The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The influence of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in war. A person's responsibility for his actions.
What was the courage of soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”)
In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man” can be seen as a manifestation of true courage during the war. The main character of the story, Andrei Sokolov, goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he went through all the trials: he suffered from hunger, fought courageously, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained his human dignity. The war took the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break, and again showed courage, although not on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.
The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")
In the center of the story of the novel “The Book Thief” by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who finds herself in a foster family on the threshold of war. The girl’s own father was associated with the communists, so in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers to raise. Liesel begins a new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with ordinary childhood worries, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, even though it only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides the Jew in the basement, takes care of him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudi scatter bread on the road along which a column of prisoners must pass. She is sure that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are taking place everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and be happy. It is no coincidence that the book is narrated from the perspective of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.
Is human consciousness capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, G. Baklanov “Forever – Nineteen Years Old”)
It is difficult for a person faced with the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. Thus, one of the heroes of the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not participate in battles, but tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the massacre, the count is horrified by its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torture, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is unable to cope with his mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is found within every person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhumane and unnatural.
The main character of G. Baklanov’s story “Forever Nineteen,” Alexey Tretyakov, painfully reflects on the causes and significance of the war for the people, people, and life. He finds no compelling explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, the devaluation of human life for the sake of achieving any important goal, terrifies the hero and causes bewilderment: “... The same thought haunted me: will it ever turn out that this war might not have happened? What could people do to prevent this? And millions would remain alive...”
How did the children experience the war events? What was their participation in the fight against the enemy? (L. Kassil and M. Polyanovsky “Street of the Youngest Son”)
Not only adults, but also children stood up to defend their Motherland during the war. They wanted to help their country, their city and their family in the fight against the enemy. In the center of the story “Street of the Youngest Son” by Lev Kassil and Max Polyanovsky is an ordinary boy Volodya Dubinin from Kerch. The work begins with the narrators seeing a street named after a child. Interested in this, they go to the museum to find out who Volodya is. The narrators talk with the boy's mother, find his school and comrades and learn that Volodya is an ordinary boy with his own dreams and plans, into whose life the war broke into. His father, a captain of a warship, taught his son to be persistent and brave. The boy bravely joined the partisan detachment, obtained news from behind enemy lines and was the first to learn about the German retreat. Unfortunately, the boy died while clearing the approaches to the quarry. However, the city did not forget its little hero, who, despite his young years, performed daily feats along with adults and sacrificed his life to save others.
How did adults feel about children’s participation in military events? (V. Kataev “Son of the Regiment”)
War is terrible and inhumane, this is not a place for children. In war, people lose loved ones and become bitter. Adults try with all their might to protect children from the horrors of war, but, unfortunately, they do not always succeed. The main character of Valentin Kataev’s story “Son of the Regiment,” Vanya Solntsev, loses his entire family in the war, wanders through the forest, trying to get through the front line to “his own.” There the scouts find the child and bring him to the camp to the commander. The boy is happy, he survived, made his way through the front line, was tasty fed and put to bed. However, Captain Enakiev understands that the child has no place in the army, he sadly remembers his son and decides to send Vanya a children's receiver. On the way, Vanya runs away, trying to return to the battery. After an unsuccessful attempt, he manages to do this, and the captain is forced to come to terms: he sees how the boy is trying to be useful, eager to fight. Vanya wants to help the common cause: he takes the initiative and goes on reconnaissance, draws a map of the area in an ABC book, but the Germans catch him doing this. Fortunately, in the general confusion, the child is forgotten and he manages to escape. Enakiev admires the boy’s desire to defend his country, but worries about him. To save the child's life, the commander sends Vanya with an important message away from the battlefield. The entire crew of the first gun dies, and in the letter that Enakiev handed over, the commander says goodbye to the battery and asks to take care of Vanya Solntsev.
The problem of showing humanity in war, showing compassion and mercy towards a captured enemy. (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
Only strong people who know the value of human life are capable of showing compassion for the enemy. Thus, in the novel “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy has an interesting episode describing the attitude of Russian soldiers towards the French. In the night forest, a company of soldiers warmed themselves by a fire. Suddenly they heard a rustling sound and saw two French soldiers, who, despite wartime, were not afraid to approach the enemy. They were very weak and could barely stand on their feet. One of the soldiers, whose clothes identified him as an officer, fell to the ground exhausted. The soldiers laid out the sick man's overcoat and brought both porridge and vodka. It was officer Rambal and his orderly Morel. The officer was so cold that he could not even move, so the Russian soldiers picked him up and carried him to the hut occupied by the colonel. On the way, he called them good friends, while his orderly, already pretty tipsy, hummed French songs, sitting between the Russian soldiers. This story teaches us that even in difficult times we need to remain human, not finish off the weak, and show compassion and mercy.
