Nakhimov School architect. Legacy: Nakhimov Naval School. The main works of A.I. Dmitrieva

We are all so accustomed to the fact that sailors live in a beautiful blue and white building at the intersection of Petrovskaya and Petrogradskaya embankments that it seems to us that it was created for them. But it turns out not. The Nakhimov School moved into this house in 1944. And the house was built in 1911. And it was built for a memorable date - the 200th anniversary of St. Petersburg. A few years before the anniversary year of 1903, a special Jubilee Commission was formed, which was engaged in the development of a program of celebrations and considered numerous projects and proposals, selecting the best of them for inclusion in the program. In 1902, the idea was submitted to build the School House in memory of the founder of the city. The idea was in tune with the educational sentiment of the era, and the proposal was accepted. But they did not have time to build it - the anniversary was not far off. Therefore, it was decided during the days of celebrations to lay the first stone of the School House, and build it later, coinciding with some other date. The groundbreaking ceremony for the School House of Peter the Great took place on the second day of the jubilee celebrations on Petrovskaya Embankment not far from the House of Peter the Great. In the same year, a competition was announced for the presentation of the best project of the School House. Under the terms of the competition, the main building of the school house was supposed to house twelve classes of elementary school, male and female four-year schools and a city free reading room. Trade schools, men's and women's, for 150 people each, had to be placed for reasons of hygiene in a separate building. All schools included in the complex must have separate entrances, latrines, changing rooms, and an elevator for staff. It also provided for the creation of a large yard for children to play and a small service yard. One of the indispensable conditions of the competition was the installation of a monument or bust to Peter the Great on the facade of the building. The winner of the competition was a young, 27-year-old architect Alexander Ivanovich Dmitriev. In project against the backdrop of modern neoclassical forms, the architect used the features of Petrine architecture, visually helping to revive the memory of the days long gone, of the birth of St. Petersburg, of its founder.
Due to funding problems, in 1907, another site was proposed for the construction of the School House on Bolshaya Nevka, along the Petrogradskaya Embankment. Here it was built and assumed the role of architectural dominant. Finally, in April 1909, all approvals and approvals were passed, and on the eve of the anniversary of the Battle of Poltava, on June 26, 1909, the laying of the building was made in a new place for the second time. The main celebrations dedicated to the anniversary of the Battle of Poltava took place in Poltava, so the royal court was there, and members of the royal family were not present at the new laying of the School House. (It is interesting that in Poltava at that time, in the presence of the royal court, a monument to the dead Swedes was opened. A cross was erected on a mass grave in the vicinity of the city with the inscription: “To the brave Swedish soldiers who fell in the battle near Poltava on June 27, 1709”). The building was completed in a surprisingly short time, especially compared to the long period of preparation. It was under construction for only a year and a half, and by the autumn of 1910 the construction was almost completed. The school complex consisted of the main building, standing along the Bolshaya Nevka, and two buildings perpendicular to it. One of them housed an assembly hall with a service wing; in the other - a craft building connected to the main building by a three-story passage above the gate. In 1910, even before the completion of finishing work in the building of the School House, classes began in 37 classes. The consecration of the building took place on the 240th birthday of the founder of the city, Emperor Peter the Great on May 30, 1912. The building was equipped with central steam heating, ventilation, electricity was provided, and the streets adjacent to it were paved.
The main facade of the building faces the Bolshaya Nevka. The façade is markedly asymmetrical. Its semantic center is strongly shifted to the right. In the center of the main composition at the level of the third floor there is a cartouche with a bronze bust of Peter in a cuirass and ermine mantle according to the sketches of A. N. Benois. Below it are two figurines of babies coverlet with the inscription: "TO THE FATHER OF THE FATHERLAND". The sculptural decoration of the facade is crowned by a huge relief, in the center of which are two crossed Latin letters "P" - the emperor's monogram: Peter Prime. To the right and left of the image are young athletes holding a heavy lion skin, on which a clock from the famous Winter company is installed below at the level of the fifth floor. The clocks of this company are installed on the Admiralty tower, on the tower of the Moscow railway station, as well as on the Dumskaya tower. Above the raised roof of the pediment rises a thin spire with a boat at the top.
The facade of the Craft Building of the School House, facing the Neva, is decorated with a high relief by the sculptor A.A. Kudinov. The high relief depicts the goddess Minerva approving the deeds of Peter. The image of the Roman goddess Minerva (Greek Athena) on the façade of the Craft Building represents her here as the patroness of arts and crafts, surrounded by objects related to various types of human activity: painting, sculpture, theater, navigation, shipbuilding. In the vocational school of the school house, special attention was paid to the acquisition of drawing and drawing skills by students, and therefore the building had drawing rooms, large audiences and workshops. The library was also located here.
The northern wing of the School House is service. He goes to Penkovaya street. Together with the body of the assembly hall, the four-storey outbuilding forms a small cozy service yard. The ceremonial halls of the School House were called "Petrovsky". Little remains of their former opulence. The reception room, which is now divided into two parts, resembled the gallery of the Monplaisir Palace in Peterhof with its decoration. To some extent, the vestibule of the main entrance with cross vaults, tiles and a two-tiered fireplace has been preserved. On the two staircases leading up from the lobby, lanterns, reminiscent of the lanterns of sailing ships, hung on chains in the flights of stairs. By some miracle, the railing gratings with the monogram of Peter I and Menshikov (letter "M") and the railings themselves survived.
The Assembly Hall, located on the second floor, was very decorated with chandeliers and chandeliers. Wooden models of ships were hung from the ceiling, wall lamps and mirrors alternated in the piers. Blue tiles with drawings depicting the era of Peter the Great gave a special solemnity to the hall, and the sayings of Peter I were repeatedly repeated. Paintings and two maps of Russia hung in the hall.
After the revolution, the rich decoration of the Assembly Hall was lost. In 1944, the Nakhimov School was located in the building of the former School House of Peter the Great.

