MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"AXENTIS BASIC SCHOOL"

Methodical development of a lesson in fine arts

«
peasant house.
Collective work. PROJECT: "Come into the hut"

5th grade

Completed by: Poletueva Svetlana Borisovna

art teacher

Aksentis

2015

Lessons 6–7

Interior and interior decoration
peasant house.
Collective work "Go to the hut"

Goals:

1. To acquaint students with the arrangement of the internal space of a peasant house, its symbols.

2. Develop creative and cognitive activity.

3. To form practical skills in working with plasticine, the ability to work in a small team (group).

4. Continue to form the concept of the unity of utility and beauty in the interior of the home and household items.

5. To cultivate love for the motherland and folk culture.

Equipment and materials:

1. Examples of the interiors of a peasant dwelling.

2. Illustrations for Russian fairy tales, epics, riddles.

3. Art materials.

4. Schemes-tables depicting the elements of the Russian stove, the "red corner".

Lesson plan 6

1. A conversation about the interior of a Russian hut.

2. Acquaintance with its vital centers, the range of household and labor items included in this space.

3. Statement of the artistic task.

4. Independent selection of illustrative material for the sketch.

5. Practical implementation of the task.

6. Summing up and selecting sketches for team work.

Lesson plan 7

1. Formation of groups.

2. Setting an artistic task for the implementation of the layout of the interior of a Russian hut (modeling).

3. Work in small groups on the chosen composition and its details.

4. Summing up and defense of the works "Who lives in the hut?".

During the classes

Conversation.

teacherb. Let's remember the lesson when we got acquainted with the traditional Russian dwelling - the hut.

How much effort and skill our ancestors invested in construction.

But a log house will remain a log house, no matter how rich ornament it is decorated with. It will become a home only when it is warmed by the warmth of the hearth.

The main part of any peasant house was a room with a stove. It was she who gave the name to the whole building - "hut".

“The peasant was quick-witted, he put a hut on the stove,” says a Russian proverb. Indeed, the stove is the soul of a peasant house. She is a nurse, a waterer, and a body warmer. There is no hut without a stove. The very word "hut" comes from the ancient "istba", "firebox". Initially, the hut was called the heated part of the house.

Interior of a peasant hut with a stove

The Russian stove has acquired a lot of convenient devices over time. For example, a pole-shelf in front of the mouth (hole) of the stove, on which the hostess could keep cooked food warm. Hot coals were raked aside on the hearth for the next kindling. In the side wall of the furnace, shallow niches-stoves were made, where wet mittens and a torch were usually dried.

Poultry was kept in a warm guard house in winter.

There are many interesting legends and folk customs associated with the stove. It was believed that a brownie lives behind the stove - the keeper of the hearth. During the matchmaking, the bride was traditionally hidden behind the stove.

In Russian folk tales, the stove is often mentioned and, as a rule, is inherently associated with the main character. Let's remember these stories.

The guys remember: Emelya - "At the command of the pike"; Ilya Muromets; Gingerbread man; "Geese-swans", Baba Yaga in all fairy tales lay on the stove, etc.

The location of the furnace determined the layout of the hut. It was usually placed in the corner to the right or left of the entrance. The corner opposite the mouth of the furnace was considered the workplace of the hostess. Everything here was adapted for cooking. There was a poker, a tong, a pomelo, a wooden shovel by the stove. Next to it is a mortar with a pestle and a hand mill.

Let's guess together what they served.

Here again, fairy tales will help us, or maybe your trips to your grandmother in the village, where many of these items are still used today.

A towel and a washstand were always hung next to the stove - an earthenware jug with two drain spouts on the sides. Beneath it was a wooden tub for dirty water. On the shelves along the walls there were simple peasant dishes: pots, ladles, cups, bowls, spoons. They were made of wood, as a rule, by the owner of the house himself.

There was a peasant dwelling and a lot of wicker utensils - baskets, baskets, boxes.

