaring city with interesting harbors.
"Legendary" attractions - Glastonbury Abbey (Glastonburi) in Somerset (the oldest Christian church in England, the burial place of King Arthur); legendary castles such as Pendenys, Tintagel, Dartmouth and the Minack Theater in Cornwall.
Prehistoric sights - stone circles in Stonehenge and Avebury (Avebury), calcareous figures on hillsides in Dorset and Wiltshire.
Picturesque Gardens - Over 35 famous gardens including Lost Gardens of Heligan in Cornwall, Castle Drogo Gardens in Devon, Hestercombe Gardens in Somerset and Abbey House Gardens ) in Wiltshire.
Project "Eden" (Edem Project) near the town of Sect Austell in Cornwall - two giant greenhouses, which represent the flora of different climatic zones, large squares.
National Maritime Museum in Falmouth, Cornwall.
Leisure
Bathing and water sports: traditional resorts located on Devon's "English Riviera" with palm-fringed beaches (ideal for families).
Walks: the longest national route in England with a length of 960 km - "South West Coast Path" from Minehead to Poole; the quiet roads in Exmoor National Park are also popular.
Bicycle rides: a well-developed network of cycle paths, such as the Camel Trail in Cornwall and the Tarka Trail in North Devon.
Horseback riding: numerous riding schools in the national parks of Dartmore and Exmore.
Golf: ideal conditions for more than 80 golf courses of all degrees of difficulty.
For more photos of UK landmarks, see our
- 5.1 Status City
- 6.1 Jaguar Cars
- 6.2 Bentley Motors
- 6.3 Vauxhall Motors
Introduction
North West England(English) north west england listen)) is a region in the west of England. Includes five ceremonial counties, as well as several unitary and municipal districts. The administrative centers are Liverpool and Manchester.
1. Geography
The region of North West England covers an area of 14,105 km² (6th place among regions), is washed in the west by the Irish Sea, borders in the northwest with Scotland, in the northeast with the regions of North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber, in the south -east with the East Midlands region, south with the West Midlands region, southwest with Wales.
1.1. Urban agglomerations
In the region of North East England there are 10 large urban agglomerations with a population of more than 100 thousand people (according to 2001, in descending order of population):
- Greater Manchester (urban area) 2,244,931
- Liverpool (urban area) 816 216
- Birkenhead (urban area) 319,675
- Preston (urban area) 264,601
- Blackpool (urban area) 261,088
- Wigan (urban area) 166,840
- Warrington (urban area) 158,195
- Burnley/Nelson 149,796
- Blackburn/Darwen 136,655
- Southport/Formby 115,882
2. History
3. Demographics
According to 2001 data, 6.729 million people live on the territory of the North West England region (3rd place among regions), with an average population density of 477 people / km².
4. Politics
The Northwest Region Chairmen's Board (4NW), established in 2008, brings together local councils and the region's private non-governmental sector. The board's area of responsibility includes housing, planning, transport and economic development. The central office of the board is in Wigan, Greater Manchester.
The Northwest Region Development Agency (NWRDA) was established in 1999, the main task of the agency is the development of the region's economy. The agency's head office is in Warrington, Cheshire.
5. Administrative division
The East of England region includes ten politically independent administrative units - two metropolitan counties (Greater Manchester and Merseyside), two non-metropolitan counties (Cumbria and Cheshire) and six unitary units (Blackpool, Blackburn and Darwen, East Cheshire, West Cheshire and Chester, Warrington and Hulton). Metropolitan counties, non-metropolitan counties and unitaries are included in the five ceremonial counties (Greater Manchester, Cumbria, Lancashire, Merseyside and Cheshire) to provide them with ceremonial functions. The metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are divided into a total of 33 metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Unitary units do not have division into districts.
The region includes the following counties and districts:
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Greater Manchester
Cumbria(ceremonial county, non-metropolitan county)
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Lancashire(ceremonial county)
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Merseyside(ceremonial county, metropolitan county)
Cheshire(ceremonial county)
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5.1. Status City
Coat of arms of Liverpool City
The North West England region is home to seven of England's 50 city-status subdivisions:
6. Economy
In the North West of England are the headquarters and production facilities of companies producing cars under the brands "Jaguar", "Bentley", "Vauxhall"
Bentley Continental GT 2003 Grand Tour Classic Car
6.1. Jaguar Kars
Merseyside is home to the Halewood plant of Jaguar Cars Limited, a luxury car manufacturer. The plant employs about 2,000 people.
