Developing lessons on Dostoevsky's poor people. Analysis "Poor people" Dostoevsky. Independent work in groups

Reading and analysis of episodes of Dostoevsky's work "Poor people"
First letter.
1. How does Makar Alekseevich address Varvara Alekseevna?
2. What was the main character happy about? Do you share his happiness?
3. How did you understand why the main character moved to a new apartment?
4. Why does Makar Alekseevich call a new place of residence a slum?
5. What kind of people lived next to Makar Alekseevich? Can they be called poor people?
6. Is the main character poor in social status? Where is this visible?
7. What quality of character does the episode in which Makar Alekseevich drinks good tea speak of?
8. What is your impression of the letter you read?
Answer.
1. What did the main character admire and resent?
2. How can we characterize Varvara Alekseevna by her letter?
- Is it possible to say that Makar Alekseevich Devushkin is a “little man”, why, explain. Why is the work called "Poor People"?

Fill in a crossword puzzle on the knowledge of the work of F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor people".
Horizontally:
1. Surname of the protagonist of the work "Poor people".
2. What did Makar Alekseevich send when writing?
3. What did Makar Alekseevich call Dobroselova in letters?
4. What was the name of the woman who lived in the apartment with the main character?
5. In what city did the events of the novel take place in letters?
6. The name of the main character of the work "Poor people"
7. What was the mistress of the house where Makar Alekseevich lived?
8. What was the name of Gogol's work, which was read by the main character?
9. What birds died from the residential smell of the midshipman?
Vertically:
2. What flower did Makar Alekseevich Dobroselova give?
3. What was the name of the kind woman who carried the letters?
1. The surname of the writer who owns the words: “We all came out of Gogol's Overcoat.
e v y w k i n
candies
With
m a t o h c a g
f ed o r a e
p e t er b u r g
t v a r v a r a
e s n
sh l a f r o k
e sh i n e l
s h y w and k and
A

3 2
4
5
3 6

7
8
9

Target:

Continue acquaintance of students with the work of F.M. Dostoevsky; introduce the novel "Poor People"; show the features of the genre of the novel in letters;

Develop analytical thinking, speech, memory;

Foster a culture of reading; the ability to understand other people, to empathize and sympathize.

Equipment: portrait of F.M. Dostoevsky, presentation, statement by F.M. Dostoevsky.

During the classes

I. organizational stage.

II. Knowledge update.

Reception "Brainstorm".

– "Small man". What kind of person is this?

powerless

unhappy

humiliated

poor

Small man

offended

downtrodden

crushed

disadvantaged

offended

Goal setting.

2. Exchange of impressions from the read novel.

What impression did Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's first novel make on you?

What did you like about this novel?

What did you find new and unusual about it?

What questions did it raise for you?

Now remember, please, what is the name of the trend in art and literature of the 19th century, which is characterized by “the image of a typical person in typical circumstances”:

a) sentimentalism; b) romanticism;c) realism; d) classicism?

III. Formation of new concepts and methods of action.

1. Student's message.

A student who has received a special task makes a report about the life and work of F.M. Dostoevsky (presentation).

2. Conversation.

Board writing:

“Man is a mystery. It must be unraveled, and if you have been unraveling it all your life, then do not say that you have wasted time; I am engaged in this secret, because I want to be a man ... "F.M. Dostoevsky.

Read the statement written on the board. This phrase embodies the main life and creative principle of the great writer, in other words, his credo.

Now that you have read the novel "Poor People" and got acquainted with the statement of the great writer about his artistic credo, try to determine what is the main theme of this author's work?Man and his inner world.

This feature will become defining in Dostoevsky and will be calledpsychologism .

Novel "Poor People" became a high-profile literary debut of the writer. The author depicted a special type of person, discovered at one timePushkin and Gogol and indicated in the title of the novel. Sometimes this type is also called the "little man."

The enthusiasm was universal, an unknown young writer became one of the participants in the "natural school", and his work opened her second almanac "Petersburg Collection", published in 1846. Ruler of thoughtsV.G. Belinsky after reading the novel, he excitedly asked its author: “Do you understand yourself that you wrote this?” “It was the most delightful minute in my life,” F.M. later admitted. Dostoevsky.

Why do you think the novel gained fame even before it was published?

His theme excited readers with the pressing problems of our time.

What type of hero is depicted in it?Small man.

You're right. This was the reason for the resounding success of the first novel by F.M. Dostoevsky. Here is how V.G. Belinsky: “Honor and glory to the young poet, whose muse loves people in attics and basements and speaks about them to the inhabitants of gilded chambers: “After all, these are also people, your brothers!”

2. Research work . Group work.

Prove or dispute this thesis: “The theme of the “little man” was gained through suffering by Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century.”

Students give examples from the works of A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol dedicated to this topic. Presentation by a speaker from each group. Evaluation.

3. Conversation

What features of tradition and innovation are present in the image of Devushkin?

What is the meaning of the title?

vocabulary work

An epistolary novel or a novel in letters is a kind of novel, which is a cycle of letters from one or more characters. The letters express the emotional experiences of the characters, reflect their inner evolution. The genre originated in the 17th century, but became popular in the literature of the 18th century, especially in the work of sentimentalist writers. In the literature of romanticism, the development of the genre continued. The epistolary novel still exists today.

How do the features of the genre convey the ideological content?

What are the main features of the image of Makar Devushkin?

Determine the degree of innovation of the writer in the image of the "little man".

Well-known literary critic M.M. Bakhtin, in his work “Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics,” wrote about the writer’s innovation in depicting the “little man”: “In Gogol’s world, the author of “Poor Folks” made a “Copernican revolution”, making the object of the image not the reality of the hero, but his self-consciousness as a reality of the second order.

IV. Application. Formation of skills and abilities.

1. Work in groups.

1 group. The living conditions of the characters in the novel. Compose a syncwine.
Conclusion: the heroes of the novel have poor, beggarly living conditions.
2 group. The people our heroes meet.
Task: Tell about the heroes whose fates are described in letters by the heroes of the novel.Compose a syncwine.
Conclusion: all around poverty, leading people to death. These people evoke pity in Varenka and Devushkin.
3rd group. Description of Petersburg. Scenery.
Task: find a description of nature, St. Petersburg, pay attention to what colors Dostoevsky uses.Compose a syncwine.
Conclusion: the description of the landscape of St. Petersburg is built on contrasts. These descriptions help to understand the inner world of the characters.
4 group. The image of Makar Devushkin and Barbara.Compose a syncwine.
There is a speaker from each group. Evaluation.