During the Great Patriotic War, when Soviet troops almost completely liberated the territory of the USSR from fascist invaders, relying on past experience in organizing personnel training for the army and navy, Suvorov military and Nakhimov naval schools were created similar to cadet corps. The creation of such schools was the call of the times and became a significant page in the history of the Soviet army and navy.

Initially, schools, as a rule, took "children of soldiers of the Soviet Army and Navy, partisans, Soviet and party workers, workers and collective farmers who died at the hands of the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War." They accepted boys aged 10 to 14 years old with general education corresponding to their age in the volume of 2-6 grades of primary school. Pupils of the schools were fully supported by the state, they were given a naval uniform.

The country, in the conditions of a fierce struggle against fascism, found an opportunity and surrounded the children of the war with care and attention. For this, experienced teachers and educators were recalled from the operating fleets and fronts, convenient premises for housing and study were found, and an appropriate material base was created.

The Nakhimov Naval Schools, as secondary educational institutions of a closed type, were formed in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Belarus dated August 21, 1943 and were intended to prepare young men for training in higher naval educational institutions and subsequent service in the Military Navy as officers. They received the name "Nakhimov" in honor of the great Russian naval commander, Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov, the hero of the Crimean War of 1853-1856. He is especially dear to our people because he gave the maximum of his intellectual and moral strength to the service of Russia in the most difficult period of time, from the bloody suppression of the Decembrist uprising to the Crimean War. P.S. Nakhimov was a progressive military leader, a recognized authority in various areas of naval affairs, and a talented educator of sailors.

“Of the three ways,” said P.S. Nakhimov - act on subordinates: rewards, fear and example - the latter is the most faithful.

Schools were created in 1943 in Tbilisi, in 1944 in Leningrad and in 1945 in Riga.

First, by order of the People's Commissar of the Navy N.G. Kuznetsov dated October 16, 1943, the Tbilisi Nakhimov Naval School was established. Of the first educators and teachers, we can name Brusnikin Evgeny Vasilyevich, Chenchik Nikolai Filippovich, Mishin, Panin, Shaikhetov Boris Vladimirovich, Potapov Leonid Nikolaevich, Delyukina Tatyana Valentinovna, Gritsak Olga Fedorovna, Kels and many, and many others, whose names are in every heart of their pupils . And the first ones they had to educate and teach were young front-line soldiers, the sons of regiments and cabin boys of the fleet, who had military awards. This is a participant in the heroic defense of Sevastopol Boris Kuleshin and partisan Vasily Chertenko, on whose chest the Order of the Red Star and many medals shone, Vasily Osadchy had three combat medals, Boris Krivtsov was awarded the Admiral Nakhimov medal, Konstantin Gavrishin the Admiral Ushakov medal , Petr Parov with the Orders of the Red Star, Glory, 3rd degree and the medal "For Courage", cabin boy from a torpedo boat Valery Lyalin, for his courage, was awarded the Order of the Red Star. They were twelve or fifteen at the time.

The conditions of life, life, the process of training and education were constantly improved, the material and technical base of the school was improved. The routine was military, which included getting up, physical exercises, classes, lunch, rest, dinner, self-training, free time, an evening walk and lights out. Cultural leisure was adorned with concerts prepared on their own and by invited artists, cultural trips to theaters, museums and cinema. The exit of the school to one theater or another was always an event. In solemn formation, to the orchestra, the Nakhimovites marched through the city with songs.

Knowledge was obtained first in poorly equipped rooms, and then in new classrooms and classrooms for naval training, physics, chemistry, biology, history and geography, drawing and drafting, literature and mathematics. Nakhimov workers gained labor knowledge and experience in carpentry, radio engineering and other workshops. There was also an internship. The Nakhimovites repaired roads, engaged in all sorts of chores, unloaded barges with firewood, wagons with coal, etc. Every year the lessons became more lively, more interesting and clearer. Modern equipment, various teaching aids, film projectors, tape recorders and other modern equipment gradually began to appear in classrooms and classrooms. Taught ballroom and classical dances.

Such an environment for classes was created in the schools, which made it possible, while studying theory, to develop maritime qualities among Nakhimov students, instill a love for the romance of naval service, and give deep and comprehensive general educational knowledge. Much attention was paid to drill training, which contributed to high coherence and military bearing, instilled a sense of naval camaraderie, collectivism, and other qualities and skills necessary for future officers. A special role, of course, was assigned to educational practice, which included naval, combined arms and physical training.

Pupils of all schools gained practical experience, physical training in summer camps on the Black Sea in the village of Falshivyy Gelendzhik, in the Baltic, and in one of the picturesque corners on the Karelian Isthmus. In sea trips on boats and ships, the moral and physical qualities of each Nakhimov citizen were tested.