6.2. Bentley Motors
Crewe, Cheshire, is home to the headquarters and factory of Bentley Motors, a premium car manufacturer. Bentley's car production was moved to Crewe from Derby in 1946.
6.3. Vauxhall Motors
Elesmere Port, Cheshire is home to one of Vauxhall Motors' factories, employing 2,122 employees and producing 187,000 vehicles a year in three shifts. The Vauxhall plant in Elesmere Port manufactures the five-door hatchback and station wagon of the sixth generation of the Astra model.
7. Culture
8. Sports
Eight of the twenty professional football clubs playing in the 2010/2011 season in the English Premier League are based in North West England:
- Blackburn Rovers
- Blackpool
- Bolton Wanderers
- Liverpool
- Manchester city
- Manchester United
- Wigan Athletic
- Everton
Two of the twenty-two English (two Welsh) clubs in the Football League Championship:
- Burnley
- Preston North End
Four of the twenty-four clubs playing in Football League One are:
- Carlisle United
- Oldham Athletic
- Rochdale
- Tranmere Rovers
Six of the twenty-four clubs playing in Football League Two are:
- Accrington Stanley
- Crewe Alexandra
- Macclesfield Town
- Morecambe
- Stockport County
Four of the twenty-two English (two Welsh) professional or semi-professional clubs in the National Conference:
- Altringham
- Barrow
- Southport
- Fleetwood Town
Five of the twenty-two clubs playing in the Northern Conference:
- Vauxhall Motors
- Droylsden
- Stalybridge Celtic
- wokington
9. Attractions
The North West England region is home to two of the 28 groups of sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the UK:
- Fortified frontiers of the Roman Empire, Limes, Hadrian's Wall, Antonine's Wall
- Liverpool - seaside market town
Notes
- Urban agglomeration statistics 2001 (pdf) - www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_ua_ew_part1.pdf
- neighborhood.statistics.gov.uk - www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=789833&c=greater manchester&d=81&e=16&g=352906&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&rami=1&s=1289298674334&d&sencly =789
- Information on the board of chairmen of the North West region - www.4nw.org.uk/pages/index.php?page_id=1
- Address of the North West Chairs Board - www.4nw.org.uk/pages/index.php?page_id=623
- Information about the North West Development Agency - www.nwda.co.uk/about-us.aspx
- Northwest Development Agency head office address - www.nwda.co.uk/contact-us/locations--addresses/head-office.aspx
- History of Carlisle Cathedral - www.carlislecathedral.org.uk/
- Mayor of Carlisle - www.carlisle.gov.uk/council_and_democracy/democracy_and_elections/about_the_council/council_structure/mayor_-_general_information.aspx
- History of Chester Cathedral - www.chestercathedral.com/chester-cathedral-home-history.htm
- Mayors and Sheriffs of Chester - www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/visiting/heritage/chester_history_and_heritage/mayors_of_chester.aspx
- Mayors of Lancaster - www.lancaster.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/civic-ceremonial/former-mayors-city-lancaster/
- Lancaster Mayor Tony Wade - www.lancaster.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/civic-ceremonial/right-worshipful-mayor-city-lanc/
- History of Liverpool Cathedral - www.liverpoolcathedral.org.uk/about/history.aspx
- List of mayors of Liverpool - www.liverpool.gov.uk/Council_government_and_democracy/About_your_council/Town_Hall/formermayors/index.asp
- Biography of the Lord Mayor of Liverpool - www.civichalls.liverpool.gov.uk/lordmayor/biography/index.asp
- History of the Diocese of Blackburn - www.blackburn.anglican.org/more_info.asp?current_id=209
- List of mayors of Manchester - www.manchester.gov.uk/info/1001/mayor-general_information/1158/the_lord_mayors_office/5
- Biography of the Lord Mayor of Manchester - www.manchester.gov.uk/info/1001/mayor-general_information/1158/the_lord_mayors_office/1
- History of the mayorship in Preston - www.preston.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/mayor-and-civics/the-mayor/mayor-preston-background/
- Mayor of Preston - www.preston.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/mayor-and-civics/the-mayor/
- Note on Salford city status, 1926 (pdf) - www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33154/pages/2776
- Mayor of Salford - www.salford.gov.uk/mayor.htm
- Model Bentley Motors Continental GT - www.moscow.bentleymotors.com/ru-RU/Pre-Owned-Models/model-overview/
- Jaguar Cars Limited Factory and Museum - www.jaguar.com/gl/en/#/about_jaguar/corporate/locations
- Bentley Motors Headquarters - www.bentleymotors.com/world_of_bentley/contact_us/office_locations/
- History of Bentley Motors - www.bentleymotors.com/distinguished_heritage/history/
- Vauxhall Information - www.vauxhall.co.uk/about-vauxhall/company-information/about-us.html
In the north, the region borders on the mountainous regions of Scotland. From the east, it is adjoined by the Peak District - an elevated area in central and northern England, which is part of the Peak District National Park - and the Pennines. The western border is the coastline of the Irish Sea, an area of intensive shipping and fishing.