– Tell me, are there "little people" in our lives?

Dostoevsky's view of the "little man" is that he portrayed the awakening of the human personality, a protest against the depersonalization of man. Dostoevsky is a psychological writer.

2. Test based on the novel "Poor People" by F. Dostoevsky (individually)

1. Dostoevsky in the development of the theme of "the little man" continues the tradition

A) Turgenev and Pushkin; B) Pushkin and Lermontov;

B) Pushkin and Gogol; d) Radishchev and Tolstoy; e) Karamzin and Gogol.

2. Dostoevsky's "Godfather" in literature, having highly appreciated his novel "Poor People", became:

A) V. Belinsky B) N. Gogol C) A. Pushkin d) L. Tolstoy e) N. Chernyshevsky.

3. Name the first work of Dostoevsky.

A) "White Nights" b) "Crime and Punishment" c) "Poor People" d) "Demons" e) "Notes from the Underground"

4. Indicate the form of writing the novel "Poor People"

5. Makar Devushkin

A) 18 years old b) 24 years old c) 35 years old d) 40 years old e) 47 years old

6. About whom Devushkin writes: “So gray-haired, small; walks in such a greasy dress that it hurts to look ... his knees are trembling, his hands are trembling ... He has a family - a wife and three children ”?

A) Emelyan Ivanovich b) Gorshkov. C) Pokrovsky d) Bykov e) Ratazyaev.

A) Pushkin's The Queen of Spades b) Pushkin's Tale of Belkin c) Gogol's The Government Inspector d) Karamzin's Poor Liza e) Fonvizin's Undergrowth.

8. Who do we learn from Varenka’s letter: “Here he announced to me that he was looking for my hand, that he considered it his duty to return my honor, that he was rich, that he would take me after the wedding to his steppe village”?

A) About Emelyan Ivanovich b) About Pokrovsky C) About Gorshkov d) About Bykov e) About Ratazyaev.

9. Name the novel by F. Dostoevsky.

A) Resurrection b) Anna Karenina c) Fathers and Sons d) Crime and Punishment e) Oblomov.

Self-test. Answers: 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. e 6. b 7. b 8. d 9. d

Formative assessment of activities in the lesson by an evaluator

Full name of students

_____

_____

_____

_______

________

Participates in the distribution of responsibilities in the group and fulfills their responsibilities

Suggests ideas

Actively participates in the discussion of the group (develops, generalizes the proposed ideas, information)

Helps group members

Listens carefully and asks questions

Able to lead a discussion (politely objects, seeks agreement on issues that have caused disputes)

Works in a group, focusing on the assigned learning task

Total score

V. Lesson results. stage of reflection.

The guys in a circle speak in one sentence, choosing the beginning of the phrase from the reflective screen on the board:

1. today I learned… 2. it was interesting… 3. it was difficult… 4. I completed tasks…

5. I realized that… 6. I can now… 7. I felt that… 8. I acquired…

9. I learned… 10. I succeeded… 11. I could… 12. I will try…

13. surprised me... 14. gave me a lesson for life... 15. I felt like...

VI. Homework information stage.

Creative task.