Is it possible to show concern for others during the war? (E. Vereiskaya “Three Girls”)
In the center of Elena Vereiskaya’s story “Three Girls” are friends who stepped from a carefree childhood into a terrible wartime. Friends Natasha, Katya and Lyusya live in a communal apartment in Leningrad, spend time together and go to a regular school. The most difficult test in life awaits them, because war suddenly begins. The school is destroyed and the friends stop their studies, now they are forced to learn to survive. The girls grow up quickly: cheerful and frivolous Lyusya turns into a responsible and organized girl, Natasha becomes more thoughtful, and Katya becomes self-confident. However, even at such a time, they remain human and continue to care for loved ones, despite difficult living conditions. The war did not separate them, but made them even more friendly. Each member of the friendly “communal family” thought first of all about others. A very touching episode in the book is where the doctor gives most of his rations to a little boy. At the risk of starvation, people share everything they have, and this gives them hope and makes them believe in victory. Care, love and support can work wonders; only thanks to such relationships, people were able to survive some of the most difficult days in the history of our country.
Why do people keep the memory of the war? (O. Berggolts “Poems about myself”)
Despite the severity of the memories of the war, they must be preserved. Mothers who lost their children, adults and children who saw the death of loved ones will never forget these terrible pages in the history of our country, but contemporaries should not forget either. To do this, there are a huge number of books, songs, films designed to tell about a terrible time. For example, in “Poems about Myself,” Olga Berggolts calls to always remember wartime, the people who fought at the front and died of hunger in besieged Leningrad. The poetess turns to people who would like to smooth this out “in people’s timid memory” and assures them that she will not let them forget “how a Leningrader fell on the yellow snow of deserted squares.” Olga Berggolts, who went through the entire war and lost her husband in Leningrad, kept her promise, leaving behind many poems, essays and diary entries after her death.
What helps you win a war? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
It is impossible to win a war alone. Only by uniting in the face of common misfortune and finding the courage to confront fear can you win. In the novel L.N. In Tolstoy's War and Peace, the feeling of unity is especially acute. Different people united in the struggle for life and freedom. every soldier, the fighting spirit of the army and self-confidence helped the Russians defeat the French army, which had encroached on their native land. The battle scenes of the Shengraben, Austerlitz and Borodino battles especially clearly show the unity of people. The winners in this war are not careerists who only want ranks and awards, but ordinary soldiers, peasants, and militias who perform feats every minute. The modest battery commander Tushin, Tikhon Shcherbaty and Platon Karataev, the merchant Ferapontov, young Petya Rostov, combining the main qualities of the Russian people, did not fight because they were ordered, they fought of their own free will, defended their home and their loved ones, which is why they won war.
What unites people during the war? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
A huge number of works of Russian literature are devoted to the problem of unity of people during the war. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's War and Peace, people of different classes and views united in the face of a common misfortune. The unity of the people is shown by the writer using the example of many dissimilar individuals. So, the Rostov family leaves all their property in Moscow and gives carts to the wounded. The merchant Feropontov calls on the soldiers to rob his shop so that the enemy does not get anything. Pierre Bezukhov disguises himself and remains in Moscow, intending to kill Napoleon. Captain Tushin and Timokhin perform their duty with heroism, despite the fact that there is no cover, and Nikolai Rostov boldly rushes into the attack, overcoming all fears. Tolstoy vividly describes Russian soldiers in the battles near Smolensk: the patriotic feelings and fighting spirit of the people in the face of danger are fascinating. In an effort to defeat the enemy, protect loved ones and survive, people feel their kinship especially strongly. Having united and felt brotherhood, the people were able to unite and defeat the enemy.
Why do we need to learn lessons from defeats and victories? (L. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
One of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy, Andrei went to war with the intention of building a brilliant military career. He left his family to gain glory in battle. How bitter was his disappointment when he realized that he had lost this battle. What seemed to him in his dreams as beautiful battle scenes, in life turned out to be a terrible massacre with blood and human suffering. Realization came to him like an epiphany, he realized that war is terrible, and it carries nothing but pain. This personal defeat in the war forced him to reevaluate his life and recognize that family, friendship and love are much more important than fame and recognition.