The main local attraction is the Lake District - a region in the county of Cumbria, in the Cumberland Mountains, famous for its picturesque mountain and lake landscapes with steep mountain slopes, low green valleys, which have become a source of inspiration for many poets and artists who created a special direction in art - The Lake School. Here is the Scafell Pike - the highest point in the region and all of England.
The Cheshire Plain occupies vast areas of almost the entire county of the same name - from the Mersey River Valley in the north (the historical border between the ancient kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, the counties of Lancashire and Cheshire) to the Shropshire Hills in the south.
The center of the North West region is a bizarre mixture of rural and urban landscapes with two centers - Liverpool and Manchester. The north of the region - Cumbria and northern Lancashire, as well as the extreme south - the Cheshire Plain and the Peak District - are predominantly rural areas, there are no large cities here.
People have lived here since the Iron Age. In ancient times, it was an area inhabited by the Celtic tribes of the Cornovii, Decanglia, Britons (from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD, which constituted the main population of Britain), as well as the semi-mythical tribe of the Setants, about whom little is known .
Around 70, the Romans invaded here and quickly broke the resistance of the scattered Celtic tribes. Before leaving Britain, the Romans built fortresses here (the most famous is in Chester), as well as defensive ramparts and stone roads.
In the future, these lands, called in England the Old West, were divided between four medieval kingdoms: the Anglo-Saxon Mercia and Northumbria, as well as the Celtic Gwynedd and Powys. Numerous Things appeared on the coast of the Irish Sea - Viking settlements: the names of villages in which this word appears (for example, Tingwall) remind of those times.
The rapid development of coastal areas began at the beginning of the 13th century, when King John the Landless (1167-1216) issued a charter to the new city, which later became the famous Liverpool. From the middle of the XVIII century. there was an active trade with America and the West Indies, both coastal cities and local farmers were rich on it, supplying the port with food, mainly corned beef for long-distance sea travel.
The slave trade brought enormous income to Liverpool and Manchester: 40% of the world trade in "ebony" passed through Liverpool - 45,000 blacks a year, until the slave trade was banned in 1833.
And as a result of the large-scale migration of the Irish in the XIX century. one in five in the region of North West England is a supporter of Catholicism. This also includes recusants - supporters of Catholicism, who, for reasons of principle, refused to take part in the obligatory participation in Anglican services after the Reformation and remained committed to the Roman Catholic Church, mainly residents of Lancashire.
Economy
There is a sharp contrast between the quiet countryside in the east of North West England and the vast, overcrowded, multi-ethnic industrial west along the coast of the Irish Sea.and - the two largest cities in the region, each could compete for the title of its capital, and in order to avoid disagreement, both became the capital.
The current economy of the North West region is sea transportation through the port of Liverpool, the production of luxury cars (here are the headquarters and enterprises of companies that produce cars "Jaguar", "Bentley" and "Vauxhall"), the Irish Sea coast - the place where numerous installations for generating wind energy: in particular, Bourbo Bank with a capacity of 90 MW and Robin Rigg with 174 MW. In the shelf zone, oil and gas are being produced from offshore platforms in the area of Liverpool Bay.