1. Write a letter to a friend with your impressions of The Poor Folk and the characters in the novel.

2. Create an essay "My favorite letter in Poor People."

3. In what life situation did I feel like a “little person”?

Literature Lesson Summary Grade 10
prepared Kaygorodtseva Lyudmila Alekseevna
MOU SOSH with UIOP of Nolinsk
Topic: Extra-curricular reading based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor people".
Lesson objectives: educational: to learn what an epistolary genre is, to pay attention to the features of Dostoevsky's works, to the meaning of details in his works, to learn to compare characters, works, to learn to use literary terms correctly;
educational: to cultivate interest in works of fiction, to cultivate aesthetic taste, moral values ​​on the example of a work, to cultivate respect for each other, the ability to listen and hear;
developing: develop language flair, listening, reading, / speaking skills, independent work skills, develop logical thinking, develop the ability to analyze and synthesize.
Lesson type: text analysis lesson.
Preliminary work: reading the novel, working with the text in groups (assignment in groups, students received questions in advance).
During the classes.
The topic is written on the board: Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
"Poor people" 1846 epistolary genre.
Epigraphs: "We have the first attempt at a social novel."
V.G. Belinsky
"New Gogol has appeared."
D.V. Grigorovich
"With full realism to open the person in the person."
F.M.Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky's early work, limited by the period from the appearance of "Poor People" to his arrest and exile for participation in the Petrashevsky society (1849), looks rather modest against the background of his further achievements. But even then the “new word” of the writer was outlined, the path to the depths of life relationships and human psychology was outlined. Therefore, the purpose of our lesson is to see the “new word” of the writer, to show this new one using the example of his first novel “Poor People”. Let's recall some facts from the biography of the writer and learn about the history of the creation of the novel. (Student's post.)
- Yes, a new novel has appeared - a social novel: 1) a complete work in the genre of the novel; 2) What is his sociality? (In the polemical sharpening of the issue of class inequality, in showing people doomed, crushed by the yoke of dependence and humiliation, but complex, full of inner spiritual delicacy, filled with self-esteem.)
- The genre of this novel is also unusual. epistolary genre. Find the definition in the dictionary and write it down in your notebooks.
- So, a novel in letters. As you understand, this form was considered too refined, aristocratic in literature. But Dostoevsky "wasted" this form of the novel on the outline of some petty official and a girl "with a dubious reputation." Why do you think? (To see the world through the eyes of the heroes themselves, to see how much they have experienced. The whole world is the heroes themselves.)
- Yes, the word is entrusted to the person himself, there are no outside observers at all. And what about the people who correspond? Tell us about the fate of Makar Devushkin and Varenka Dobroselova. (Student answers.)
- The names of the heroes are significant: Devushkin is a soft-hearted, modest person, Dobroselova - Good - a gift. The prototype of Varenka is Dostoevsky's sister Varvara, who lives for a long time in Darovoye, the Dostoevsky estate in the Tula province.
- So, two creatures live in St. Petersburg, correspond, all the joy of their life is in a feeling of mutual sympathy and support, sometimes with advice, sometimes with pennies. They live without thinking about any salvation. Have you noticed: 55 letters in total, of which 31 were written by Makar, 24 by Varya. The whole novel is from April 8 to September 30. They write, although they live in the same yard, they even see each other through the window. Why are they rewriting? (in a letter, it is sometimes easier for us to say what we feel, experience.)
- The epistolary genre is a novel of experiences. What do we learn from letters? (About their way of life; about the people who surround them; about poverty, which makes one feel ashamed; about what they read; about the events that take place in their lives.)
- At home you worked in groups. We listen to the messages and fix the main points in notebooks. It is according to this scheme that we will further analyze Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment.
1 group. The living conditions of the characters in the novel.
Assignment: The first letters are expositional, they are replete with everyday scenes. Select and write out passages that describe the life of the characters.
“Slums”, “noise, scream, gvald”, “Noah's Ark” - there is no order, people of all kinds live, Makar lives in the kitchen: a bed, a table, a chest of drawers, two chairs, images - very cheap housing. “I don’t grumble and am satisfied.” The house has a back staircase, which Makar walks, there are “rags” hung out, dirt, rubbish, a bad smell. "Our siskins are dying like that." - "The midshipman is already buying the fifth, they don't live in our air, and that's all."
Conclusion: the heroes of the novel have poor, beggarly living conditions.
2 group. The people our heroes meet.
Task: Tell about the heroes whose fates are described in letters by the heroes of the novel.
The fate of the Gorshkovs (“You can’t even hear the children in the house.” - Gorshkov was acquitted, but too late: his wife and three children died.)
Student Pokrovsky and his father. (Good, smart people can't live in this ruthless world.)
Boy, children, organ grinder.
Conclusion: all around poverty, leading people to death. These people evoke pity in Varenka and Devushkin.
3rd group. Description of Petersburg. Scenery.
Task: find a description of nature, St. Petersburg, pay attention to what colors Dostoevsky uses.
Autumn in the village and autumn in St. Petersburg.
The wealth of the best streets of St. Petersburg and poverty, visible from the windows of the heroes.
Predominant colors: gray (beggarly, nondescript), yellow (alarming). Varenka sees the yellow fence, the usurer's yellow house.
Conclusion: the description of the landscape of St. Petersburg is built on contrasts. These descriptions help to understand the inner world of the characters.

4 group. Hero Reading Circle.
Task: what our heroes read, how they relate to works and their heroes.
With the help of reading characters, a literary theme enters the novel. Even before Dostoevsky, literary facts were mentioned in the works, heroes of other authors were mentioned, but Dostoevsky was the first to introduce the fact that the heroes themselves operate with literary examples, and only they.
Makar Varenka advises reading base works, but she has a much higher, developed taste, she returned the book to him indignantly.
Varenka sent him Pushkin's Tales of Belkin and Gogol's Overcoat. Both things made a strong impression on Makar Devushkin, but in different ways.

In the center of the works of Pushkin and Gogol are “little people”, like Devushkin himself. Why does the hero perceive these works differently?
- "Overcoat" - for Devushkin, the need for an overcoat is understandable, but for him it is only a thing. The love of Samson Vyrin - the daughter of Dunyasha - is understandable to Makar, because. he also loves Varenka. Devushkin has a different attitude towards the heroes of the works: Samson Vyrin died, drank himself, but they pity him, remember the narrator and daughter. Akaky Akakievich disappeared without a trace, there is not even a mention of a cemetery and a grave. Devushkin did not quite understand his feelings and accused Gogol of a "malicious book". And in the fate of Makar Devushkin and Akaky Akakievich there is a lot in common: a thing - an “overcoat” - boots, buttons; "significant person" - helped one, but not the other. But if Akaky Akakievich could have been saved by the boss, then for Devushkin even this salvation could not change his fate, because. Varenka left him anyway.
- When Dostoevsky was asked about episodes of reflections on the works of Pushkin and Gogol, he emphasized: "Devushkin is speaking, not me." After all, Makar essentially denies Bashmachkin as himself, as the truth about himself. Dostoevsky himself understood the organic connection between Pushkin and Gogol. In 1846, Fyodor Mikhailovich wrote to his brother Mikhail: “I have gone far from Gogol, ... I go into the depths and, breaking it into atoms, I take it entirely.”
Dostoevsky's innovation: he complicated the image of the "little man" - not only suffering, poor, miserable, but also endowed with inner spiritual beauty, intelligence, self-consciousness.
- What are the character traits of Makar Devushkin. (feelings for Varya, pity for the disadvantaged, self-esteem - in a fight with an officer, readiness for self-sacrifice, readiness to give the last - 20 kopecks to Gorshkov, everything - to Varenka.)
Devushkin speaks of himself as a "little man", a "rag" (several times): "I'm used to it, because I'm a quiet person, because I'm a small person."
Conclusion: we see sympathy for the little man.
The problem of the novel: the correlation of "environment" and "personality". Dostoevsky gives preference to the individual.
- How does the story end? (tragedy - the soul is in turmoil, because Varenka is leaving.) The end of the novel is called "catastrophic thinking", because the idyll ends.
- What comes through in Devushkin's words? (Protest is central to the novel.)
Conclusion: Dostoevsky not only discovers the “man in man”, he puts words of protest into his mouth. Shout: “What have you done, what have you done to yourself! I'll throw myself under the wheels! By what right is this being done? I'll leave with you, I'll run after your carriage! My darling, my dear, you are my mother!”
- So what is the phrase in the title "Poor people"?
Not "Poor", not "Poor", namely "Poor people" - both concepts are significant. The epigraph is consonant with Devushkin's words, but Dostoevsky wants, Conclusion: for the novel to lead to reflection, for "all sorts of rubbish" (=thoughts) to come to mind. No wonder Belinsky said: “In Makar Devushkin there is a lot of beauty, nobleness and “holyness” that has survived in the midst of the reigning nightmare of life.” And it's good that he survived, that he has grown to grumbling, protest.
And in the next lessons, using the same techniques, methods, schemes, we will try to analyze, understand what the environment can do to a person, how Raskolnikov will kill the “little man” in himself, and what thoughts can be born in a person under the influence of almost the same environment as in the novel “Poor people”.