Then, on the basis of the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 21, 1944 No. 745, by order of the People's Commissar of the USSR Navy of June 23, 1944 No. 280, the Leningrad, and in 1945 the Riga Nakhimov Naval School were established.

As the first head of the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School, then captain of the 1st rank, and later Rear Admiral Izachik N.G., recalled, he received an order from the command to coordinate all organizational issues with the leadership of Leningrad, to select a convenient building and the necessary personnel. The city authorities supported the proposal of the military sailors and turned to the government with a proposal to open an independent school, although at first it was only a branch of the Tbilisi Nakhimov Naval School that already existed. It was not easy to find a building to house the school. From several options, Nikolai Georgievich Izachik chose a building on the banks of the Neva and Bolshaya Nevka. It was built in memory of the founder of the Russian Empire and the Russian Navy as a school building named after Peter the Great. Its spire was decorated with the figure of a galley ship. All naval attributes were present. This choice turned out to be successful, and for all subsequent years, Nakhimov students are deeply grateful to the first head for such a successful choice of a building to house the school.

On September 18, 1944, the first enrollment in the Leningrad Nakhimov School took place. Candidates moved to the rank of pupils. First of all, they cut their hair bald, dressed in a sailor's uniform and sent to the camp. The organization was army: the class was called a platoon, two platoons (later - three, and then four) made up a company; the companies were numbered from the eldest - the first, which included seventh graders, to the youngest - the fifth, corresponding to the third grade. Classes (or platoons) were numbered with a double digit. The first is the company number, the second is the platoon number in the company (instead of a letter in civilian numbering). It turned out unusual and difficult, for example: “a pupil of the 13th grade” meant that he studied in the 7th grade, and “a pupil of the 51st grade” - respectively, in the 3rd. In Tbilisi, by the way, the numbering was three-digit: the company number, then the platoon number, and the third digit denoted the class in the generally accepted meaning (the tenth was indicated by zero). In classes (from the third to the seventh) or, in military terms, “in companies”, the guys were determined not taking into account age, but taking into account the training received earlier and their level of knowledge, so classmates, as a rule, differed in age, and the difference reached four years of age. These were just the years taken by the war ...

The pupil is the first official military rank, although the people immediately began to call the guys Nakhimovites. From among the most experienced and active, junior commanders were appointed, they were awarded the next rank of "vice foreman".

These guys had special distinctions on shoulder straps, but they did not have disciplinary power, but rather played the role of leaders and class leaders, as in ordinary schools. Since the Nakhimovites did not take the military oath for years, the power of adults was not the same as in the active fleet.

The composition of the pupils was very motley. Among them there were unwritten laws of the children's community. At first, they kept in groups - they were afraid that no one would offend; and united in their own way - first the front-line soldiers, fellow soldiers, fellow countrymen, comrades, then already - platoons and companies. There were also their own authorities, that is, those who actually determined the course and course of school life. Nicknames and nicknames quickly appeared. And, in the end, a kind of “totem” self-name of the Nakhimovites was formed. They began to call themselves "Pythons". For the first time, the combination of the words "pupils - nurtured - pythons" was recorded in a poem by A. Genkin (2nd company), written in 1947. But, according to his friend V. Soluyanov, this nickname appeared much earlier. It, in consonance with his surname, was received by Valentin Raised, enlisted in the senior (1st) company in 1944. The title "python" is very honorable. Later, the Nakhimov School, in parallel to the "system" (as the higher naval schools were called in the maritime jargon), received an unofficial, almost geographical, respectful name - "Pitonia". It, despite all the prohibitions, has survived decades.

In the first academic year, 408 pupils aged 10 to 14 sat down at their desks. Many of them, such as Nikolai Senchugov, Petr Parov and many others, came to the school straight from the front and had military awards. Of course, it was not easy for them to sit down at a desk again, but most of them overcame the difficulties of their studies and successfully graduated from college.

In 1948, the first graduation took place, which took place solemnly on board the Aurora cruiser. This historic ship, a participant in the Russian-Japanese, Russian-German and World War II, was at the suggestion of Admiral I.S. Isakov was installed next to the school for eternal parking as a living reminder to the Nakhimovites about the traditions and heroic deeds of the sailors of the Russian and Soviet fleets, as well as a training base for studying naval affairs.

Heads, teachers, educators of those ancient years - their contribution to the formation of the Nakhimov School is enormous. And of course, the main result of their work are graduates.

Over the past decades, more than 14,000 graduates have received a start in life. Most chose the difficult naval service, many commanded ships and formations, and even now graduates of the school serve on almost every warship of the Russian Navy.

Stars of the Hero of the Russian Federation were awarded to five graduates of the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School:

Admiral's shoulder boards are worn by Nakhimov's first recruits Radiy Zubkov, Yuri Efimov, Anatoly Shlemov, Vladlen Naumov and Alexander Bogatyrev, Vladlen Lobodenko and their younger classmates Vladimir Vysotsky, Nikolai Maksimov, Oleg Burtsev, Vladimir Zakharov, Andrey Volozhinsky, Mikhail Ilyinykh, Alexander Shuvanov and many others . In total, about 60 graduates of the Nakhimov Naval Schools rose to the rank of admiral and 14 became generals.

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, a graduate of 1949, Boris Kuznetsov, was on a submarine off the coast of America (he was awarded the Order of the Red Star). There were Nakhimovites at the test sites where powerful nuclear bombs were tested, and in Chernobyl, and in Afghanistan, and in other hot spots on the planet.