Both capitals of the region - both Liverpool and Manchester - in the XIX century. were leaders in the rapidly developing industry and trade in England, Great Britain and the whole world. The huge port of Liverpool passed about 40% of the volume of all world trade traffic, and the city itself became one of the main centers of world shipbuilding. In 2004, the Port of Liverpool was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as "Liverpool - Maritime and Commercial City" with six locations in the city center reflecting different stages of the city's maritime history.
Against the background of such achievements, it seems surprising that the status of the city of Liverpool received only in 1880.
In the middle of the XX century. industrial development of Liverpool began to decline, but in the 1960s. Liverpool has become a European center of youth culture with its main musical phenomenon, a striking phenomenon of the 20th century. - The Beatles.
The urban agglomeration of Greater Manchester is the largest urban agglomeration in the North West England region after Greater London, it occupies the vast majority of the county of Greater Manchester, more than 2 million people live here.
Manchester and after the industrial revolution of the XIX century. remains a major industrial, financial, commercial and transport center of England and the whole of Great Britain, with a developed engineering, textile, chemical and light industry, with a large seaport. Manchester has long and firmly ranked second in the UK after London in terms of living standards and economy, and after London and Edinburgh, it is the most visited city in the country thanks to architecture, culture, science, and sports.
In addition to the Port of Liverpool, the North West of England is home to another group of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the UK dating back to Roman rule in Britain. These are the fortified frontiers of the Roman Empire - the western sections of Limes, Hadrian's Wall, Antonin's Wall, fortified with stones and peat, with watchtowers, crossing the entire island from west to east.
Over the many centuries that the Port of Liverpool has existed, the coastal regions of North West England have become ethnically and religiously very mixed, and Liverpool and Manchester have become the most multi-ethnic cities in Europe. Here every fifth professes Islam. In the Greater Manchester area, the population is already a third made up of black British. The long-running slave trade through the port of Liverpool resulted in the city's first Afro-Caribbean community in the kingdom. Against the background of such a diverse ethnic picture of the coastal regions, the rural areas of the North West, where 98% of the population are white British, look in sharp contrast.
general information
Location: North West of England, UK.Administrative status: a region in England, United Kingdom.
Administrative division: 5 ceremonial counties (Greater Manchester, Cumbria, Lancashire, Merseyside and Cheshire), 2 metropolitan counties, 2 non-metropolitan counties, 6 unitary units and 7 cities.
Administrative centers: Manchester - 520,215 people (2014), Liverpool - 466,415 people. (2012).
Major cities (with suburbs): Warrington - 206,428 (2014), Bolton - 194,189 people. (2011), Blackpool - 142,065 people. (2014), Sale - 134,022 people. (2011), Preston - 122,719 people. (2011).
Founded: 1994
Languages: English (Cambrian, Manchester and Lancashire dialects), migrant languages (Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Chinese, Spanish).
Ethnic composition: White 91.6%, Mestizo 1.3%, Asian 4.7%, Black British 1.1%, Chinese 0.6%, Other 0.7% (2009).
Religions: Christianity - 67.3%, Islam - 5.1%, Hinduism - 0.5%, Judaism - 0.4%, Buddhism - 0.3%, Sikhism - 0.1%, undecided and outside of religion - 26%, others - 0.3% (2011).
Currency unit: GBP.
Rivers: Mersey, Dee, Apt.
Lakes: Windermere, Ullswater, Bassenthwaite, Derwent Water.
Major airports: Manchester Airport, Liverpool John Lennon Airport.
Neighboring territories: in the west - the Irish Sea, in the north-west - Scotland, in the north-east - the regions of North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber, in the south-east - the East Midlands region, in the south - the West Midlands region, in the south- west - Wales.
Numbers
Area: 14,165 km2.Population: 7,052,000 (2011).
Population density: 497.8 people / km 2.
highest point: Scafell Pike (978 m).
Climate and weather
Moderate maritime.January average temperature: +4°С.
July average temperature: +16°С.
Average annual rainfall: about 800 mm.
Relative humidity: 85%.
Economy
GRP: £141bn (2014), per capita £18,438 (2014)Minerals: oil and natural gas.
Industry: transport engineering (automotive), chemical, defense industries.
