Come up with your own options for strict introductions. How to start essays, or what is an introduction

Now it has already become obvious that the essay, which was once a mandatory part of the final exam in Russian in the 11th grade, is returning to the USE in 2015. For a certain part of the schoolchildren, this news became unpleasant. This is due to the fact that they do not know how to prepare for this kind of work.

It is no secret that the essay on the exam will be written on literary material. To successfully cope with the work, it is necessary to read the literary works that the teacher asks at home. As a last resort, at least get acquainted with their summary on the Internet, if you do not claim to be at the highest level. Literary authenticity is the first criterion for a forthcoming essay. By the way, the essay test for Russian graduates of 2015 is already waiting in mid-December, that is, there is almost no time left for preparation.

Stylistic consistency is another requirement for written work. To comply with it, you should train daily in writing papers, at least a small amount. We read the story, the story, finished the novel, it is immediately necessary to respond to any problematic issue raised by the author. At the same time, make sure that the words “do not run through” the words of colloquial, vocabulary or, conversely, too bookish (“very”, “for”, etc.) in the text. In this way you will train literary authenticity and stylistic unity.

The lion's share of errors in school essays are logical errors, that is, inconsistency and ambiguity of presentation. When writing a paper, follow the sequence of presentation, do not jump from one thought to another. A well-thought-out plan, which provides almost half the success of future work, will perfectly help in this.

Before drawing up a plan, it is worth putting your work in perspective. Then, point by point, you need to write down the macro-themes of the future composition. It is desirable that each macro-theme is divided into micro-themes. They will form the sub-items of the plan.

When writing a work, do not forget to use figurative and expressive means: epithets, metaphors, comparisons. And also remember that writing is a creative type of work, so don't be afraid to experiment.

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Do you know this feeling? You sit over a pristine white sheet of paper, puffed up, propping up your ruddy cheek with your pen, and nothing at all is born in your head ... But a desire is born to throw everything away and rush from here to freedom, to the pampas, so to speak.

But we cannot afford such a luxury; on the contrary, we must overcome this disease. Let's find a cure for her!

General Considerations

So, the introduction in your graduation essay should not be more than one tenth of the entire work. It's difficult, but possible. There must also be an eyeliner (as the TV people say) to the actual topic and the question that you will answer, because the essay is a detailed, reasoned answer to the question posed.

Of course, you say, but what if the topic is the question? Well, rephrase it, make it more specific or from one to several - it does not matter. Believe me, it will be easier for Mary Ivanna to check if she sees the question and the answer to it. And no appeals are needed.

What are the intros?

To make it easier for you, here are a few types of introductions that you can use. Topics taken on the Internet, last year (final essay 2015).

"Historical" introduction

This introduction is appropriate for topics that somehow reflect historical events ("War and Peace", "Quiet Flows the Don", military topics). Sometimes such an introduction can be in topics devoted to works that reflect cultural and spiritual changes in society associated with history. For example, in the novel "Fathers and Sons" the dispute was generated precisely by the historical situation in Russian society, while the novel "Crime and Punishment" arose as a reflection on a series of crimes committed in St. Petersburg by young people immediately after the abolition of serfdom in the 60s of the XIX century.

An example of such an introduction:

Topic: "Fathers" and "children": rivals or allies?

In the 60sXIXcentury, Russia became a place where ideological disputes did not subside, opinions clashed, and there was a struggle between representatives of different classes. New heroes and new ideas appeared on the historical stage. This was due to the abolition of serfdom, and each side had its own fierce defenders and opponents. This process was sensitively listened to by Russian writers, especially I.S. Turgenev, who was generally characterized by a heightened attention to the life of contemporary society. In his great novel Fathers and Sons, he portrayed two heroes, representatives of different generations, and a dispute between them, affecting all the most pressing issues of that time. Could they come to an agreement or remained enemies? Was truth born in a dispute?

The essence of the "historical" introduction is to show the general features of the era (the first three sentences). Then the "lead" to the writer and his work (the fourth and fifth sentences), « narrowing” of the topic (sentence 6) and the actual paraphrased problem-question.

"Biographical" introduction

Appropriate to almost every topic devoted to the work of one writer.