On the first Soviet nuclear submarine "K-3", which in June 1962 reached the North Pole, served from the first days of its dramatic history until the accident in 1967, navigator Oleg Pevtsov, a graduate of 1952, awarded the Order of Lenin. The eighth commander of this boat, which already bore the name "Leninsky Komsomol", in 1984-1986. was Oleg Burtsev, a graduate of 1970. Since the appearance of the first nuclear submarines, possibly on the same K-3, Erik Kovalev began his service in 1956, and in 1969 he commanded a boat, for the first time in the history of our fleet submerged to a depth of 400 meters.

Exits to the sea took place in an atmosphere of acute confrontation with the American submarine fleet. On July 21, 1970, the K-108 nuclear submarine under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Boris Bagdasaryan, whose head of the school Captain 1st Rank N.G. Izachik was almost expelled from the school, in combat service she collided with a US submarine that was carrying out tracking. The hull of the Soviet submarine turned out to be stronger than the American one, the commander had a piece of the “American” skin as a “souvenir” as a keepsake. And the commander of the strategic nuclear-powered ship K-219 during the accident in 1986, which happened in the Sargasso Sea, off the coast of America, was also a Nakhimov graduate of 1968, Captain 2nd Rank Igor Britanov. There was an explosion in the rocket silo and a fire on his boat. The boat sank, but thanks to the courage and competent actions of the crew, an ecological disaster was averted.

From the simple and honest deeds of the Nakhimovites, their high fighting and moral qualities, an invariable readiness for a feat grows, to sacrifice oneself in the name of civic, military duty and the Fatherland.

So, on August 10, 1956, in the village where S. Denisov, a Nakhimov member of the 2nd company, spent his summer vacation, a house caught fire. Stanislav showed courage in fighting the fire, and the head of the school received a letter of thanks from the chairman of the village council.

August 13, 1966 cadet of the 1st course VVMURE named after. A. S. Popov Konstantin Nesmiyan died during the arrest of the criminal, for which he was awarded the state award - the medal "For Courage" (posthumously).

In October 1981, while performing an international duty in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, a school graduate (1966), Captain 3rd Rank Fedor Gladkov, who was awarded the Orders of the Red Star and the Red Banner (posthumously), died.

In September 1992, Dmitry Petrovsky stood up for the honor of the fleet, was stabbed in the heart and miraculously survived, saved by military doctors. Six months later, Admiral I. V. Kasatonov presented him with the Order "For Personal Courage".

During the accident on the nuclear submarine "Komsomolets" on April 7, 1989, navigator captain-lieutenant Mikhail Smirnov died. Officers Andrei Makhota and Konstantin Fedotko (class of 1982) showed courage during the accident and were awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

A veteran of the fleet, a specialist in deep diving Leonid Lei, a graduate of the school in 1951, participated in the survey of the site of the boat accident.

There were seven Nakhimov soldiers on the Kursk submarine, whose death on August 12, 2000 shocked the whole world. These are officers Vadim Bubniv, Sergey Loginov, Andrey Milyutin, Dmitry Repnikov, Maxim Safonov, Alexei Stankevich, Ilya Shchavinsky.

On July 17, 2001, during a demonstration flight, having performed all the aerobatics and trying to save an uncontrolled aircraft, Major General Timur Apakidze, Hero of the Russian Federation, died (class of 1971)

Since 1955, one Nakhimov Naval School has been operating in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg).

Over the past decades, the system of recruiting pupils has undergone a number of transformations, and now young men from grades 5 to 11 are studying at the school.

Today, the Nakhimov VMU is a secondary specialized educational institution of a closed type, with a naval orientation of education, which provides a general secondary education and prepares students for admission to higher military, naval, and educational institutions of the country.

The school has an excellent educational and material base, highly qualified personnel, teachers, educators and is located in the historical center of St. Petersburg, near the legendary cruiser Aurora, where students not only learn the basics of naval life, but also join the glorious history and traditions domestic fleet.

During the years of existence of the Nakhimov schools, more than one generation of young men went through the school of naval friendship and true brotherhood. All of them were brought up in the spirit of fidelity to military duty, to the fatherland, to the glorious military traditions of the Russian Navy. And there is confidence that no matter how the life of Nakhimov graduates develops in the future, they will remain faithful to the naval, Nakhimov brotherhood until the end of their days.

Beginning in 1991, the Nakhimovites took part in long-distance sea and foreign campaigns. Over the years they have visited Finland and Holland, England and France, Belgium and Denmark, Greece and Bulgaria and other countries. Nakhimov students under the guidance of experienced officers of the school of captain 1st rank A.A. Popkov, captains 2nd rank V.G. Demkina, V.I. Strogov made trips to the Atlantic and around Europe with visits to the seas, where Russian sailors fought gloriously and fulfilled their duty to the Motherland. On the chest of many Nakhimov soldiers, the signs “For a long trip” shone, and this inspired them in their studies and further service.

For many years the school represented the Navy at military parades in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The constant assessment by the command of their participation in the parades is “excellent”. In 1996, for the exemplary passage through Red Square, the parade regiment of the school received a personal gratitude from the Supreme Commander-in-Chief - the President of Russia. High combat training and military bearing are the distinguishing qualities of the students of the Nakhimov Naval School. They showed the same qualities at the Main Naval Parade in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Russian Fleet in St. Petersburg in July 1996.