What feelings does the steadfastness of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratyev "Sashka")
The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in V. Kondratiev’s story “Sashka”. A young Russian fighter takes a German soldier prisoner. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sashka is ordered to take him to headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the prisoner a leaflet on which it was written that the prisoners were guaranteed life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost a loved one in this war, orders the German to be shot. Sashka’s conscience does not allow him to kill an unarmed man, a young guy like himself, who behaves the same way he would have behaved in captivity. The German does not betray his own people, does not beg for mercy, maintaining human dignity. At the risk of being court-martialed, Sashka does not follow the commander’s orders. Belief in the rightness saves his and his prisoner’s life, and the commander cancels the order.
How does war change a person’s worldview and character? (V. Baklanov “Forever - nineteen years old”)
G. Baklanov in the story “Forever - Nineteen Years” speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, the memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe there is a great liberation of the spirit,” said Atrakovsky. – Never before has so much depended on each of us. That's why we will win. And it won't be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That’s how people are.” War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to the breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, and the determination of true life values by everyone. In war, a reassessment of values occurs, a person’s worldview and character change.
The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev “Sun of the Dead”)
In the epic “Sun of the Dead” I. Shmelyov shows all the horrors of war. “The smell of decay,” “the cackling, stomping and roaring” of humanoids, these are cars of “fresh human meat, young meat!” and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads!” Human!” War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. It turns a person into a beast and forces him to do terrible things. No matter how great the external material destruction and destruction may be, they are not what terrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor famine, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person begins who does not resist it; for him “everything is nothing!” “and there is no one, and no one.” For the writer, it is indisputable that the human mental and spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that always, in any circumstances, even during war, there will be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.
A person's responsibility for the actions he committed in war. Mental trauma of war participants. (V. Grossman "Abel")
In the story “Abel (Sixth of August)” by V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only about a universal misfortune and environmental disaster, but also about a person’s personal tragedy. Young bombardier Connor bears the burden of responsibility for becoming the man destined to activate the killing mechanism with the press of a button. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with their inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to preserve their own lives. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is confident that true humanity is impossible without participation in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The combination in one person of a heightened sense of the World and soldierly diligence, imposed by the state machine and the education system, turns out to be fatal for the young man and leads to a split in consciousness. The crew members perceive what happened differently; not all of them feel responsible for what they did, and they talk about high goals. An act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by public thought, presented as a fight against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute consciousness of guilt, washing his hands all the time, as if trying to wash them from the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy, realizing that his inner man cannot live with the burden that he has taken upon himself.
What is war and how does it affect people? (K. Vorobyov “Killed near Moscow”)
In the story “Killed near Moscow,” K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, “made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, it has moved, it is moving not by someone’s will, but by itself, having received its own move, and therefore unstoppable.” . The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left calls the war the “master” of everything. All life is now determined by war, changing not only everyday life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: “In war, whoever breaks down first.” The death that war brings occupies almost all the soldiers’ thoughts: “In the first months at the front, he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one like this. Everything is so in these moments, everyone overcomes them alone with themselves: there will be no other life.” The metamorphoses that happen to a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show incredible courage and self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only people’s bodies, but also their souls: the writer shows how disabled people are afraid of the end of the war, since they no longer imagine their place in peaceful life.
.Unified State Examination in Russian. Task C1.
1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”. The verdict on the state system, based on injustice and lies, is pronounced by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them.
The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always remained at the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when a change in the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments also distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical city center, churches, and the Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, mankurt (“Stormy stop”). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, the Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from Ch. Aitmatov’s legend: “Remember, whose are you? What’s your name?”
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story “Gooseberry”. Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he’s grown fat, flabby... - and just behold, he’ll grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...
I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
5) The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama of “former people” who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “for official business,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are afraid of this road, they run to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, and too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the reason for which is his enormous fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. "What is bad? What is good? What should we love and what should we hate? What should we live for and what am I?" - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.
“People pleased with themselves,” accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes of Chekhov, “people in cases.” This is Doctor Startsev in “Ionych”, and teacher Belikov in “The Man in the Case”. Let us remember how plump, red Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the heroes exclaims: "There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!" But most often this topic was discussed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In the novel "The Living and the Dead" by K. Simonov, Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of the charm and beauty of morally healthy village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. In his poems and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader’s attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are and how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “Quiet Don”. In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera", the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I. A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, in a lyrical digression of the poem “Dead Souls,” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus, where are you going?” - he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in the poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever indestructible. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on the nervous system and human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use of foreign words in one's native language is only justified if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word - condensation.”
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with the clumsy synonym he invented - water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sharotik, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with something else - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.