Subject: « What does it mean to love the Motherland? (Based on one or more works by M. Yu. Lermontov)"

M.Yu. Lermontov is a great Russian poet who replaced A.S. Pushkin. He was born into a wealthy noble family and received an excellent education. However, his life was not easy and cloudless: there was both exile and persecution from secular society. It would seem that such a person can think about the Motherland, because she did not give so much to the poet? Could he be interested in this topic at all? But no, Lermontov thought about Russia and was a real patriot, he loved his homeland and openly admitted this feeling. He called his love "strange." Why? And what does it mean to be a patriot, according to the poet?

The principle of constructing such an introduction is the same: a general description of the writer-poet, a "lead" to the topic, a "narrowing" and a problem (paraphrased, of course).

For training: find yourself where everything is!

"Lyric" intro

The most unusual and the most difficult. The most time-consuming, because it is difficult to create a truly lyrical text, especially in the extreme conditions of the exam. The Muse will linger somewhere - and that's all, write wasted. But if there is inspiration, then you can try.

I will give two types: for lyrics and for prose.

For lyrics

Topic: “Can a poet change anything in this world? (Based on one or more works by M.Yu. Lermontov)"

In front of me on the table is my favorite volume of poetry. This is Lermontov. When I read it, I want to think, love, be angry, yearn with the poet. If I feel bad, I open this volume. If I feel good, I flip through the pages I read more than once. Did the writer himself think about what impression his poems would have on readers? Did you dream about it? Hoped that his work would help change the world?

And again the same principle: general - "narrowing" - eyeliner - problem-question.

For prose

Subject: « Freedom and responsibility in human life» .

How we all long for freedom! We wait for it, lust for it, enjoy it. We are free! We can do whatever we want! We don't owe anyone or anything! And let the whole world wait! But how often, in the euphoria of enjoying this state, we do things that can harm others, offend, offend someone! The young Maxim Gorky thought hard about these problems in his story “Old Woman Izergil” and answered for himself and his readers how freedom is connected with responsibility, using the example of the fate of the main characters.

The last entry is interesting in that the problem is presented in a slightly different way.

There is also a “universal” introduction, I wrote about it earlier. It is super simple and super primitive. I advise you to use it as a last resort, well, if you really have a stupor. I wrote about such an introduction earlier in the articles, look there, I see no reason to repeat myself.

Introductions for the final essay can be written and thrown into the "Cribs" folder.

The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, teacher of the Russian language of the highest category, honorary worker of general education of the Russian Federation

I am honing my public speaking skill with might and main, because I feel that this is mine, and this is what I lacked. And I started with the fact that I went to the course in the "New speech" to Dmitry Makeev and began to speak in Oratory Club(aka: OK). Due to the fact that you need to speak in OK on the topic of rhetoric, I decided to start from the beginning and talk about how to start your speech. I quote below the text of my first speech (as is), whoever is interested, take it into service.

Good evening everyone, my name is Oksana Gafaiti, in my life I am a blogger and a private investor, and today I am a host in a public speaking club, which I am incredibly happy about. And in the next 30 minutes, I will share with you how to start my speech. And where should it start? That's right: preparation.

Moreover, it is important to prepare not only the text of the speech, but also yourself. What does it mean to prepare yourself? This means: bring yourself into balance, relieve tension and stress, warm up your voice and work on diction. Let's write it like this:

1. Relieve stress.
2. Warm up your voice.
3. Work on diction.

And let's go through each point.

1. How to relieve stress

Emotional tension always manifests itself in the body and it is easiest to eliminate it by working with the body. By removing the bodily clamp, you will be freed from the emotions that bind you inside. How to do it? Alternating tension and relaxation in the body. For example, you can stand in such a stance, inhale and strain your whole body as much as possible, and then, slowly exhaling, gradually relax it. You will feel the tension release as you exhale. Let's try to do it right now.

If you have an inner fear, then you need to shake like this with all your might from fear, then relax by repeating this several times. Well, my favorite remedy is shoulder massage. Stand now one after another, put your hands on the shoulders of a neighbor and begin to knead them. Now switch places and give pleasure to the one who massaged you. Feeling a surge of calm and relaxation? Great, then let's move on.

2. How to warm up your voice

Before you start warming up your voice, you need to stretch your vocal cords. To do this, gently press the larynx with your thumb, and then deeply breathe with the diaphragm. How do you know if you are breathing from your diaphragm? Place your hand between your chest and belly, then take a short inhale and exhale slowly. It is similar to when we, having experienced relief, exhale in a relaxed “poof”.

• By the way, such breathing is an effective technique for eliminating excitement. As soon as you feel fear or tension, take a short breath, then a smooth exhale and you will feel much better.