The tradition of Nakhimov’s participation in military parades on Red Square dedicated to the Great Victory was revived in 2013. Each participant in the parade is awarded the medal of the Russian Ministry of Defense “For participation in the parade”, which is a reason for pride for Nakhimov’s people.

School graduates serve on the front lines of the defense of the Fatherland. They sacredly honor the testament of Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov.

“And the needle of the spire, directed to the sky, and the proximity to the Neva, and the bust of Peter, the Tsar-navigator, the founder of the Russian fleet, many other details coincide so exactly that even to me, the architect, it seems as if I designed this house for the Nakhimovites” A. AND. Dmitriev

A few days ago it was 140 years since the birth of the famous Russian architect A.I. Dmitriev. The work of this prominent architect covers the entire first half of the 20th century. Diverse and multi-genre heritage of the master includes about a hundred major projects and buildings, many of which are included in the annals of Russian architecture.

Alexander Ivanovich Dmitriev was born on October 2 (14), 1878 in the family of a photographer assigned to the bourgeois class of the city of Pskov. From childhood, he was fond of drawing. The boy was left without a father early, and the widowed mother Yu.A. Dmitrieva continued to keep a photographic institution and made every effort to give a full education to Alexander and his younger brother Nikolai. Thanks to his mother's care, he mastered French, German and English, which were so useful on business trips abroad.

In the summer of 1895, a sixteen-year-old boy arrived in the capital and, having successfully passed the exams, entered the Institute of Civil Engineers. Student Dmitriev completed his first drawing work in the first year on the topic “Antiquities of Pskov”. The graduate's beautiful watercolor drawings were rated "excellent". Many years later, he recalled his first work: “Recently I re-read “Some Antiquities of Pskov” and saw that this youthful study could be signed even now, after half a century without changing anything.” Dmitriev graduated from the Institute of Civil Engineers with a gold medal - the second in the list of 59 graduates. The talented graduate was actively involved in the architectural life of the capital and was elected a member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Society of Architects. At the same time, he entered the architectural department of the Academy of Arts in the class of the then popular professor L.N. Benoit. In 1904 Dmitriev traveled abroad for scientific purposes. A trip to the US and Canada broadened his horizons.
In his scientific works, the architect considered the issues of technical methods and features of construction, economics, building legislation, strength and fire safety. Alexander Ivanovich actively takes part in architectural competitions. His project of the building of the State Duma for St. Petersburg received a gold medal in 1908.

But Dmitriev was most famous for his participation in the competition in 1903 for the design of the building of the Peter the Great School House (Nakhimov Naval School), erected on the southeastern spit of the Petrograd Side, at the source of the Bolshaya Nevka. At the time of the competition, he, together with von Gauguin, worked on the interiors of the mansion of M.F. Kshesinskaya. The architect dedicated his main work to the 200th anniversary of the founding of St. Petersburg. He completed the project in the spirit of the architecture of Peter the Great, and the first prize in the competition was the reward for a successful project. For the decoration and design of grand interiors, he collaborated with great masters, many of whom were members of the creative organization "World of Art": A.N. Benois, B.M. Kustodiev, M.V. Dobuzhinsky, D.N. Kardovsky, V.V. Kuznetsov, A.A. Kudinov, S.V. Chekhonin and others.

It is known that the architect himself, when choosing a building for the education and upbringing of the pupils of the Nakhimov Naval School in 1944, advised Admiral N.G. Kuznetsov building on Petrogradskaya embankment. Alexander Ivanovich liked to visit the Nakhimovites. The Dmitriev building is still the most remarkable and remarkable among the educational buildings of St. Petersburg. For more than 100 years, the main building of the architect A.I. Dmitrieva does not change his happy destiny - the education of worthy citizens of Great Russia.

The chief architect of St. Petersburg, academician of architecture, throughout his long creative life, designed and built residential buildings, industrial buildings, shipyards and bridges in Tallinn, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Kharkov and other cities, conducted scientific, teaching and legislative activities. Under these conditions, A.I. Dmitriev supported the belief in the value of creative work. “... My happiness lies in the fact that all my life I remained faithful to the highest calling of man - I created, - said the 80-year-old master. “This is the main beauty of human life…”