The place of honor in the hut - the "red corner" - was located diagonally from the stove. There were icons on a special shelf, a lamp was burning. All peasants in the old days were believers. The very word "peasant" comes from "Christian".

Red corner of the hut

An important guest entering the hut, at the threshold, first of all found a red corner with his eyes, took off his hat, made the sign of the cross three times and bowed low to the images, and only then only greeted the hosts.

The most dear guests were put in the red corner, and during the wedding - the young ones.

On ordinary days, the head of the family sat here at the dinner table.

The corner opposite the stove, to the left or right of the door, was the workplace of the owner of the house. There was also a bench where he slept. Underneath, in a box, was a tool. Here the peasant was engaged in crafts and minor repairs.

There was little furniture in the hut, and it did not differ in variety - a table, benches, benches, chests, crockery shelves - that's probably all. (Wardrobes, chairs, and beds familiar to us appeared in the village only in the 19th century.)

The dining table was considered the main piece of furniture in the hut. He was in the red corner. Every day at a certain hour, the whole peasant family gathered at the table for dinner.

Wide benches lined the walls. They sat and slept on them. Do you know how they differed from the bench?

The benches were tightly attached to the walls, and the benches could be freely moved from place to place.

Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The more wealth in the family, the more chests in the hut. They were made of wood, upholstered with iron strips for strength. Quite often, ingenious mortise locks were made on the chests.

If a girl grew up in a peasant family, then from an early age, a dowry was collected for her in a separate chest. Together with this chest, she moved after the wedding to her husband's house.

Formulation of the problem.

Teacher. Now let's see what illustrations you brought.

Using them, come up with your composition for the interior of the hut.

Student work

Work on the selected composition.

In the second lesson, students in a box prepared in advance for the model (you can remove 2 walls in the box and make a corner composition), using plasticine, create a model of the interior of the Russian hut, household items and labor (you should be reminded of a towel and a spinning wheel, find a place for them in composition).

Summing up the lesson.

At the end of the lesson, each group tells who lives in this hut (Grandfather, Baba and Ryaba chicken; Emelya; three bears; Snow Maiden, etc.). Brought toys can be placed in the interior, which will play the role of residents.

A dwelling is a building or structure in which people live. It serves for shelter from the weather, for protection from the enemy, for sleeping, resting, raising offspring, and storing food. The local population in different regions of the world has developed its own types of traditional dwellings. For example, among nomads these are yurts, tents, wigwams, tents. In the highlands they built pallasso, chalets, and on the plains - huts, huts and huts. The national types of dwellings of the peoples of the world will be discussed in the article. In addition, from the article you will learn which buildings remain relevant at the present time and what functions they continue to perform.

Ancient traditional dwellings of the peoples of the world

People began to use housing since the time of the primitive communal system. At first it was caves, grottoes, earthen fortifications. But climate change forced them to actively develop the skill of building and strengthening their homes. In the modern sense, "dwellings" most likely arose during the Neolithic, and in the 9th century BC, stone houses appeared.

People sought to make their homes stronger and more comfortable. Now many ancient dwellings of this or that people seem completely fragile and dilapidated, but at one time they served faithfully to their owners.

So, about the dwellings of the peoples of the world and their features in more detail.

Dwellings of the peoples of the north

The conditions of the harsh northern climate influenced the features of the national structures of the peoples who lived in these conditions. The most famous dwellings of the northern peoples are the booth, chum, igloo and yaranga. They are still relevant and fully meet the requirements of the completely difficult conditions of the north.

This dwelling is remarkably adapted to harsh climatic conditions and a nomadic lifestyle. They are inhabited by peoples engaged mainly in reindeer herding: Nenets, Komi, Enets, Khanty. Many believe that the Chukchi live in the plague, but this is a delusion, they build yarangas.

Chum is a tent in the form of a cone, which is formed by high poles. This type of structure is more resistant to gusts of wind, and the conical shape of the walls allows snow to slide over their surface in winter and not accumulate.