Homework: the history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment", the theme, the problems of the work (according to the textbook).

Lesson topic: Grade 8
F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor people"
Purpose: to expand the knowledge of students in the field of Russian literature.
Educational task: to acquaint students with Dostoevsky's work "Poor People".
The task is developing: the development of the ability to analyze a literary work.
Educational task: moral education.
During the classes:
1. The topic and tasks of the lesson are announced.
2. A minute of poetry.
3. Introduction about the writer.
4. Reading and analysis:
Who are the main characters of the work?
What story is told in this piece? What is your attitude towards heroes?
What feelings do the characters evoke? Justify. What is this piece about?
What can it teach the reader?
5. Key questions.
What is the author's position in relation to the characters? Why do you think the author abandoned the optimistic ending? Come up with your own version of the story's ending. Explain the meaning of the title of the story. Do you think the theme of the “little man” is relevant?
F.M. Dostoevsky "Poor people"
Summary. Makar Alekseevich Devushkin is a 47-year-old titular adviser who rewrites papers for a small salary in one of the St. Petersburg departments. He had just moved into a new apartment in a capital building near the Fontanka along a long corridor of doors to the tenants' rooms. The hero himself huddled behind a partition in the common room. His former housing was not an example of the best. However, now for Devushkin the main thing is cheapness, because in the same courtyard he rents a more comfortable and expensive apartment for his distant relative Varvara Alekseevna Dobroselova. The poor official takes under his protection a 17-year-old orphan, for whom there was no one to intercede except for him. Living nearby, they rarely see each other, as Makar is afraid of gossip. However, both need warmth and sympathy, which they draw from daily correspondence with each other. The history of the relationship between Makar and Varenka is revealed in 31 of his and 24 of his letters, written from April 8 to September 30, 184 ... M.'s first letter is permeated with the happiness of finding heartfelt affection. He profits on flowers and candy for his little angel, denying himself food and clothes. Varenka is angry with the patron for being too much.
Such is the fate of Varenka. She grew up in the village, but her father lost his position as manager of the estate and took the family to St. Petersburg. My father worked very hard, fell ill and died. The mother suffered the same fate. The widow, Varenka's mother, and her daughter were sheltered by a relative Anna Fedorovna, who later sold Varenka to the wealthy landowner Bykov, who treated the girl cruelly. She got sick. Makar took care of her. She was unconscious for a whole month.
When she felt better, she was afraid that Bykov would find her. This happened. Bykov said that if Varenka did not marry him, he would marry a rich merchant's wife. But Varenka still marries him. Makar is having a hard time with this.
Why such an ending? Is he fair? How would you finish this piece?
6. Drawing up a five-verse about the work.
"Poor people"
Touching, exciting.
He raises the problem of the “little man”, does not leave a person indifferent, teaches mercy, demands mercy from society.
Sad, tragic, arousing sympathy, demanding justice.
Pain.
7. Results, conclusions, estimates. Finish the sentence: Today was interesting...It was difficult for me...Now I can...
8. D/Z A story about Dostoevsky. Reading by roles of the fragment you like. Make a quiz on the work of 5 questions.
Read the work.

Literature lesson in 10th grade.

“Our sick conscience” (F.M. Dostoevsky)

The purpose of the cycle of lessons on the work of F.M. Dostoevsky:

- to get acquainted with the biography and work of F.M. Dostoevsky, to show the relevance of the topics touched upon by Dostoevsky.

Lesson objectives:

educational

To acquaint with the biography of F.M. Dostoevsky, to trace the connection of the biography with the evolution of the writer's worldview

developing

Develop logical thinking, the ability to generalize and draw conclusions

educational

To form moral guidelines for students

Lesson type : lesson-explanation of new material

Lesson Form : study lesson

During the classes:

“Man is a mystery. It must be unraveled, and if you will unravel it all your life, then do not say that you have wasted time; I am engaged in this secret, because I want to be a man, ”wrote seventeen-year-old Fyodor Dostoevsky to his brother Mikhail.

Today we will begin our acquaintance with an amazing writer and his work. The topic of our lesson is “The Artistic World of F. M. Dostoevsky”. I want to say right away that it will be very difficult for many to read Dostoevsky's books. You are still very young, and the questions that Dostoevsky poses will confront you for the first time.

Man for Dostoevsky is complex, inexhaustible, unexpected, "as deep as the sea." The human soul is not the sum of psychologies, which in principle can be calculated. This is something more complex, yet inaccessible to knowledge. Dostoevsky wrote: “The laws of the human spirit are so unknown, so unknown to science, so indefinite and so mysterious that there are no and cannot be any healers, or even final judges.”

Search for answers to questions: Why us? Where we are going? Who are we? – lead us to Dostoevsky.

Dostoevsky belongs to those writers whose biography is closely connected with creativity, to those writers who were able to reveal themselves in their works of art. That is why he was able to penetrate so deeply into the riddle of man. Unraveling it, Dostoevsky unravels the secret of his own personality, and, conversely, he projects his fate onto the fate of his heroes.

Today we will talk about how F.M. Dostoevsky came to Russian literature. How was the writer's life? How was his creative destiny? What influenced the formation of the writer's worldview?

So, Dostoevsky went to hard labor as a revolutionary and an atheist, and returned as a monarchist and a believer. “If it suddenly turns out that the existence of Christ is outside the Truth, I would prefer to stay with Christ than with the Truth,” wrote Dostoevsky.

Try to formulate the main problem of our today's lesson on your own.

How did life events influence the formation of a new worldview of the writer? How has the personality of the writer changed in connection with the formation of a new worldview?

The guys who received individual tasks will help me. In the course of the conversation, we will draw up a reference chronological table that will help us trace the evolution of his worldview.

So, we all come from childhood. What was the childhood of F.M. Dostoevsky?

CHILDHOOD OF DOSTOYEVSKY. YEARS OF STUDIES.