The main works of A.I. Dmitrieva

• Professor Popov street, ? 1900-1901 - G. V. Ash's mansion. (Not preserved).
• Simbirsk provincial zemstvo council at the corner of Bolshaya Saratovskaya and Pokrovskaya st. in Simbirsk (1902; competition; 1st prize)
• Petrovskaya embankment, 2-4 - Penkovaya street - The building of the Peter the Great City School House (Nakhimov Naval School), 1909-1911
• Kronverksky Prospekt, No. 1-3 - Kuibyshev Street, No. 2 - 4, left side. Decoration of the hall and living room in the mansion of M. F. Kshesinskaya. 1905-1906 (Not preserved. The hall was restored in 1987).
• No. 1 Angliysky Prospekt / No. 124 Moika Embankment - a residential building for employees of the New Admiralty. 1908-1909 Now - VNIIOkeangeologiya.
• Embankment of the Fontanka River, house No. 203 - buildings of the Admiralty Shipbuilding Plant. 1908-1912. Together with N. I. Dmitriev.
• Ship bridge across the Moika against Matisov Island (1912).
• Shipyards, shipbuilding and mechanical plants of the Russian-Baltic Society in Reval (1913-1917)
• Management House of the Southern Railway in Kharkov (1908-1910)
• Beekeeping school for peasant children in the village of Butlerovka, Spassky district, Kazan province. (1907)
• Working quarters at the plant of the Russian-Baltic Society in Taganrog (1917)
• House of cooperation on the square. Dzerzhinsky in Kharkov (1927-1930, together with O. R. Munts)
• Palace of Culture of Metallurgists in Donetsk (1929)
• Palace of the Worker (Club of Railway Workers) in Kharkov (project 1927; 1931-1932; calculation of structures of civil engineer Aistov N.N.)
• State Kramatorsk plants (new foundries and boiler workshops; with the participation of Miturich N. A., Smorgonsky L. I.; engineers: Dmitriev P. I., Popov I. O., Ivanov V. F., Nikitin P. I. )
• Power plant in the north-eastern region of Donbass on the gases of open-hearth furnaces
• Theater Club in Kramatorsk (built in 1928-1930; destroyed in 1941-1943; rebuilt during restoration in 1945-1946)
• Projects of typical buildings for permafrost regions (since 1948).

• The second competition of the monument to Skobelev//Architect. 1903, No. 33, p.395;
• City School House named after Peter the Great // Architect. 1908, No. 29, No. 33, S. 354;
• Abandonment of Petrovsky relics//Old Years. May, 1912;
• From foreign architectural magazines//Architect. 1902, No. 12, pp. 143-145;
• Historical exhibition of art objects in Moscow//Architect. 1904, No. 4;
• On the issue of awarding the best facades by the St. Petersburg City Duma//Architect. 1903, no. 52;
• Sewer wells//Architect. 1899, No. 11;
• Sewer absorption wells//Architect. 1899, No. 2, pp. 137-141;
• Competition of monuments to Wagner and Bismarck//Architect. 1902, No. 35, S.398-401;
• To the project of a beekeeping school in memory of Academician A.M. Butlerov//Architect. 1907, No. 46, pp. 475-476;
• Some antiquities of Pskov//Architect. 1897, Issue 5, pp. 35-38;
• XI Congress of Naturalists in Moscow//Architect. 1902, Issue 8, pp. 97-98; Issue 9, S.109-110;
• Monument to Ch. Garnier in front of the Grand Opera in Paris//Architect. 1903, No. 32, S.376-378;
• The results of two competitions: the museum in Barmen and the monument to imp. Elizabeth in Vienna//Architect. 1903, No. 28, S.341-343;
• Modern decorative art//Architect. 1903, No. 39, S. 453-456; No. 40, pp. 469-471;
• Paramedic School for the Black Sea Fleet//Architect. 1913, Issue 10, pp. 119-120;
• French artistic architectural printing for 1903//Architect. 1904, Issue 6, pp. 68-69;
• Dmitriev A., Krivoshein G. Out-of-competition project of a bridge for Stockholm//Architect. 1908, Issue 28, pp. 259-261;
• Dmitriev A.I., Rakitin D.S. To the project of the management house of the southern railways//Architect. 1913, issue 5, p.52;
• Dmitriev A.I., Rakitin D.S. Construction of the management house of the southern railways in Kharkov//Architect. 1912, Issue 32, S.; Issue 34, p.
• Artistic and architectural impressions of the day // Architect. 1904, No. 8, S.; No. 9, S.106-108; No. 11, S.135-137; No. 15, S.182-185;
• Kirikov B.M. The search for something new in the work of the architect A.I. Dmitriev // Architectural heritage. 1979, No. 27, pp. 180-189.

Literature:

• Architects-builders of St. Petersburg-Petrograd at the beginning of the 20th century. Exhibition catalogue. L., 1982;
• Kondakov S. Op. T.2, S.325;
• Kirikov B. Architect A.I. Dmitriev: On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of his birth//ASSSR. 1979, no. 2;
• Kirikov B.M. An example of modern style. New materials about the interiors of an architectural monument//SAL, 1976. No. 6. P.38-41;
• Kirikov B.M. The search for something new in the work of the architect A.I. Dmitriev, the period of 1900-1917//Architectural heritage, 1979, No. 27, pp. 180-189. Kondakov S. — v. 2, p. 325.

All information is taken from public sources

Ilyushina Irina Vasilievna, teacher-organizer of the 3rd year of NVMU

2017-2020 - Nakhimov Naval School of the Ministry of Defense
Russian Federation:
restoration of the facades and roof of the building built in 1910 (all types of work completed
for the restoration of facades, roofing, plastering, stucco, forging); restoration of decorative tops of drainpipes and chimneys made of copper.

For the second century in a row, this building has been considered the St. Petersburg symbol of enlightenment and education. At the beginning of the last century, a vocational school was based here, after the revolution - a general education school, and from 1944 to the present day - the famous Nakhimov Naval School.

The former City College House named after Peter the Great, and now the Nakhimov Naval School, built by the St. Petersburg architect Alexander Ivanovich Dmitriev, is one of the key monuments of St. Petersburg architecture and monumental and decorative art of the early 20th century.