They are covered with burlap in summer and animal skins in winter. The entrance to the chum is hung with burlap. So that neither snow nor wind gets under the lower edge of the building, snow is raked up to the base of its walls from the outside.

In the center of it, a hearth is always burning, which is used for heating the room and cooking. The temperature in the room is approximately 15 to 20 ºС. Animal skins are laid on the floor. Pillows, feather beds and blankets are sewn from sheepskins.

Chum is traditionally installed by all family members, from young to old.

• Balagan.

The traditional dwelling of the Yakuts is a booth, it is a rectangular structure made of logs with a sloping roof. It was built quite easily: they took the main logs and installed them vertically, but at an angle, and then attached many other logs of a smaller diameter. After the walls were smeared with clay. The roof was first covered with bark, and a layer of earth was poured over it.

The floor inside the dwelling was trampled sand, the temperature of which never dropped below 5 ºС.

The walls consisted of a huge number of windows, they were covered with ice before the onset of severe frosts, and in summer - with mica.

The hearth was always located to the right of the entrance, it was smeared with clay. Everyone slept on bunks, which were installed to the right of the hearth for men and to the left for women.

• Needle.

This is the housing of the Eskimos, who did not live very well, unlike the Chukchi, so they did not have the opportunity and materials to build a full-fledged dwelling. They built their houses from snow or ice blocks. The building was domed.

The main feature of the igloo device was that the entrance had to be below the floor level. This was done so that oxygen could enter the dwelling and carbon dioxide would escape, in addition, such an arrangement of the entrance made it possible to keep warm.

The walls of the igloo did not melt, but melted, and this made it possible to maintain a constant temperature in the room of about +20 ºС even in severe frosts.

• Valcaran.

This is the home of the peoples living off the coast of the Bering Sea (Aleuts, Eskimos, Chukchi). This is a semi-dugout, the frame of which consists of whale bones. Its roof is covered with earth. An interesting feature of the dwelling is that it has two entrances: winter - through a multi-meter underground corridor, summer - through the roof.

• Yaranga.

This is the home of the Chukchi, Evens, Koryaks, Yukaghirs. It is portable. Tripods made of poles were installed in a circle, inclined wooden poles were tied to them, and a dome was attached on top. The whole structure was covered with walrus or deer skins.

Several poles were placed in the middle of the room to support the ceiling. Yaranga with the help of canopies was divided into several rooms. Sometimes a small house covered with skins was placed inside it.

Dwellings of nomadic peoples

The nomadic way of life has formed a special type of dwellings of the peoples of the world who do not live settled. Here are examples of some of them.

• Yurt.

This is a typical type of building among nomads. It continues to be a traditional home in Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Altai.

This is a domed dwelling covered with skins or felt. It is based on large poles, which are installed in the form of lattices. There is always a hole on the roof of the dome for smoke to escape from the hearth. The dome shape gives it maximum stability, and the felt retains its constant microclimate inside the room, not allowing heat or frost to penetrate there.

In the center of the building is a hearth, the stones for which are always carried with them. The floor is laid with skins or boards.

Housing can be assembled or dismantled in 2 hours

The Kazakhs call a camping yurt an abylaisha. They were used in military campaigns under the Kazakh Khan Abylai, hence the name came from.

• Vardo.

This is a gypsy wagon, in fact, it is a one-room house, which is installed on wheels. There is a door, windows, a stove, a bed, drawers for linen. At the bottom of the wagon there is a luggage compartment and even a chicken coop. The wagon is very light, so one horse could handle it. Vardo received mass distribution at the end of the 19th century.

• Felij.

This is the tent of the Bedouins (Arab nomads). The frame consists of long poles intertwined with each other, it was covered with a cloth woven from camel wool, it was very dense and did not let moisture through during rain. The room was divided into male and female parts, each of them had its own hearth.

Dwellings of the peoples of our country

Russia is a multinational country, on the territory of which more than 290 peoples live. Each has its own culture, customs, and traditional forms of dwellings. Here are the brightest ones:

• Dugout.