The writer's father, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky, came from an old Lithuanian family, but he himself was the son of a priest, that is, a commoner. As a young man, Mikhail Andreevich Dostoevsky broke with his family and came to Moscow, entered the Medico-Surgical Academy and graduated from it. He took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, then retired and became a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor.

Here, on November 11, 1821, the second son of Dostoevsky, Fyodor, was born. A year later, the family moved to the outbuilding of the hospital, where the future writer spent his childhood and adolescence.

Mikhail Andreevich was an unsociable, irritable and quick-tempered man. He kept his family in strictness and meticulously monitored the behavior of each member of the family.

The writer's mother came from a merchant family. She, unlike her husband, had a cheerful character, was well educated: she loved poetry, played the guitar beautifully, and sang. Fyodor Mikhailovich treated his mother with extraordinary tenderness. The Dostoevsky family led a secluded life. Fedor early began to peer into the people around him, to think about their fate and relationships. He could often be seen among the sick walking in the garden. He was drawn to these pale, sad, sick people. Sometimes he entered into conversation with them, although his parents forbade him to do so. He wanted to understand them, to know how they live. The boy saw many other sad pictures. People lived around mostly poor, poor, always preoccupied with the search for daily bread. Children's observations and impressions did not pass without a trace. The boy early awakened a sense of justice and intransigence to evil.

The writer's childhood was brightened up by friendship with his older brother Mikhail. They were united by common interests, they both loved to read and often shared their impressions of what they read with each other. Most of all, the brothers loved Pushkin, most of whose works they knew by heart. Dostoevsky carried his love for Pushkin through his whole life. The death of Pushkin was perceived as the greatest grief.

Beginning in 1831, the Dostoevsky family spent the summer months in the village of Darovoye, Tula province, which was acquired by their father. Here Fyodor first saw how serfs live. In 1833, together with his brother Mikhail, he was sent to half board by the Frenchman Suchard, where special attention was paid to the study of literature.

After the thirty-seven-year-old Maria Fyodorovna Dostoevskaya died from consumption, seven children were left in her husband's arms. The loss of his wife shocked and broke Mikhail Andreevich. He was forced to resign. In the spring of 1837, the father took his two eldest sons, Mikhail and Fedor, to St. Petersburg to prepare for admission to the Main Engineering School. The brothers did not feel any attraction to military service, but such was the will of the father. Mikhail was recognized as not quite healthy, and he went to study in Revel.

And on January 16, 1838, Fyodor Dostoevsky was enrolled in the school and moved to the Engineering Castle, where it was located.

What character traits were formed in Dostoevsky in childhood?

(An inquisitive mind, observation, there was no inner harmony, vulnerable, impressionable, early began to think about the basics of life itself and not only his own, but also the life of others)

ENGINEERING SCHOOL.

Mikhailovsky, or Engineering, Castle, even before moving into it, disturbed Fyodor's imagination with the beauty of architecture and its romantic history. Even in this, the best of military schools, an oppressive atmosphere and cruel morals reigned. For the slightest omission, the authorities severely exacted. For an unbuttoned collar or button, they were put in a punishment cell, put at the door for a watch with a satchel behind their back and a heavy gun in their hand, and the gun was not allowed to be lowered to the floor. The life of a novice was no better than hard labor. Fyodor received the nickname "ruffled" ("grouse" the military contemptuously called civilians) and had to endure all sorts of bullying, invented by those who had studied for several years. It was considered very witty to pour water into the bed of a newcomer, pour cold water down his collar, splash ink on paper and make the "ribbon" lick off. During the preparation of lessons, as soon as the officer on duty left, they set up a table and forced the newcomers to crawl under it on all fours. On the other side of the table, he was met with twisted cords and whipped anywhere. If the "ryabets" cries or decides to fight back, then they will adorn him so that there is only one way - to the infirmary. And there he is obliged to remain silent and explain his injury by the fact that he stumbled, crashed, fell down the stairs. Otherwise, bad luck. “I can’t say anything good about my comrades,” Fyodor wrote to his father. The authorities were well aware of everything that was happening, but turned a blind eye to it, believing that since it was the way it was, it was not for us to change. The violent antics of the students and the cruelty of their reprisals were equally disgusting. Fedor painfully experienced any humiliation of human dignity and therefore avoided both his comrades and his superiors. Staying at the school was not easy for him, he did not want to obey or command. But the years spent at the Engineering School were a time of intense inner work. Dostoevsky conscientiously studied the special subjects provided for by the program, but with great enthusiasm is engaged in history, literature and architecture. Dostoevsky's reading circle is extraordinarily wide. During these years he discovered Gogol. It was Gogol who owed Dostoevsky the keen attention with which he began to peer into the life around him, to see the tragedy of everyday life.

Young Dostoevsky was deeply shocked by the news of his father's death. The circumstances of his death remained unclear. However, he was rumored to have been killed by his own peasants. Fyodor Mikhailovich was also convinced of this. It was then that he suffered the first attack of a serious illness - epilepsy, which he suffered until the end of his days.

In 1843, Dostoevsky graduated from college and was enlisted in the Engineering Department, but a year later he retired and became a professional writer. “Don't worry about my life,” he writes to his brother. “I will find a piece of bread soon. I'll work like hell. Now I'm free." The first literary experience was the translation of Balzac's novel Eugenie Grande, published in 1844. Work on it was for Dostoevsky a test of the pen. After the release of the novel, he felt that he was ready for independent work.

I would like to ask you a question: “How did staying at the school influence the formation of the personality, the inner world of the writer?”

(It only increased internal disharmony, firstly, he got there, having neither desire nor inclination, and secondly, his ideas about the unfair life order and the complexity of human relations only intensified, the idea that there are victims and tormentors was strengthened

THE BEGINNING OF LITERARY ACTIVITY.

Living in St. Petersburg, Dostoevsky carefully peered into the reality around him. Many things seemed to him terrible and incomprehensible. Increasingly, Dostoevsky thought about the fate of the poor and disadvantaged people, and he had a passionate desire to tell about their lives. For almost a year, Dostoevsky worked on a novel, which he called Poor People. On the advice of his friend, he introduced Nekrasov to his work, and then Belinsky. Belinsky read the novel and invited the young writer to his place. As Dostoevsky later recalled, from the first minutes Belinsky spoke fieryly, with burning eyes: “Do you really understand what you wrote like that! Many years later, the writer recalled that it was the most delightful minute of his life. The novel Poor People was published in the Petersburg Collection. His appearance made the name of Dostoevsky widely known among the reading public. who saw in the young writer a continuer of Gogol's traditions.