The idea of ​​building a "people's school house" arose in 1902, when preparatory work was underway to celebrate the anniversary of the capital of the Russian Empire. The program provided for the construction of the largest educational and educational complex for children and youth in the capital. In the main part of the building, 12 classes of an elementary school, a city free reading room, a hall and other premises should have been placed. In a separate building there are vocational schools with classes and workshops. The Commission on Education of the City Duma conceived this building as a kind of monument to the founder of St. Petersburg, "who cared about the education of the Russian people." And in this regard, it was far from accidental that the place where it was thought to build the School House - near the House of Peter I.

The building is located in one of the most picturesque corners of St. Petersburg, on the southeastern spit of the Petrograd side, where the Bolshaya Nevka originates from the Neva River. Its large pictorial volumes, referring to the era of the St. Petersburg Baroque, fit extremely organically into the panorama of the Neva banks, becoming an interesting and powerful accent that dominates the entire length of the Petrogradskaya embankment. The silhouette of figured roofs with a light spire-mast, the plastic solution of blue and white facades, and sculptural decoration create a bright and memorable image.

Turning to the Baroque, focusing on a specific historical context, of course, was not accidental, both the established traditions of neo-Baroque construction in St. In the same years, the association was revived<<Мир искусства », в котором видную роль играли художники Б.М. Кустодиев, А.Н. Бенуа, М.В. Добужинский. Училищный дом предоставлял «мирискусникам» возможность хотя бы частично провести в жизнь свои творческие установки: историзм, просветительство, декоративность.

Stucco bas-relief with a bronze bust of Peter 1

The plastic decor of the School House was created according to the sketches of A.N. Benois by sculptor V.V. Kuznetsov. The large-scale relief in the tympanum of the arched pediment includes a huge cartouche with the monogram of Peter I and figures of naked young athletes holding a dangling lion skin, on which the clock face is placed (the clock was made by Friedrich Winter). The semantic center is a bronze bust of Peter I in a figured niche on the third floor, enclosed in a magnificent rocaille frame with putti figures. The bust was cast in the workshop of V.Z. Gavrilov.

On May 30, 1912, on the occasion of the 240th anniversary of Peter I, the School House was consecrated. The metropolitan press quite rightly called the new building "the palace of Peter I",<<домом-дворцом», «чудом строительства ». Высокую оценку давали ему и специалисты. Училищный дом А.И. Дмитриева действительно стал самым значительным и примечательным сооружением среди школьных зданий Петербурга начала века.

After the revolution of 1917, the City Infirmary No. 237 for mentally ill soldiers (according to the situation in 1918), and then the 176th unified labor school, as well as an orphanage (later the schools changed names and numbers).

Since 1944, the Nakhimov Naval School (NVMU) has been located in this building. According to oral evidence, the architect A.I. Dmitriev himself proposed to choose the building of the former City School House for the new educational institution. “And the needle of the spire, directed to the sky, and the proximity to the Neva, and the bust of Peter, the Tsar-navigator, the founder of the Russian fleet, many other details coincide so well that even to me, the architect, it seems as if I designed this house specifically for the Nakhimovites” , - admitted the creator of a magnificent architectural monument of the early twentieth century.

Today, large-scale repair and restoration work is underway here, the purpose of which is to preserve the cultural heritage site, as well as to adapt the historical building for modern use as an educational and administrative building of the Nakhimov School. The building provides for the placement of administration offices, teachers of additional education, an assembly hall for holding ceremonial events and a museum.

The initial stage of restoration and repair work implies a comprehensive restoration of the facade ensemble of the building with the reconstruction of all the lost elements. The goal is to repeat as accurately as possible the author's intention of the architect A.I. Dmitriev. Previously, the specialists of Demetra LLC carried out a large survey work in the archives and museum funds of the city. Thanks to the preserved historical drawings, plans, graphic, pictorial and photographic images, the appearance of the former School House at the time of its opening in 1912 is very clear.

Oak door filling is semi-light, arched. Layering and pollution of the desudeporte stucco composition

When conducting a full-scale survey, the main attention was paid to determining the degree of safety of finishing materials, assessing their technical condition, the presence of defects and, if possible, identifying the causes of their occurrence. The brick building has a p-shaped layout, consisting of five buildings of different heights, interconnected. The color of the plaster layer of the walls is heavily soiled, cracks and peeling of the surface are determined, associated primarily with the heterogeneity of the plaster layers and the unreasonable use of putty layers of considerable thickness. The lack of necessary clearing during the previous restoration work led to an increase in the thickness of the plaster finish and a violation of the plasticity of the facade. The restorers had to work hard to remove all the later plaster and putty layers to a solid base. In some places it was necessary to restore the integrity of the brickwork with specially made bricks of historical size and texture.

General view of the high relief of the main facade

Stucco decoration was used in the decoration of the facades: a cartouche framing the bronze bust of Peter I, framing the clock face, modulions, column capitals, high relief and sculptural compositions on the southern facade. During the survey, a number of problems were identified: the decor is heavily soiled, multi-layered, destruction is observed, in places with exposure of metal fittings. Due to defects in the base (cracks in the brickwork), the bronze bust of Peter I has some deviation to the side. The watch face, covered with ceramic tiles, has cracks and dirt. Currently, work is underway to restore the plastic decoration of the facades: cleaning from dirt and painting, removing destructed and strengthening weakened fragments. If small losses are replenished using the on-site homemade method, then large parts will be cast in the workshop according to models made from surviving samples. In this work, restorers have to not only match the level of professionalism of their predecessors, but also deal with a rare variety of finishing materials and techniques for its manufacture.