18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story “After the Fairy Tale” (“The White Ship”). He showed the destructiveness and hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The writer continues this theme in his subsequent works: “And the day lasts longer than a century” (“Stormy Stop”), “The Block”, “Cassandra’s Brand”. The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife due to human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky above their heads. We don't want their families to suffer the hardships of war. War! These five letters carry with them a sea of blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. People's hearts have always been filled with the pain of loss. From everywhere where the war is going on, you can hear the groans of mothers, the cries of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
Our country has suffered many trials during the war. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace.” Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of war and continue to live, resigning itself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol Stories”. Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows... busy around the bed, on which, with their eyes open and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words , lies wounded under the influence of chloroform." War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, with waving banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death..." The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, they (the Russian people) do not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds that, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Basque find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to the railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult position: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind you! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without ever knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the last rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain...
27) Parental love.
In Turgenev's prose poem "Sparrow" we see the heroic act of a bird. Trying to protect its offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.
Also in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” Bazarov’s parents want more than anything in life to be with their son.
28) Responsibility. Rash acts.
In Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard" Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.
The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the fireworks organizers, the irresponsibility of the management, and the negligence of fire safety inspectors. And the result is the death of many people.
The essay “Ants” by A. Maurois tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they only needed one drop of honey per month.
29) About simple things. Theme of happiness.
There are people who do not demand anything special from their life and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.
In Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" the main character has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he's bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.
Volkov’s essay “About Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person doesn’t need so much to be happy.
30) The riches of the Russian language.
If you do not use the riches of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Shchukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.
In Fonvizin's comedy "The Minor", Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.
31) Unscrupulousness.
Chekhov's essay "Gone" tells about a woman who, within one minute, completely changes her principles.
She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one vile act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “went... into another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.
In Chekhov's story "Chameleon" the police warden Ochumelov also does not have a clear position. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin’s finger. After Ochumelov finds out that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.
A selection of arguments on the topic "War" for the Unified State Examination essay in the Russian language. Questions and problems of fearlessness, courage, sympathy, cowardice, mutual support, helping one's own, mercy, making the right choice when participating in military operations. The impact of war on later life, character traits and a warrior’s perception of the world. Children's feasible contribution to victory in battle. How people are true to their words and do the right thing.
How did soldiers demonstrate courage in military operations?
In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of Man” demonstrates true courage and perseverance during military operations. The main character of the story, Andrei Sokolov, joins the army, temporarily leaving his household. In the name of peace around his family, he was subjected to a number of tests from life: he went hungry, defended his homeland, and was captured. He managed to escape from his place of captivity. The threat of death did not shake his resolve. Even in danger, he did not lose his positive traits. During the war, his entire family dies, but this did not stop Andrei. He showed what he was capable of after the war. The young orphan, who also lost all his family and friends, became Andrei's adopted son. Sokolov is the image of not only an exemplary warrior, but also a real man who will not abandon his comrades in misfortune in trouble.
War as a phenomenon: what is the exact characteristic of its fact?
The highlight of the novel “The Book Thief” by writer Markus Zusak is Liesel, a teenage girl named Liesel, who lost the care of her family just before the war. Her dad worked side by side with the communists. Her mother, fearing that the Nazis will capture the child, takes her daughter to another place for further education, away from the fighting that has begun. The girl plunges headlong into her new life: she makes new friends, learns to read and write, and experiences her first clash with her peers. But the war still reaches her: blood, dirt, murder, explosions, pain, disappointment and horror. Liesel's stepfather tries to instill in the girl the desire to do good and not be indifferent to those who suffer, but this comes at the cost of additional difficulties. Her foster parents help her hide a Jew she is looking after in the basement. Trying to help the prisoners, she places pieces of bread on the road in front of them, walking in formation. One thing becomes clear to her: the war spares no one. Stacks of books are burning everywhere, people are dying from shells and bullets, opponents of the current regime are going to jail. Liesel cannot come to terms with one thing: where has the joy of life gone? It is as if death itself tells what is happening, which accompanies any battle and ends every day hundreds, thousands of other people’s lives in each battle.
WITHCan a person come to terms with the sudden outbreak of hostilities?
Once in the “cauldron” of hostilities, a person wonders why people are killing each other en masse. Pierre Bezukhov from Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” does not take part in battles, but in every possible way, within the limits of his strength, solves the problems of his compatriots. The reality associated with military operations does not reach him until he sees the Battle of Borodino. He is struck by uncompromisingness and cruelty, and even after being imprisoned during the battle, Bezukhov is not imbued with the spirit of battle. Almost going crazy from what he saw, Bezukhov meets Platon Karataev, and he conveys one simple truth to him: the main thing is not the outcome of the battle, but the ordinary pleasant moments of human life. After all, even the ancient philosophers believed that happiness lies in each of us, in the lifetime search for true answers to pressing questions, in life in society. Wars will bring more bad than good.