Now you can move on to warming up your voice. Where can you start here? For example, with Om exercises. In order to do it, put your hand on your head and begin to pronounce the sound Om continuously. Try to expand the volume of the larynx as much as possible until you feel vibration in your hand.

Good too pull the vowels “and”, “e”, “a”, “o”, “y”(in that order and for as long as possible). Their alternate pronunciation activates blood circulation in the neck and chest. You can enhance the effect of stretching vowels if you add here exercise "Tarzan" and start punching yourself in the chest. This will not only clear your bronchial tubes, but also energize you before the performance.

Thus, by breathing diaphragmatic, you fill the voice with volume and power, and by stretching the vowels, you improve its sound. However, how you sound depends largely on how you deal with diction. Therefore, we turn to work on the clarity of speech.

3. How to improve diction

The easiest and most effective way to improve diction and give clarity of speech is familiar to us since childhood. These are all kinds of phrases. However, it is important for us, as speakers, to be able to pronounce them in one breath. For example, I like these:

Margarita collected daisies on the grass. Margarita lost her daisies, but not all of them.

Queen Clara severely punished Charles for stealing corals.

The bull is stupid, stupid bull, the bull's white lip was stupid.

Tell me about shopping. About what about purchases? About shopping, about shopping, about your purchases.

The king is an eagle (you need to repeat quickly several times).

On the rocks we lazily caught burbot,
You exchanged burbot for tench for me.
Didn't you sweetly pray for love,
And in the mists of the estuary beckoned me?

Next, you should stretch the speech apparatus. To do this, you can move the lower jaw, like a shelf, pushing it back and forth, and also, stretching out your lips, rotate them clockwise and counterclockwise. You can improve the mobility of the tongue by sticking it out and moving it up and down, then to the sides and in a circle, as well as “cleaning” the teeth inside and out with it.

Sothe waybeforestartspeeches,necessary:

1. Remove anxiety by working on the body and breathing with the diaphragm.
2. Warm up the voice by stretching the vocal cords and pulling the vowels.
3. Work on diction with the help of tongue twisters and warming up the speech apparatus.

How to start your speech

Now let's move on to where to start our speech. And the techniques of the best TED speakers will help us in this. TED is a popular annual conference that brings together people who want to share their ideas. And that's what they usually start their speech with.

Leading in popularity storytelling from personal experience. If you can sincerely tell your story, then this is a proven way to engage your audience and lead them along.

The Next Most Popular TED Talk - Start with What to Do shocking statement. Usually such statements are based on statistics or recent research results and may express your attitude towards them. For example, it might look like this: “Every 6 seconds in the world, 1 person dies due to smoking. During my speech, their number will exceed 200 people. For me, these are terrible numbers, and I am here to reduce them.” The purpose of this technique is to evoke an emotional response from the audience and address their needs, in particular, in safety, health, love, communication, etc.

And the third most common way to start is Ask a Question. If you decide to lean towards it, then ask a question that begins with "How" or "Why." For example: "How to make sure that food does not kill you?" At the same time, you should not confuse these two questions and ask questions that are not related in meaning to each other. For example: "Why is the sky blue?" and "Why are elephants afraid of mice?". In order to increase the effectiveness of the question, make it more targeted by using the title "you".

We now have TED speaker fighting techniques in our arsenal. Let's write them down. So, starting their speech, they most often:

1. They tell a story from personal experience.
2. They make shocking statements.
3. They ask disturbing questions.

And now I suggest that you feel like a speaker at a TED conference and, having chosen one of these techniques, practice starting your speech. The duration of your speech should be no more than a minute, you also have one minute to prepare. Time has gone. Who is ready, please come out.

As a bonus

As a bonus, here's another trick from TED speakers and something you shouldn't start your speech with.

Receptionreferences.

The essence of this technique is that you can refer to a previous speaker or an idea expressed in one of the speeches. You can also turn to the audience and ask them to introduce something. This will add liveliness to the performance and will be a connecting bridge between you and your listeners.

Notcostsstart offmyspeech:

• A quote is a cliche, even if it is directly related to the topic of the speech. For the same reason, one should not start with an anecdote.
• Thanks: If you want to thank the audience, do so at the end.
• With the words "Before I begin": you have already begun.