Also, work is underway to restore and recreate the metal decor of facades and roofs. The roof of the building had not only a complex configuration, but was also richly decorated with turrets, attics, pediments and dormer windows of various shapes. The chimneys of the building were decorated with picturesque chimneys, which, unfortunately, have not been preserved. In addition to the metal decor on the tops of the chimneys, the roof of the building was richly decorated with decorative caps on the funnels of the drainpipes. They are also lost. All these historical fragments will be recreated based on iconographic materials and analogues preserved at the site. The basement window grilles, metal railings of balconies, forged flag holders will also be restored and restored, and the roof will be replaced with copper.

Over the long period of operation, much of the exterior of the building was either damaged or irretrievably lost. So, in Soviet times, the doors of the courtyard facades shared the sad fate of many doors in St. Petersburg, they were arbitrarily replaced with new ones. The surviving doors of the front facades are in need of serious restoration with the restoration of carved decor. All window openings will be dismantled with the restoration of historical deglazing based on iconographic materials.

On the eastern and southern facades, limestone slabs of the entrances to the building have been preserved, which are in poor condition. The lost limestone steps will be replaced in the original material of the same deposit, in the same dimensions, with the reconstruction of their original historical pattern.

The restoration project provides for the installation of canopies over the entrances of the courtyard facades according to historical analogues, the restoration of metal and brick fences, the restoration of the lost chandelier-lantern in the arched passage.

The building of the Nakhimov Naval School is an integral part of the historical appearance of St. Petersburg. The restoration work carried out by the specialists of Demetra LLC is aimed at restoring historical justice and recreating the authenticity of the architectural design of one of the most beautiful educational institutions.

Military builders began active construction on February 1, 2018. In 181 days, a new building was erected - 31,441 m2, the old one was reconstructed - 9696 m2, the facades and roof of the historical building - 11436 were restored, "Nakhimovsky Park" was created - 1500 m2.

A multifunctional building of the Nakhimov Naval School for 560 people with a total area of ​​more than 40,000 square meters was built on the site located in the area of ​​the historical center of St. Petersburg, along Penkova Street, 3-5. The new six-story building of the school with a small dome in the center is attached to the old educational and barracks building by the flanks. In parallel with the main construction, its deep reconstruction was carried out: walls and ceilings were replaced, load-bearing structures were strengthened, the number of classrooms, classrooms and auditoriums was increased, new engineering systems were laid.

Since its formation in 1944, the Nakhimov School has not had its own, separate territory. Part of the Nakhimov classes took place in buildings located at a considerable distance from each other.

After the implementation of the project, the legendary "Nakhimovka" for the first time in its history received a single architectural ensemble: a building in the form of a classic square with a parade ground for construction and "Nakhimov Park" with open sports grounds.

At the same time, the area of ​​the school increased by 3 times to 54,000 m2. This allows you to create all the conditions for high-quality education of pupils in accordance with the norms of full board institutions. The park adjoins the courtyard of the famous City School House of Peter the Great, built in 1912 on Petrogradskaya Embankment (opposite the cruiser Aurora). It was handed over to the Nakhimovites 74 years ago. A deep restoration of window fillings, facades, copper roofing, decorative elements of chimneys and the flagpole tower of the historical building, now the administrative and educational building of the Nakhimov School, was carried out.

Inside the "red lines" of the construction site, there was another historical engineering structure (built in 1910). Clean water reservoir (RCV) with two pavilions on the surface and an underground reservoir. Two small houses - the portal of the ground part are preserved. They have been restored with the restoration of the lost decorative elements of the facades. Especially for such "delicate" work, military builders attracted experienced restorers from St. Petersburg. Restoration of the pavilions of the clean water reservoir is part of the project for the improvement and reconstruction of the entire Penkova Street (from Michurinskaya Street to Petrogradskaya Embankment). Its updated look will be combined with the look of the historical center of St. Petersburg. 14 lanterns, similar to those on the Petrogradskaya Embankment, 10 stylized benches and trash cans will be installed on Penkovaya. How Nakhimov students will live and study In the new multifunctional building, students of each course will live on a separate floor, in block-cubes for 10 people with cozy rooms for 2 and 3 beds, two bathrooms, two dressing rooms and a common living room (rest room).

Meals are organized in two canteens: at the rate of 560 Nakhimov students and 80 teachers in one shift. Each room has two food distribution lines with salad bars. On the 5th floor of the building there is a sports complex with 3 halls: gymnastic, gaming and martial arts. Completed renovation of the swimming pool and multi-purpose gym on the 1st floor. The area of ​​the internal sports zone of the school has been quadrupled from 400 to 1,600 m2, and, taking into account the basketball and football fields, treadmills and outdoor exercise equipment, seven times. During the repair and reconstruction, the school was equipped with classes of computer science, foreign languages, as well as laboratories of physics, chemistry, biology with modern equipment.

The number of classrooms has increased from 29 to 43, excluding teachers' quarters. Previously, teachers conducted classes in two separate buildings and did not have their own workplaces. On the first and second floors there is a medical center with a hospital for 15 beds, physiotherapy and dental rooms. A high-tech cultural and educational complex, specially designed for sailors in the dome space, became a special pride of Nakhimovka. It housed: an interactive classroom, a library and a modern ultra-high resolution digital dome projection system for classes in astronomy, astronavigation and other natural sciences. Significantly expanded opportunities for studying geography, history and physics using educational films.