The key person in G. Baklanov’s story “Forever Nineteen,” Alexey Tretyakov, persistently seeks an answer to the question of why wars exist as a phenomenon, and what they will give to the warring parties. He believes that war is an empty waste, because in battle the individual life of any warrior is not worth a penny, and millions die - in the name of the interests of those in power, interested in the redistribution of the world and the resources of the planet.
HowDid the war affect children in general?How did they help defeat the enemy?
When a just cause comes to the fore - the defense of the Fatherland, age is not a hindrance. As soon as the child realizes that the only right decision is to stand in the way of the invaders, many conventions are discarded. Lev Kassil and Max Polyanovsky tell the story in “Street of the Youngest Son” about a mysterious boy named Volodya Dubinin, born in Kerch. In the local history museum they find out who this Volodya was. Having met his mother and school friends, they learn that Volodya was not much different from his peers until the war began. His dad served as the captain of a warship and instilled in his son that the city takes courage and perseverance. Volodya joined the partisans, was the first to find out about the retreat of the Nazis, but was blown up by a mine while clearing the approaches to the stone crusher. People have not forgotten Dubinin, who laid down his bones in the name of liberating the Fatherland from the Nazis, who fought behind enemy lines along with his adult comrades.
Adults' reaction to children's contribution to victory over the enemy
Children are unlikely to be useful in war - this is a place of fights between adults. In battles, people lose family and friends; war makes them forget everything they were taught in civilian life, except survival skills. No matter what efforts adults make to send children away from battlefields, this good impulse does not always work. The main character of Kataev’s story “Son of the Regiment,” Ivan Solntsev, loses all members of his family in the war, wanders through the forests, trying to get to his own. He meets scouts who will take him to the commander. Vanya was fed and sent to bed, and Captain Enakiev decided to take him to an orphanage, but Vanya escaped from there and returned back. The captain decides to leave the child in the battery - he seeks to prove that children are also good for something, despite their small age. Having gone on reconnaissance, Vanya draws a map of the surrounding area, ends up with the Germans, but in an unexpected commotion, he takes advantage of the fact that the Nazis left him alone and escapes. Captain Enakiev sends Vanya away from the battlefield on an important mission. The first artillery brigade was killed, and in the last letter from the battlefield, the commander parted with everyone and asked to take Vanya under his wing.
Pardoning enemy prisoners of war, showing compassion after battles
Mercy towards the enemy after his capture is demonstrated only by the strong in spirit, for whom shooting a person is a piece of cake. Tolstoy in his “War and Peace” clearly shows the behavior of Russian soldiers towards French ones. One night a company of Russian soldiers was warming up by the fire. Suddenly they heard a rustling sound and two French soldiers approached them. One of them turned out to be an officer, his name was Rambal. Both were frozen, and the officer could not move freely and fell. The Russians fed them, and then the officer was carried to the house where the colonel was quartered. The officer was accompanied by his subordinate Morel. Rambal treated the Russian soldiers as comrades, and the soldier sang a French tune while among the Russian soldiers.
Even in war, human qualities manifest themselves; it is better not to destroy a weakened opponent, but to give him the opportunity to surrender on his own.
Caring for others during war
Elena Vereiskaya’s work “Three Girls” tells about carefree girlfriends plunged into war. Natasha, Katya and Lyusya live in a Leningrad communal apartment, study and have fun together. In difficult times of war, they become even closer to each other. Their school, where they studied, was destroyed, instead of studying, their goal is now to survive. Growing up beyond her years makes itself felt: the previously cheerful and frivolous Lyusya acquires a sense of responsibility, Natasha looks more closely at the little things and is inclined to analyze, and Katya is confident in the decisions made. And although life became much more difficult with the advent of the war, it forced them to care not only about each other, but also about their neighbors. During the war they became more united, each of them thought and cared not so much about herself as about others. According to the scenario, one local doctor shared food with a young boy, giving him most of it. In times of hunger and war, people share with each other everything that they managed to acquire before the start of the war, even when the threat of starvation hangs over many, but such actions give hope for victory over the enemy. Support from neighbors is the relationship as a result of which the Soviet people defeated the Nazis.
How do people unite in the face of war?