Oksana Gafaiti,
author site and Trades.site

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Materials for preparing for the final essay (December) to help the language teacher

Introduction to essay

1. In the book of E.N. Ilyin "How to pass the exam in literature" (M., 1995) offers five options for beginnings.

2. N.P. Morozova in the manual "Learning to write an essay" (M., 1987) adheres to the following names of introductions:

1. historical (about the time when the work was written, or about the time depicted in the story, story ...);

2. analytical (an explanation is given of a concept included in the formulation of the topic, reflections on a particular word);

3. biographical (reports facts from the biography of the writer related to the work or to the problem raised in it);

4. comparative (drawing literary parallels);

5. social science (attracting Marxist-Leninist teaching.

Mentions N.P. Morozov and such an introduction, when the student immediately answers the question posed by the topic, he "takes the bull by the horns."

And, of course, "there are beginnings built on purely personal material."

3. In 2004, the work of V.N. Meshcheryakova "Learning to start and end the text", which attempts to generalize and classify the options for beginnings, to consider their functions. Here is the scheme of variants of beginnings that the author proposes to use.

Names V.N. Meshcheryakov and ways to start a text. The most interesting of them

memoir,

montage of information by contrast: due and existing, expected and accomplished, possible and real,

installation of factual information,

appeal to the information stock of the communicant,

an overview of the aspect of the hero's activity,

overview of the subject of discussion,

a call to remembrance

invitation to dialogue

call for submission,

call for empathy

opposition,

start-paradox,

introduction to the topic

self-characteristic,

conjugation of facts by contrast,

characterization through the impressions of contemporaries,

historical (introduction of a fact with a delayed explanation; information about the background of the event; statement of the unexpected, strange; lyrical episode ...).

It is important for students to show the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed options, to demonstrate examples of beginnings. It is necessary that for the exam, students determine those options for the beginnings that they succeed in, do not require a lot of effort and time.

Conclusion Options

There are two options for conclusions in most methodological works:

conclusion-conclusion

conclusion-consequence.

The conclusion is not the repetition of arguments, as is often the case in children's work. This is necessarily new information that has a generalizing character. The final thought should not be confused with the idea. Here is the version of the conclusion-conclusion offered by N.P. Morozov, for example, to the topic: “In my cruel age, I glorified freedom”:

“So, we were convinced that Pushkin’s lyrics expressed the freedom-loving ideas of the Decembrists, she opposed the serf system, against the despotism of an unlimited monarchy ... The poems we examined cover almost the entire creative path of Pushkin, from 1817 (“Liberty”) to 1836, when the poet was "Monument" was written, the lines from which served as the title of the entire theme of the essay. A year before his death, the poet considered the main merit of his work to be that in that “cruel age” he awakened “good feelings” in people and glorified freedom ... Love of freedom is not a temporary hobby of a young poet, but an organic feature of all his work.

Conclusion-consequence is characterized by the desire to say something that goes beyond what has already been said (the influence of the work on the reader, the literary process, the relevance of the topic, problems ...).

A.A. Muratov (Muratov A.A. How does the heart express itself? M., 1994) suggests using the pointe ending, “conquering with its suddenness, novelty of the question posed or the thought that suddenly came ... “Katerina saw in death liberation from life, from the thought of sin, from the "dark kingdom ...". Of course, everything could turn out that way - she didn’t see any other way out ... Or maybe she just wanted to feel like a bird in the only - last - moment of her life ?! Such an ending always sounds emotional, indicating the inexhaustibility of the topic.

Successful endings are those that echo the beginnings (with a ring composition). The words are almost the same, but the thought must necessarily sound new.

Finishing the conversation about the introduction and conclusion, let's remind the students that the volume of these parts should be about a fourth of the entire essay.

"Whoever buttoned the first button wrong,

will no longer fasten properly ”I.V. Goethe

Today, everyone says that the main thing when writing an article is to come up with a convincing and “catchy” . I bet you will find information about . And indeed, the more successful it is, the more people will go to your blog or website. But our task is also to keep the person, to ensure that he read the article to the end!

So why is the introduction to the article given so little attention?

Statistically, approximately 10% of website visitors who clicked on the title, never scroll down and don't read to the end. Just think about this figure - 10%!

Do you really want to lose so many potential customers?

I'm sure not. Then you just need to learn how to write effective engaging introductions.

Here are 8 ways to write catchy intros, read on and implement right away:

1. Everything ingenious is simple(J. Goebbels) , or writing style.

Have you noticed how often Oles uses short, simple sentences in her letters and articles? He does this because people can easily understand and assimilate them.

The modern world is a crazy flow of information, a frantic pace, and a constant lack of time. We simply cannot afford to “work” on every article that comes our way. Agree, we want to “go over” with our eyes, highlighting the key points for ourselves and move on. This is especially true for the beginning of the article.