Seaport of Liverpool(cargo turnover - 32.2 million tons, 2004).
Wind energy.
Agriculture: crop production (barley, wheat, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beet), animal husbandry (sheep breeding, pig breeding).
Sea fishing.
Service sector: tourism, transport, trade, financial, medical, educational, telecommunications.
Attractions
■ Natural: Lake District (Windermere, Ullswater, Bassenthwaite, Derwent Water), Lake District (entire), Peak District and Yorkshire Dales National Parks (partial), Scafell Pike, Lancashire-Cheshire Plain, Shropshire Hills, Valley Rivers Mersey, Long Mind Plateau, Wenlock Edge limestone cliff, Wrekin Hill, Clee Hills, Wirral Peninsula, South Lancashire Coastal Plain, Bowland Forest.■ historical: fortified frontiers of the Roman Empire (Limes, Hadrian's Wall, Antonina's Wall, all - 140s), Beeston (XIII century), Carlisle (early XII century), Appleby (XII century) castles.
■ architectural: Queensway (1934) and Kingsway (1971) road tunnels.
■ Liverpool: Liverpool City Hall (1754-1802), Nelson Monument (1813), St. George's Hall (1841-1854), Wellington's Column (1861-1865), the ensemble of administrative buildings of the Port of Liverpool (early XX c.), Liverpool Anglican Cathedral (neo-Gothic, XX century), Royal Liverpool Building (1908-1911), Liverpool Catholic Cathedral (modernism, 1960s), World History Museum, Slavery Museum, The Beatles Museum, Marine museum.
■ Manchester: Manchester Castle (1184), Cathedral (Gothic, XV century), Exchange (classicism, XIX century), Art Gallery (XVII-XIX centuries), Lowry Art Center, Imperial War Museum of the North.
■ Stockport: National Museum of Hats and Hat Making, World War II underground air raid shelters, merchants' houses (14th century), Underbank Hall (16th century), Stockport Railway Viaduct (1840), City Hall (1908), Indoor market (2008).
■ Salford: Salford Quay, Manchester United Museum, Northern Imperial War Museum, historical building Ordsall Hall (XV century), Bridgewater Canal (1761).
Curious facts
■ Inhabitants of Liverpool are called liverpudlians, liverpolitans, but most often - scousers. This name comes from the local Scouse dialect. And its name, in turn, was born from labskaus. In the era of the sailing fleet, it was the traditional food of sailors, made from corned beef and pickled vegetables boiled in cucumber brine. In Liverpool, this dish, familiar to sailors, was also served in port taverns. Gradually, the visitors transferred the name of the dish, first to the dialect of the townspeople, and then they began to call themselves that.■ In 2012, UNESCO listed the Port of Liverpool as a World Heritage Site in Danger: the British government plans to build a massive 23,000-unit residential complex called Liverpool Waters here. Apart from the Port of Liverpool, there is only one World Heritage site in all of Europe that is in danger of complete destruction - the medieval monuments of Kosovo.
■ Wellington's Column in Liverpool is rather unusual for a monument to a historical figure. The statue of the commander who defeated Napoleon does not look at any of the main city buildings. The figure is set in such a way that Wellington peers to the southeast, where the city of Waterloo is located across the strait - the site of the historic victory over Napoleon's army.
■ The Beatles Museum in Liverpool recreates the interior of The Cavern Club, where The Beatles performed 292 times between 1961 and 1963 and where their future producer Brian Epstein first saw the band perform in 1961, starting the rise of their epoch-making musical careers.
■ Rochdelskaya Street in Moscow (Central Administrative District) was named after the city of Rochdale in 1932, in memory of the English weavers from Rochdale, who in 1844 laid the foundation for workers' consumer cooperation. In that year, the weavers collected one pound sterling per worker and created a collective economic (trading) enterprise - a consumer society on cooperative principles, from which consumer cooperation and the international cooperative movement began.
■ The 1840 Stockport Railway Viaduct is a large brick bridge that carries trains from the West Coast of England. This is the largest brick structure in the UK, the construction of which took 11 million bricks. The viaduct appeared in those years when Stockport was the center of the country's cotton industry.