In the center of the novel "Poor People" is the story of the pure and sublime love of the official Makar Devushkin and the poor girl Varenka Dobroselova. This is a novel in letters. Devushkin touchingly and tenderly loves Varenka, although he understands that he, an elderly man, is not at all a match for a young girl, feels that she is smarter and more educated than him. Dostoevsky is interested not only in the “poverty” of a poor person, but also in the consciousness distorted under the influence of poverty. Dostoevsky analyzes poverty as a special mental state of a person. Physical suffering is nothing compared to the mental suffering that poverty condemns. Poverty means defenselessness, intimidation, humiliation, it deprives a person of dignity, the poor man closes in his shame, hardens his heart. In the novel, poignant details of the humiliation of a person are given, for example, in Devushkin's story that he wanted to clean himself a little from street dirt in the departmental hallway, but the watchman said that he would ruin the official brush. “Here they are now,” writes Makar to Varenka, “so these gentlemen have me almost worse than a rag, on which they wipe their feet. You can wipe your feet on a rag, but here you can ruin a brush on a person. But even in this little man a consciousness of his human value arose, for the first time he turned out to be needed by someone. Love for Varenka straightens him, a real revolution takes place in him, he writes to Varenka: “And I found peace of mind and found out that I am no worse than others, that only in this way, I don’t shine with anything, there is no gloss, there is no tone, but still I am a man, that in my heart and thoughts I am a man. But indignation at social injustice is replaced in Devushkin by humility and recognition of the inviolability of the existing order. He is able to sympathize and help others, but cannot actively advocate for his rights.

The novel "Poor People" opened a whole cycle of Dostoevsky's works dedicated to the life of various segments of the population of St. Petersburg.

The young Dostoevsky is concerned about the problem of the poor man's consciousness. Both in “Poor People” and “Double”, and in the following early works - “Mr. Prokharchin”, “Weak Heart”, “Crawlers” - he continues to explore the dangers that threaten the “weak heart”, peers intently at a person, unravels him.

Dostoevsky's own biography helped him find a new artistic theme - daydreaming. Dissatisfaction with reality brings together the young Dostoevsky and his hero-dreamer.

In 1847, a series of feuilletons was published under the general title Petersburg Chronicle, where Dostoevsky tries to explain the appearance of dreamers in life. He believes that daydreaming arises on the basis of dissatisfaction with the surrounding reality.

Not feeling enough strength in themselves to fight, they go into a fictional world of fantasies and dreams. Dostoevsky most fully reflected the image of the dreamer in one of his most poetic novels, White Nights (1848).

for today's lesson and write down your impressions about the work and about the author in free form. But first, let's listen to the final scene of the novel.

Scene from White Nights

Dreamer.

My nights ended in the morning. The day was bad. It was raining and dully pounding on my windows; it was dark in the room, overcast outside. My head was aching and spinning; fever crept over my limbs.

The postman brought a letter to you, father, by the city post, - Matryona spoke over me.

Letter! from whom?” I shouted, jumping up from my chair.

I broke the seal. It's from her!

Oh, if he were you! - flew through my head. I remembered your own words, Nastenka.

I re-read this letter for a long time: tears left my eyes.

Finally it fell out of my hands and I covered my face. But so that I remember my offense, Nastenka! So that I catch up with a dark cloud on your clear, serene happiness, so that, bitterly reproaching, I catch melancholy on my heart, stung him with secret remorse and made him beat melancholy in a moment of bliss,

Oh, never, never! May your sky be clear, may your sweet smile be bright and serene, may you be blessed for a moment of bliss and happiness that you gave to another, lonely, grateful heart!

My God! A whole minute of bliss! Isn't that enough even for the whole human life?...

Nastenka.

Oh, forgive me, forgive me! On my knees I beg you, forgive me! I deceived you and myself. It was a dream, a phantom... I yearned for you today; forgive me, forgive me!

Do not blame me, because I have not changed in anything before you; I said that I would love you, and I love you now, more than I love you. Oh my God! if I could love you both at the same time! Oh, if you were him!

God sees what I would do for you now! I know it's hard and sad for you. I insulted you, but you know, if you love, how long do you remember the insult. Do you love me!

Thank you Yes! thank you for this love! Because in my memory she was imprinted like a sweet dream, which you remember for a long time after waking up; because I will always remember the moment when you so brotherly opened your heart to me and so generously accepted as a gift mine, killed, in order to protect it, cherish it, heal it ... If you forgive me, then the memory of you will be exalted in me with an eternal, grateful feeling for you, which will never be erased from my soul ...

We will meet, you will come to us, you will not leave us, you will forever be a friend, my brother... And when you see me, you will give me a hand... right?

Do you still love me?

Oh love me don't leave me cause I love you so

at this moment.

I'm marrying him next week. He returned in love, he never forgot about me ... You will not be angry because I wrote about him. But I want to come to you with him; you love him, don't you?...

Forgive me, remember and love your Nastenka.

Excerpts from student work.

1. The story made a huge impression on me. I did not know that loneliness could be so immense, limitless, piercing and painful. I just never thought about it. And it doesn’t matter at all what reasons led to this, but going into dreams is not an option - it’s a dead end. And the hero himself understands this when he says that his soul wants and asks for something else.

It was just physically hard to read the lines where the hero tells Nastenka that he is forced to celebrate the anniversary of his feelings, the anniversary of what was before so sweet, which in essence never happened - because this anniversary is still celebrated according to the same ethereal dreams.

The hero realizes that years will pass, and shaking old age will come with a stick, followed by longing and despondency.

For some reason, it seems that the author experienced such loneliness or thought about it a lot. When I read it, it seemed that I also felt something similar, although, of course, I could not convey my feelings. It was difficult for me to understand why the hero, understanding the severity of his position, his doom, did not try to keep Nastenka, because she felt his eccentricity, his ability to feel subtly, nobility. Why didn't he fight for his happiness?