A significant part of Russian novels and stories touches on the issue of the unity of people of different estates and classes during the period of hostilities. So, in the same novel by Tolstoy “War and Peace” human qualities come to the fore, and not class-capitalist criteria; after all, there is no such thing as someone else’s misfortune, and sometimes the misfortune is of a universal nature. People who are completely different in their worldview and beliefs, but nevertheless live together, get involved in a common cause. The Rostovs abandon everything they have acquired in Moscow, and address the carts to their compatriots wounded in battle. The entrepreneur Feropontov is ready to distribute all his goods to the Russian soldiers, so that the French, if they win and settle here for a long time, will not get even a small fraction. Bezukhov dresses up in a different uniform and is ready to meet Napoleon himself in Moscow in order to take his life. Tushin and Captain Timokhin carry out a combat mission, despite the lack of reinforcements. Nikolai Rostov goes into battle, not afraid of anyone or anything. According to Tolstoy, the Russian soldier will stop at nothing, he is ready to risk anything, including his life, just to defeat the enemy, even if he is destined to die the death of the brave. That is why that war was called the Patriotic War - millions of people, united, erasing all boundaries and conventions in front of each other, except for their duty to the Motherland, stood firm and swept away the enemy.
Why is the memory of the war needed?
No matter how overwhelmingly difficult the war may seem, it cannot be forgotten. The memory of the war is not only a matter of the generations who witnessed it, of people who lost their loved ones, but also a universal phenomenon. The great wars in which all peoples within one state rose up in order to defeat others who came to their territory with fire and weapons in order to capture and enslave, are remembered even after thousands of years. The war is reflected in thousands of works: novels and stories, poems and poems, songs and music, films - it is this work that tells subsequent generations about that war. Thus, “Poems about myself” by Olga Berggolts, who lost her husband in Leningrad, urges people not to forget about the hardships of war, about ancestors who put their own lives on the line in the war so that their descendants could live happily. Front-line battles, the life of citizens during the siege of Leningrad, clashes with the enemy and artillery shelling - these poems, diaries and stories will not let people forget “how a Leningrader fell on the yellow snow of deserted squares.” This cannot be erased from history - no matter how hard they try to rewrite it, thereby spitting on the memory of 27 million people who gave their lives for the peace and well-being of Russia.
What is the key to victory in war?
They say that one in the field is not a warrior. War is the lot of not one, but many people. Only equality and unity in the face of universal danger will help the people survive. In the same Tolstoy’s “War and Peace” the unity of people shines through from everywhere. Fighting for a free and peaceful life, people forgot about internal differences. The courage and spirit of both the army as a whole and the individual soldier helped drive out enemies from Russian soil. The purpose and historical significance of the battles at Shengraben, Austerlitz and Borodino demonstrate the unity of the people, the cohesion of the Russians. Victory in any battle comes at the cost of the lives of soldiers, volunteers, peasants, partisans working and fighting for the good of the Fatherland - and not through the actions of military officials seeking to receive stars for shoulder straps and more bonuses. The unit commander, Captain Tushin, Tikhon Shcherbaty and Platon Karataev, the entrepreneur Ferapontov, the very young Petya Rostov and many others - fought the enemy not by order from above, but for their families, homes, the well-being of the country as a whole, for the future peace around them.
What good - and why - can be learned for the future from any outcome of the battle?
In Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace,” Andrei Bolkonsky went to war in order to make a name for himself and take a worthy position in society and among the military. Having abandoned everything he had, leaving behind his family and friends, he pursued fame and recognition, but his ardor was short-lived - finding himself in the cruel reality of military operations, he realized that the challenge thrown to himself was too much for him. Bolkonsky became hungry. He wanted everyone to worship him - the reality of the devastating battles soon demonstrated and proved the opposite to him. It dawned on him that any war, apart from pain, losses and deaths, would yield nothing, there was little good in it. But his personal miscalculation showed that the love and value of family and friends is infinitely more valuable than loud odes to his name and a pedestal of fame. Whether you win or lose the battle, the main thing is to defeat yourself and not chase laurels.
TOWhat feelings will the loser’s endurance evoke in the winner?
V. Kondratyev’s story “Sashka” demonstrates an example of the enemy’s resilience. The Russian soldier will captivate the German. The company commander was unable to extract any information from the German about the enemy’s actions, and Alexander brings the “Fritz” to the division headquarters. Along the way, the soldier, with the help of a leaflet, brought to the attention of the German that he would remain alive and return home, as well as others who had surrendered. But the company commander, whose relative died in this war, gives the order to take the prisoner’s life. Sasha cannot take and shoot a soldier just like him, puts himself in his place and assures that in similar conditions he would behave no better than a prisoner whose weapons were taken away. The German soldier never said anything about his own people, but, maintaining his human dignity, did not even ask to be spared. Sashka, exposing himself to the danger of a military court, does not follow the order of the battalion commander, and he, seeing how Alexander is faithful to his rightness, does not insist on the order to shoot the prisoner.