■ The Bridgewater Canal at Salford was opened in the second half of the 18th century to carry coal from Worsley to Manchester. Gradually, the canal lost its transport significance, and the houses of the English nobility appeared on its picturesque banks. Bridgewater is considered the first "true" canal in England, it became a kind of impetus for the development of "canal mania" (canal mania), when wealthy people began to build canals throughout the country, but not for transport purposes, but as an original detail that enlivened the local dull landscape.
■ British Hindus revere the Mersey River as sacred and worship it in the same way as the Hindus of India worship the Ganges. Every year they hold a feast of diving into the river waters on the banks of the Mersey. During the holiday, clay figurines of the Hindu god Ganesh in the form of an elephant riding a mouse are lowered into the water from the side of the ferry, and around them, flowers, pictures with sacred plots and small coins are thrown into the water.
■ Bowland Forest is actually a moorland. The name "forest" was used in the distant past as a designation of the "royal hunting ground": in those days, trees still grew here (later they were cut down for firewood) and wild boar, deer, wolf and forest cat were found.
■ The largest non-white ethnic group in the region of North West England is the Pakistanis: there are about 144,000 of them. The coast of British Cornwall has been a favorite holiday destination since ancient times.
The West of England is the most popular British holiday destination, attracting many foreign tourists with its warm climate, beautiful landscapes and atmosphere of legends.
South of Bristol Bay and Wales is the Cornish peninsula, which contains Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. At first glance, these are ordinary agricultural counties, but for every Briton it is the land of legends about King Arthur and the Holy Grail, Jack the Giant Slayer, a land of myths about druids, stories of pirates, smugglers and shipwrecks.
Locals are proud of their Celtic roots, consider themselves a special people. This is because Western England is geographically separated from British culture. The peninsula was inhabited by Celts who came from Brittany and Ireland. Today, their descendants, the people of Cornwall, Devon and Somerset, combine rugged strength and serenity. Cornish was a distinct Gaelic language, along with Welsh, Irish and Breton. True, back in 1890 the last speaker of the Cornish language died.
The influence of the Gulf Stream makes the weather on the peninsula very mild. Spring starts early, autumn lasts long. It is estimated that the sun shines here for 1500 hours a year. The sunniest months are May, June and July, when the sun shines in a row for 7 hours a day. The water temperature in the sea fluctuates between 9-10°C in winter and 16-18°C in summer. Not very warm for swimmers, but you can take a dip. Most of the holidaymakers are attracted by the bright sun and the magnificent view of the coast of Cornwall.
Cornwall is practically an island, separated from the rest of England by the Teimar River. It covers an area of 3,550 sq. km, its population is 500 thousand people, only 10% of whom are considered real Cornish, the rest are settlers who came here in search of a good climate and a leisurely lifestyle. Around 550 BC e. The Celts inhabited this area. The Romans who came to this land did not change it much, and for the next 900 years after their departure, Cornwall remained under the influence of the Celts. In 450 AD e. the Anglo-Saxons flooded England, the Celts were pushed to the extreme parts of Britain. Cornwall was the last part of England to resist the Saxons in 838. In 1066, William the Conqueror made this land his possession, in 1337 King Edward III proclaimed his son Edward Duke of Cornwall, nicknamed the "Black Prince". Cornwall became the first duchy in England and belonged to the crown for a long time. When, in 1760, the monarchy gave the nation the right to rule over its domains in exchange for income, Cornwall remained in the possession of the crown. Politically, this was expressed in the fact that until 1832 Cornwall was represented in Parliament by 44 people, the same number as all of Scotland. Today, Cornwall is represented by only five members in the House of Representatives.
The title of Duke of Cornwall is hereditary to the eldest sons of English monarchs. Today this title is held by Prince Charles. He received it at the age of four when his mother came to the throne, but he was proclaimed a duke only in 1973 at Launceston Palace. During the ceremony, he received the feudal trappings of power: a pair of white gloves, a pair of greyhounds, a pound of pepper and cumin, a crossbow, one hundred specially minted shillings, firewood and a salmon harpoon. The flag of Cornwall depicts Saint Pyran, the patron saint of coal miners, who embodies the victory of good over evil.