At first it was difficult to read, emotionally difficult, as if someone in front of you turns your soul inside out, and so much suffering has accumulated in your soul. But I wanted to know how the Dreamer came to such a life and whether he could change his fate.

It was difficult for me to understand the author's attitude towards the Dreamer and his unwillingness to fight for Nastenka's love. On the one hand, this inertia, the departure from real life, are condemned by the author, and on the other hand, the Dreamer cannot but be sympathetic to the author, because he is a poet in his soul and poeticizes even his own loneliness, and because the world of his dreams and dreams is pure and bright. He dreams not of wealth, not of power, but of love, understanding, beauty, of all that he is deprived of in real life.

In my opinion, this novel is not about love, but about the fact that going into the world of dreams absorbs a person so much that even such a strong feeling as love cannot revive him, cannot force him to fight for himself, for his beloved. When I read, I thought that the world of my own dreams and dreams is always more beautiful than reality, everything is according to your laws, there you are the creator of your own destiny, and no external circumstances can interfere, there is no injustice, humiliation, poverty, resentment. Plunging into this world, it is very difficult to return back to the cruel reality, Dostoevsky's hero could not escape from his own world of dreams, even realizing the danger lurking in it.

“A whole minute of bliss! But is this not enough even for the whole human life! ”- says the hero, left alone again. I don’t know, but it seems to me that it’s not enough, a person should be able to fight for his happiness, overcome difficulties and live in a real, not a fictional world, which is like a mirage in the desert.

I feel sorry for the hero, his inability to live in reality is both his fault and his misfortune. I think that Dostoevsky also sympathizes with the hero, because for all the seductiveness of the fictional world of the hero, his feelings in reality are very tragic.

The dreamer was defeated in his first encounter with real life. He was defeated even in a small battle for a tiny happiness.

You correctly felt that the attitude of the author to the hero is ambivalent, complex. On the one hand, Dostoevsky argues that a ghostly life is a sin, since it leads away from real reality, and on the other hand, he emphasizes the creative value of this sincere and pure life, its influence on the artist's inspiration.

This inspiration of the artist is bought at a high price, detachment from reality, spiritual loneliness. The dreamer floats freely in the world of fantasy and does not know how to walk on the ground. In a letter to his brother, Dostoevsky accurately formulates the dreamer's "idea": "The external must be balanced with the internal. Otherwise, with the absence of external phenomena, the internal will take too dangerous the upper hand.

Creating "White Nights" Dostoevsky was fascinated by the ideas of Belinsky. But very soon the paths of the critic and the writer diverged. Belinsky believed that literature should become a tool in the struggle against the autocratic system, while Dostoevsky already then understood the tasks facing literature in a different way. In his opinion, it should penetrate the secrets of human consciousness, comprehend the complexity and variability of the character of a person living in a world full of contradictions, understand what prevents him from gaining his own dignity.

Personality traits?

At the beginning of 1847, Dostoevsky finally broke up with Belinsky and his circle, but, of course, did not leave ideas related to changing the existing world order.

REVOLUTIONARY CIRCLE.ARREST.KORGA.

In March 1846, Dostoevsky met Butashevich-Petrashevsky, a former employee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and starting in the spring of 1847, he became a regular visitor to his “Fridays.” Later, recalling this time, Dostoevsky said: “An idea appeared, in front of which health and self-care turned out to be nothing.” The idea was to save Russia, save humanity.

At the meetings that took place at Petrashevsky's apartment, political, philosophical and socio-economic issues were discussed, and they argued about the teachings of the utopian socialists. The Petrashevites put forward a broad program of democratic reforms in Russia, which included the abolition of serfdom, reforms of the courts and the press. At meetings at Petrashevsky's, Dostoevsky read Pushkin's freedom-loving poems and took an active part in the discussion of questions of reforms in Russia. He was a supporter of the immediate abolition of serfdom, criticized the policies of Nicholas 1, advocated the liberation of Russian literature from censorship.

Fedor Mikhailovich is also full of creative ideas. The first part of the novel “Netochka Nezvanova” was published in the January book of “Notes of the Fatherland” for 1849, and the second part in the February one. The favorite theme of recent years - the theme of dreaming - sounded differently here. The heroine, growing up, overcomes her daydreaming, strengthens her soul, becomes strong, she is full of desires to act, to change her life. But he was not destined to finish the novel.

On the night of April 22-23, 1849, on the personal order of Nicholas 1, Dostoevsky and other Petrashevites were arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The writer spent almost nine months

in the damp casemate of Alekseevsky ravelin. During the investigation, Dostoevsky behaved with dignity, he denied all the charges brought against him, he generally refused to talk about his comrades, but the investigating commission recognized Dostoevsky as one of the most important criminals. The military court found Dostoevsky guilty and, along with twenty other Petrashevites, sentenced him to death. On December 22, 1849, on the Semyonovsky parade ground in St. Petersburg, a rite of preparation for the death penalty was performed over the Petrashevites.

They were young, educated, talented. Only one of them responded to the offer to confess before his death, but everyone kissed the cross offered by the priest. The suicide bombers standing on the platform revered Christ as a fighter for equality and the brotherhood of people. Fyodor Dostoevsky was among those who refused confession.

The condemned were put on white overalls and shroud caps. The first three were tied to poles and they put caps on their heads so that their faces were covered. Dostoevsky had to go in the third line. There were five minutes left before death. At that moment, he turned with a question to his friend Nikolai Speshnev: “Will we be there with Christ?” “We will be a handful of dust,” Speshnev answered him. Suddenly there was a drum roll. They beat the retreat. The guns were raised barrels up. Those tied were untied from the pole. They read out the brought paper that the sovereign gives life to the condemned and replaces the death penalty with punishment in accordance with the offense.

Tell me, please, why was it logical for Dostoevsky to join the Petrashevsky community?

(Dostoevsky was young, energetic, passionately desiring to change the world, naturally, he wanted to move from words and dreams to a great deed.)