How does combat change one's outlook and character?
G. Baklanov and his story “Forever - Nineteen Years” tells about the responsibility and memory of people that unites them. “Through a great catastrophe there is a great liberation of the spirit,” said Atrakovsky. – Never before has so much depended on each of us. That's why we will win. And it won't be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That’s how people are.” Fighting is not only a disaster. Breaking and often depriving people of their lives, wars spur spiritual self-education, reformat the consciousness of the people, and every survivor of battle acquires true life values. People are tempering themselves, re-evaluating their values - what yesterday caused them to condemn themselves to suffering is of little significance today, and what they passed by and didn’t notice is striking today.
War is an outrage against humanity
I. Shmelev in his “Sun of the Dead” does not hide why war is terrible. “The smell of decay,” the “cackling, stomping and roaring” of human beings, the herds of “fresh human flesh, young meat!” and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads!” Human!” In war, sometimes people lose the most precious thing they have - life. In war, the bestial spirit shines through in a person, and these negative qualities force everyone there to commit actions that he would never agree to in peacetime. Material damage, regardless of its magnitude and systematics, is not the main thing. No matter what happens - hunger, bad weather, crop failure due to drought, it is not these phenomena that are evil. Evil arises and multiplies through the fault of a person who did not resist it, such a person lives one day and does not think about tomorrow, here “everything is nothing!” “and there is no one, and no one.” Any positive moral qualities, spirituality and soul in a person will forever be at the forefront, and no war should awaken the beast in a person, trampling all that is good and good and taking up his dirty deeds.
How does war change people's attitudes?
K. Vorobyov in his story “Killed near Moscow” reports: the battles are a colossus, “made up of thousands and thousands of efforts of different people, it moved, it moves not by someone’s will, but itself, having received its own move, and therefore unstoppable.” The elderly owner of the house, where soldiers retreat and abandon the wounded, believes that the war will write off everything, since it is “the main one” here. People's lives revolve around war, which has disrupted both the peaceful life and fate of every resident, as well as his awareness of himself in this world. In war, the strongest win. “In war, whoever breaks down first.” Soviet soldiers do not forget about death, which is the result of hostilities for many who went to fight: “In the first months at the front, he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one like this. Everything is so in these moments, everyone overcomes them alone with themselves: there will be no other life.” A fighter who is ready to give his all for the Fatherland, to carry out any initially unrealistic and impossible combat mission and to be a standard of courage and heroism for those who take his place - then, having been captured and, again, not forgetting about death that might knock on his door his life at any moment, he slides down to the level of an animal. He doesn’t care, all conventions are sent away, he wants to live. War mutilates people not only physically, but also changes them morally beyond recognition: thus, having been injured, a soldier does not imagine how he will live when the war is over, whether he will be given a worthy place at home, in his environment, he often thinks that it is better if the war never ended.
How will a person respond for wartime misdeeds, will they become a spiritual stigma for the rest of his life?
V. Grossman and his story “Abel (Sixth of August)” are thoughts and conclusions about the futility of wars. The Japanese city of Hiroshima, swept away almost to the ground by a nuclear bomb, was an indicator of the damage to the global environment and an example of the misfortune of Japanese citizens, as well as the internal tragedy of the protagonist. What motivated Connor to press the nuclear button on August 6, 1945? Of course, he answered in full for such a crime. For this scorer, this act became an internal duel: here everyone in his place is a trembling creature with his own shortcomings, thinking only about how to survive himself. But you don’t always stay alive to preserve your humanity. Human qualities will not manifest themselves without connection with what happened, without an answer for their actions and what was their result. When the same personality is divided in two between the preservation of peace and the soldier's training, aimed at fulfilling the entrusted task, the young consciousness undergoes the same split. The crew of the bomber are participants, not all of whom are fully responsible for what they did; many of them talk about lofty tasks. The bombing of Hiroshima is a response “fascism to fascism.” Joe Connor is trying to escape from himself, his obsessive-compulsive hand washing is an attempt to brush off the blood of those people he killed with a nuclear bomb. In the end, he becomes crazy, realizing that the crime he has committed is beyond his control, and that he will not be able to live normally with it.