Traveling around the peninsula can be started from Bristol, an old British port, much of which has been turned into a museum. From here, in 1497, John Cabot set off on a journey to Newfoundland. There are interesting corners here - the Llandogher Trow alehouse, said to be the prototype of John Silver's favorite tavern from Treasure Island. In Bristol, it is worth seeing the Royal Theater, the Arnolfini Gallery, a meeting place for people of art. Bath, a small town famous for its mineral springs, as well as the buildings of famous architects of the 18th century, can also be the starting point for a trip to Cornwall. J. Woods Sr. and Jr. The first patient of the healing springs of this city was Bladal, the father of King Lear, who was cured of scrofula by local waters. It is worth visiting Pultney Bridge, built up with houses like the old London Bridge, the Royal Theater of the 18th century, Queen's Square, the Royal Gallery in the shape of a crescent, the Cross Baths, the Roman Baths, the Alluvial Hall, where hot springs beat.
To the north-west of the city of Wells in Somerset, at the base of the Cornwall peninsula, you can see an interesting natural formation - Cheddar Gorge. It is formed by a river that today flows underground. In the village, next to which the gorge is located, you can see the entrances to the underground cavities. South of Cheddar is another gorge, Ebbor, formed 270 million years ago. The nature around the gorge is elms, oaks, ash trees, mosses, ferns, reminiscent of a fabulous, "enchanted place". Nearby are caves inhabited in the Stone Age for 3 thousand years BC. e. Wells is located 20 km from the caves. It is famous for its Gothic cathedral, built over five centuries starting in 1185. It has an amazing 14th century clock: every fifteen minutes four knights on horseback leave the clock to fight, at the end of the battle one of them dismounts before the group returns. Through the square in front of the cathedral you can enter the street, which is considered the only completely preserved medieval street in England. The appearance of the houses has changed little, and the atmosphere of ancient England has been preserved. One of the oldest residential buildings in England is the Bishop's Palace. Its walls were erected in the 13th century; a moat was dug around the building, in which swans swim.
Between Somerset and Devon, namely on the border of these counties, Exmoor National Park is located, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich reaches 690 square meters. km. Here live the descendants of prehistoric horses - Exmoor ponies, deer, sheep, red cows. Heather-covered ridges pass into forested ravines. Many Britons love walking along the Exmoor coastline. The coastal path runs along the cliffs, which offer a beautiful view of Bristol Bay and the ocean. On the way, you can see Dunster Castle, which was a fortified place back in the time of the Anglo-Saxons. The village around the castle retained its medieval appearance thanks to the Luttrell family, who owned it for 600 years until 1950.
Legends say that it was in Cornwall, in Tintagel Castle, that King Arthur lived. It is believed that Arthur was born or washed ashore at Tintagel, where he built a powerful castle. According to legend, the famous magician Merlin lived in a cave under the castle. The ruins at Tintagel are the remains of a 6th-century monastery and a 12th-century fortification. Most of the structures were washed into the sea.
30 km away is the only sheltered harbor in North Cornwall, Padstow. This port has been of great strategic importance for a millennium. This is a small seaside quiet town that comes alive in spring and summer. Many British families come here for vacation. On the first of May, the Pony Festival takes place here, during which the city is immersed in the atmosphere of a medieval carnival. Further south is the famous surfing town of Newquay. In the XVIII-XIX centuries. it was a sardine fishing port. Today it is famous for its only zoo in all of Cornwall. The unofficial capital of Cornwall is Truro. In the XVII century the city was the center of tin smelting, the center of public life. Cornwall Cathedral is located in it. The first stone for the construction of the cathedral was laid in 1880 by Edward VII, who at that time bore the title of Prince of Wales. The westernmost part of the peninsula is called the "toe of Britain". This is Penuit, a windswept ledge in the blue sea and shrouded in thick Atlantic fog. The westernmost point of Great Britain, Lands End (or the end of the country), is a beautiful place, constantly repulsing the storms of the Atlantic. This area is rich in ancient monuments - prehistoric huge stones built in the Bronze Age. They are known as "menhirs" and were places of worship. There are 90 of them in LandEnd alone.