Dostoevsky was sentenced to four years of work in the fortress, and then should be demoted to the ranks

Just now they told me, dear brother, that we are going on a hike today or tomorrow. I asked to see you, But I was told that it was impossible; I can only write you this letter. Brother! I was not discouraged and did not lose heart. Life is life everywhere, life is in ourselves, and not in the outside. There will be people beside me and to be a man among people and to remain so forever, in any kind of misfortune not to lose heart and not fall - that's what life is, what is its task. I realized it.

I have not lost hope! Farewell, brother! Don't worry about me.

The writer served his sentence in the Omsk hard labor prison, and then in the Simbirsk line battalion number 7, stationed in Semipalatinsk. In penal servitude, Dostoevsky came into close contact with the people. He was amazed when he saw with what hatred the inhabitants of the prison treated the nobles, including those convicted of political crimes. The thought of a tragic separation from the people becomes one of the aspects of his spiritual drama. The result of the reflections was the conclusion that the advanced intelligentsia should abandon the political struggle, opposing to it the moral and ethical way of re-educating a person.

Finding himself in the gloomy walls of the Omsk prison, Dostoevsky was most of all burdened by the fact that he could not write. One day the prison doctor Troitsky, who had great sympathy for Dostoevsky, handed him several sheets of paper and a pencil. It was they who became the basis of the famous "Siberian Notebook", where Dostoevsky entered his observations on the life of hard labor. Nearly half of all entries later made it into Notes from the House of the Dead.

Four years later, Dostoevsky arrived in Semipalatinsk for military service. After the return of the rights of the nobility and permission to publish, Dostoevsky began to seriously consider the plan for his return to literature. He is tormented by the abundance of material accumulated in recent years. But where to begin, he can not decide. There were many ideas: journalistic articles, stories and novels. "Siberian" stories were created by Dostoevsky after almost ten years of forced silence. In Semipalatinsk, Dostoevsky wrote the stories "Uncle's Dream", "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants".

At the beginning of 1857, a very important event took place in Dostoevsky's life: he married the widow of a retired official, Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva. In May 1859, Dostoevsky received the news that he was leaving the service due to illness, and in early June he left Siberia forever. The writer finally returns to St. Petersburg.

Thirty-one years, until his death, Dostoevsky devoted to refuting Speshnev's mockery. For four years in hard labor Dostoevsky read one book - the Gospel, which his wife Fonvizina gave him on the way to Omsk. This book radically changed the worldview of the writer.

MAGAZINE "TIME"

In December 1859, exactly ten years later, Dostoevsky returned to the city, with which two of the most important events in his life were connected: “the most delightful minute”, when he became a writer and Belinsky blessed him with literature, and the minute of death, the scaffold. But after all that had happened, a new life was bound to begin. The writer expressed his thoughts on issues of public life and literature on the pages of the Vremya magazine, which was published by his brother Mikhail. But Fyodor Mikhailovich was the ideological leader and actual editor of the publication. The ideological platform of "Vremya" was the theory of "soil" developed by Dostoevsky.

The writer believed that Russia should develop along a special, unique historical path that would help it avoid revolutionary conflicts.

The idea runs through the whole novel that in a world dominated by the power of money, cruelty and oppression, the only protection for the “humiliated and insulted” from all life's hardships is brotherly help to each other, love and compassion.

Dostoevsky switches social problems to the realm of moral relations.

Simultaneously with the novel Humiliated and Insulted, Dostoevsky published the famous Notes from the House of the Dead, one of his most outstanding works, which reflected the writer's impressions of the terrible years spent in the Omsk hard labor prison,

The book was written on behalf of the convict Alexander Petrovich Goryanchikov, who was convicted for the murder of his wife. But very soon the reader learns that the narrator was sent to hard labor not for a criminal, but for a political crime. From the first pages of "Notes from the House of the Dead" the author plunges us into the atmosphere of a guarded life.

The writer draws a whole gallery of the inhabitants of hard labor. There were many robbers and murderers among them, but the bulk of the convicts were people convicted for trying to protest against violence and arbitrariness, to speak out in defense of desecrated human dignity. Dostoevsky could justifiably declare that in hard labor he met not with the worst, but with the best representatives of the people.

"Notes from the House of the Dead" is a work in which Dostoevsky poses and tries to solve many problems. The writer is trying to understand the reasons that push people to crime, he is worried about the unjustified cruelty of the punishments that criminals are subjected to, he wants to comprehend the psychology of the executioner and his victims, but in every criminal, no matter how low he fell, Dostoevsky tried to see, or, in the words of Fyodor Mikhailovich himself, “dig up a person”, to reveal in him that valuable thing that was preserved in him, despite the horrific circumstances that surround him.

In his Diary of a Writer for 1876, Dostoevsky wrote: “Judge the Russian people not by the abominations that they so often do, but by those great and holy things that they constantly sigh in their very abominations. But not all of the people are scoundrels, there are downright saints, and even some: they themselves shine and illuminate the path for all of us! Judge our people not by what they are, but by what they would like to be.”

The book about the “Dead House” was enthusiastically received by readers and critics.” “My “Dead House,” wrote Dostoevsky, “made a splash, and I renewed my reputation

SUMMING UP BY THE TEACHER

How, under the influence of a new understanding of life, a new worldview, the personal characteristics of F.M. Dostoevsky?

(Condescension, tolerance, compassion, mercy).

We have come to a very important stage in the life of Dostoevsky, the work on one of his most complex and most perfect novels, Crime and Punishment. This topic requires a separate discussion. We will talk about writing a novel in the next lesson. In the meantime, let's summarize today's our conversation.

Youthful irreconcilability, categoricalness, rebelliousness, the desire to change the world at any cost remained in the past by the time of returning to St. Petersburg, a different understanding of life came, “man” is the main secret. The understanding came that it is not external circumstances that need to be changed, but the consciousness of the person himself.

Dostoevsky understands that aggressiveness and hatred are destructive, only love, mercy, compassion are creative. A person can be helped not by changing the world around him, but by changing him, his attitude to the world, to himself, to those who are close to him, or, in the words of Dostoevsky himself, “dig out” the person himself in him.

Dostoevsky learned to believe in man. And I would like to end the lesson with the words of the English poet Auden: “It is impossible to build a human society on everything that Dostoevsky talked about. But a society that forgets what he talked about is unworthy of being called human.”