That is, the simpler and easier you write, the more successful the introduction will be.

2. If you want to be popular - learn to surprise(G. Agatsarsky) , or how to shock the reader.

You have probably heard the expression "hook", "grab the reader's attention" more than once. But what actually captures someone's attention?

We can think of many things, but they are hardly suitable for introduction.

It all comes down to what you need to say unusual. I would even say unexpected, shocking, provocative, maybe even strange.

Oles began one of his presentations with the words “How do you like the idea sell...a kidney?”, “I’m going to do something similar for you…”. Shocked?

And it works! Seeing such a phrase, we are “bursting” with curiosity, but what will happen next? Therefore, people continue to read, even if the topic did not interest them very much.

But if you start out with something boring or expected, the goldfish (in the form of a reader) may slip off your hook.

3. Repetition is the mother of boredom...(V. Butkov) , or why the title cannot be repeated in the preface.

Site visitor has already read Why does he have to re-read the same thing again? Instead of wasting the reader's time, take a chance and "hook" their attention with an interesting phrase, revealing a pain or a possible problem.

4. Brevity is the soul of wit(A.P. Chekhov) , or the main thing about the size of the entry.

There is no consensus on how long an introduction should be. Some people manage to cover the main idea in a few sentences, others need a couple of paragraphs.

At the same time, as our experience has shown, readers cannot concentrate their attention for a long time. They are very impatient, and want to quickly get to the “tidbit”, the heart of the article.

Remember, they came to your site looking for certain information. Don't test their patience by making them wait. But you can’t reveal everything at once either.

5. On the importance of addressing the reader directly.

Do you want to establish a strong connection with your reader from the very first lines?

Use appeal "You" at least a few times. This pronoun carries a very powerful message. It tells the site visitor that you are writing your text with them in mind. So you empathize, care, want your thought to resonate with him.

Believe me, this trick is very simple and valuable at the same time.

Here is a great example in Olesya's article:

6. Why you need to devote 1-2 sentences to the description of the article.

Use abstracts to tell the reader what the article will be about. What new will he learn after reading it? Your task is to help the visitor determine his expectations, and decide whether he wants to view the text in full, in parts, or not to read it at all.

Don't be afraid to write verbatim: “This article is about…” or “This article is about…”

Here are some variations on this theme:

• "We're going to find out why you've always been under the delusion that ostriches bury their heads in the sand."
• "This article will reveal to you the truth about why ostriches hide their heads in the sand."
• "Exciting, funny and shocking reasons why ostriches bury their heads in the sand."

Also, give a few sentences of explanation, why this article is important to the reader. After all, what is obvious to you remains a mystery to them.

7. That without which any preface will fail, or what 3 parts a powerful introduction should consist of.

We have already revealed a lot of valuable chips. Do you want to know the most important thing?

The ideal solution for the introduction is to conditionally divide it into 3 parts:

1. Problem.
2. Ways to solve it.
3. History or description of the article.

We talked about history above, we will not repeat it. We only add that at the beginning of the article you can safely tell history. Just do not go into too much detail so that the reader does not have time to get bored. Your task is to cause a feeling of desire to know the continuation.

Now let's find out what is meant by the concept of " problem».

Agree, there would be no problem, there would be no point in writing an article, just as there would be no point in reading it.

If you can find the reader's pain point, the main prize is guaranteed to you.

Simple sentences “So far no one knows why ...”, “Each of us faces a problem ...”, or “You are already tired of looking for a way out of this situation and give up ...” can be a real find for you.

By showing your awareness of readers' problems, you are more likely to win their sympathy.

And, of course, solutions. You must become the "light at the end of the tunnel" to help find the answer to a long-standing question of your audience.

Just be sure that you offer unique and valuable material. There are hundreds of texts on the web on this topic, and your goal is to stand out from the rest.

Conclusion

Next time, before you start writing an article, ask yourself this question: “What should be the introduction so that I want to read it to the end”?

Does a long, confusing, over-saturated first sentence make you want that? What about a problem or a story that has nothing to do with you? Most likely not, right?

You want to learn something new, unique, fresh, interesting. Want to hear about yourself and your problems. You are eager to change your life with the help of the information received. So is your audience.

Now you know how to write an introduction to an article for your readers. Even if the first time you do not succeed powerfully, do not despair. Now it will be easier for you to analyze your mistakes and implement something new.

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