The Isles of Scilly are located 45 km from Land's End. Historians have established that Phoenician merchants landed on these islands even before the birth of Christ in search of tin, copper and other valuable metals. In the Middle Ages, pirates and smugglers hid on them. Today these five islands are inhabited and, with the exception of Tresco, they are part of the Duchy of Cornwall. They can be reached from the mainland by helicopter or ferry. On the southern coast of the "toe of Britain" is the small settlement of Mousehole. It consists of several residential houses and pubs. You can sit in the pub, and then take a walk to the rocks "Merlin" and "Battery". In the nearby village of Newlyn, one of the few fishing villages in Cornwall, they fish for crabs, lobsters, salmon and mackerel. From here, these delicacies go straight to the London Market.
At the "tip" of the peninsula, you can see the town of Penzance, which for a long time was the main city of West Cornwall. During the period of the Roman Empire and in the Middle Ages, tin was exported from here, and emigrants went on a long journey to the New World from here. Nearby in Mounts Bay is Mount St. Michaels with a large medieval castle and abbey. At low tide it can be reached by the shallows, the rest of the time - by ferry. According to legend, the abbey was founded in the 5th century after a fisherman on a cliff saw St. Michael. The monastery acquired a clearer outline in the 8th century. Interestingly, at the same time in France, off the coast of Brittany, also on a mountain overlooking the sea, the eponymous monastery of Saint-Michel was founded.
From the big cities of Cornwall, except for Bristol, tourists like to come to Plymouth, on the border of Devon and Cornwall. This city is a kind of monument to great geographical discoveries and travelers. This is the city of Drake, Raleigh, the Pilgrim Fathers who founded the first colonies in America. Today Plymouth is a thriving port, an industrial center with a rich cultural life, and the capital of the West of England. In 1577, Drake sailed from the port of Plymouth on a trip around the world, upon his return he was elected mayor by the inhabitants of the city. Drake was not just a traveler, he became famous as a fleet commander during the defeat of the Spanish "invincible armada" in 1588. Of the old buildings in the city, the majestic royal citadel of the 17th century, built by Charles II to defend against the Republicans, has been preserved. The Barbican quarter remained completely medieval. Of course, as in any port city, Plymouth's life is in full swing at fish markets, marinas, and taverns.
Another famous port in the West of England is Dartmouth. It became famous in the 12th century, because the Crusaders set off from England on their second and third campaigns from here. From here, during the Second World War, allied troops were sent to the mainland to land in Normandy. Opposite in spirit to the port cities of Exeter, the second center of the Cornish Peninsula after Plymouth. It is a university city, like Oxford and Cambridge, with a gothic cathedral, considered the most beautiful building in the entire duchy. It is famous for its treasures, among which is the Exeter Book of Old English Poetry, compiled in 950-1000. In addition to the cathedral, you can go to the Maritime Museum, located on the banks of the River Ex, which contains more than 100 ships, not only British ones. Among the exhibits are Arab dhows, pies from Polynesia, and reed rafts from Peru.
Cornwall is known for its cuisine. Local restaurants serve fresh fish and seafood - crabs, lobsters, flounder, salt, mackerel, sea bass, mussels, scallops. A special condensed milk is considered a local delicacy, which you will not find in any other corner of England. Smoked fish and meat are prepared very tasty according to the recipes of local chefs. Lobster is expensive even here, but still worth a try.
Cornwall offers a variety of recreational activities. Wildlife lovers, avid fishermen to catch salmon and trout, and artists come here to display the beauty of the water expanses. Cornwall is considered the most beautiful garden in Britain. This is the merit of the local temperate maritime climate, typical for the islands. Back in the 19th century, botanists appreciated the potential of the local nature and began to plant exotic plants in the gardens that you will not find in the rest of the country. Many go to Cornwall to take a long bike ride along the coast. This is facilitated by specially provided bicycle paths. Cornwall has many beaches. If not lovers of warm water come here, then those who like the landscape and atmosphere of the northern resort. There are 39 beaches in North Cornwall, from Newquay to Marsland Mouth; in the west, from Newquay to Lands End, 33; in the southern part of the peninsula from Lands End to Truro - 46, in the east, from Truro to Cremilla - 48. The English Riviera is called Torbay, which combines the cities of Torquay, Paignton and Brixem.
Once the towns were just fishing villages, today they receive tourists. You can stay at a farm in a cottage, in special tourist parks, in a small hotel near the ancient castle, in a hotel near the beach.
Mild climate, long beaches, palm trees - why not the Riviera?