Historical memory is not only the past, but also the present and future of humanity. Memory is kept in books. The society referred to in the work has lost books, forgetting about the most important human values. People have become easy to manage. Man completely submitted to the state, because books did not teach him to think, analyze, criticize, rebel. The experience of previous generations has disappeared without a trace for most people. Guy Montag, who decided to go against the system and try to read books, became an enemy of the state, a prime candidate for destruction. Memory stored in books is a great value, the loss of which puts the entire society at risk.
A.P. Chekhov "Student"
Theological seminary student Ivan Velikopolsky tells unknown women an episode from the Gospel. We are talking about the Apostle Peter's denial of Jesus. The women react to what was told unexpectedly for the student: tears flow from their eyes. People cry about events that happened long before they were born. Ivan Velikopolsky understands: the past and the present are inextricably linked. The memory of the events of past years transports people to other eras, to other people, makes them empathize and have compassion for them.
A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
It is not always worth talking about memory on a historical scale. Pyotr Grinev remembered his father’s words about honor. In any life situation, he acted with dignity, enduring the trials of fate with courage. The memory of parents, military duty, high moral principles - all this predetermined the actions of the hero.
The main problem posed by V. Astafiev in this text is the problem of memory, the problem of spiritual heritage, people’s respect for our past, which forms an inextricable part of our common history and culture. The author asks the question: why do we sometimes turn into Ivanovs who do not remember kinship? Where do the former life values of people, so dear to our hearts, go?
The problem identified by the writer is very relevant for our modern life. We often see how beautiful parks and alleys are cut down, and new houses are built in their place. People give priority not to the memory of their ancestors, but to the possibility of easy enrichment. Here we involuntarily recall Chekhov’s “The Cherry Orchard,” where new life cut its way with an ax.
The author's position is clear. He looks with nostalgia into the past, feels a feeling of aching melancholy and anxiety. The author loves his village very much, which is his small homeland. He watches with alarm as people strive for easy money, as material values take over minds and hearts. In this case, there is a loss of everything truly important for a person, a loss of respect for the memory of ancestors, for one’s history. “Memories of a past life close to my heart disturb me, giving rise to a nagging longing for something irretrievably lost. What will happen to this small, familiar and dear world to me, who will preserve my village and the memory of the people who lived here? - V. Astafiev asks bitterly in the finale. All this characterizes this writer as a highly moral, thoughtful person who loves his Motherland, Russian nature, and has a genuine interest in Russian history and culture.
The text is very emotional, expressive, imaginative. The writer uses a variety of means of artistic expression: metaphor (“walk through the sleeping streets”), epithet (“a clever man”), phraseology (“at least a tuft of wool from a black sheep”).
I completely agree with V. Astafiev. The problem of respect for the memory of our ancestors, for the history of old Russian cities and villages, the problem of preserving ancestral customs and traditions - all this is very important for us, because without the past there can be no future, a person cannot cut down his own roots. Another writer, V. Rasputin, raises similar problems in his work “Farewell to Matera.” The plot of the story is based on a true story.
During the construction of the Angarsk hydroelectric power station, nearby villages and churchyards were destroyed. Relocation to new places was a very dramatic moment for the inhabitants of these villages. They were forced to leave their homes, established households, old things, and parental graves. The writer’s image of the house becomes animated: the walls become blind, as if the hut also suffers from separation from its inhabitants. “It was uncomfortable to sit in an empty, ruined hut - it was guilty and bitter to sit in a hut that was left to die,” writes V. Rasputin. The heroine of the story, old woman Daria, remains with her native Matera until the very end. She bitterly complains that she did not have time to transport her parents’ graves. Saying goodbye to his hut, he touchingly cleans it up, as if seeing him off on his last journey. The image of the old village, the image of the old woman Daria and the image of the hut symbolize the maternal principle in the story. This is the basis of life that has been undermined by man.
A person’s respectful attitude towards his native places and his history forms our historical memory. D.S. also thinks about how important a person’s attitude is to his small homeland, about the beauty of the cities and villages of Russia. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful.” The scientist talks about “how to cultivate in yourself and others “moral settledness” - attachment to your family, to your home, village, city, country”, to cultivate interest in your culture and history. This is the only way we will preserve our conscience and morality. To preserve and preserve memory is, according to D. Likhachev, “our moral duty to ourselves and to our descendants.”
Thus, the guideline for V. Astafiev in resolving this problem is absolute moral values, love for the Motherland, respect for the memory of ancestors, for the history of one’s own country, city, village. This is the only way we can maintain self-respect. Our great poet said this wonderfully:
Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -
The heart finds food in them -
Love for the native ashes,
Love for fathers' coffins.
Based on them from time immemorial,
By the will of God himself,
Human self-reliance
And all its greatness.