This is one of the oldest dwellings of the peoples of our country. This is a pit dug to a depth of about 1.5 meters, the roof of which was tes, straw and a layer of earth. The wall inside was reinforced with logs, the floor was coated with clay mortar.

The disadvantages of this room were that the smoke could only escape through the door, and the room was very damp due to the proximity of groundwater. Therefore, living in a dugout was not easy. But there were also advantages, for example, it fully provided security; in it one could not be afraid of either hurricanes or fires; it maintained a constant temperature; she did not miss loud sounds; practically did not require repair and additional care; it was easy to build. It was thanks to all these advantages that the dugouts were very widely used as shelters during the Great Patriotic War.

• Hut.

The Russian hut was traditionally built from logs, with the help of an axe. The roof was double pitched. To insulate the walls, moss was placed between the logs, over time it became dense and covered all the large gaps. The walls outside were coated with clay, which was mixed with cow dung and straw. This solution insulated the walls. A stove was always installed in a Russian hut, the smoke from it came out through the window, and only starting from the 17th century did they begin to build chimneys.

• Kuren.

The name comes from the word "smoke", which means "smoke". Kuren was the traditional dwelling of the Cossacks. Their first settlements arose in floodplains (river reed thickets). The houses were built on piles, the walls were made of wattle covered with clay, the roof was made of reeds, a hole was left in it for smoke to escape.

This is the home of the Telengits (the people of Altai). It is a hexagonal structure made of logs with a high roof covered with larch bark. In villages there was always an earthen floor, and in the center - a hearth.

• Kava.

The indigenous people of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Orochs, built a kava dwelling, which looked like a gable hut. The side walls and the roof were covered with spruce bark. The entrance to the dwelling has always been from the side of the river. The place for the hearth was laid out with pebbles and fenced with wooden beams, which were coated with clay. Wooden bunks were erected against the walls.

• Cave.

This type of dwelling was built in a mountainous area composed of soft rocks (limestone, loess, tuff). In them, people cut down caves and equipped comfortable dwellings. In this way, entire cities appeared, for example, in the Crimea, the cities of Eski-Kermen, Tepe-Kermen and others. Hearths were equipped in the rooms, chimneys, niches for dishes and water, windows and doors were cut through.

Dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine

The most historically valuable and famous dwellings of the peoples of Ukraine are: mud hut, Transcarpathian hut, hut. Many of them still exist.

• Mazanka.

This is an old traditional dwelling of Ukraine, unlike the hut, it was intended for living in areas with a mild and warm climate. It was built from a wooden frame, the walls consisted of thin branches, outside they were smeared with white clay, and inside with a solution of clay mixed with reeds and straw. The roof consisted of reeds or straw. The hut house had no foundation and was not protected from moisture in any way, but served its owners for 100 years or more.

• Kolyba.

In the mountainous regions of the Carpathians, shepherds and lumberjacks built temporary summer dwellings, which were called "kolyba". This is a log cabin that had no windows. The roof was gable, and covered with flat chips. Wooden loungers and shelves for things were installed along the walls inside. There was a hearth in the middle of the dwelling.

• Hut.

This is a traditional type of dwelling among Belarusians, Ukrainians, southern Russian peoples and Poles. The roof was hipped, made of reeds or straw. The walls were built of semi-logs, coated with a mixture of horse manure and clay. The hut was whitened both outside and inside. There were shutters on the windows. The house was surrounded by a mound (a wide bench filled with clay). The hut was divided into 2 parts, separated by passages: residential and household.

Dwellings of the peoples of the Caucasus

For the peoples of the Caucasus, the traditional dwelling is the saklya. It is a one-room stone building with dirt floors and no windows. The roof was flat with a hole for smoke to escape. Sakli in the mountainous area formed entire terraces, adjoining each other, that is, the roof of one building was the floor for another. This type of structure served a defensive function.

Dwellings of the peoples of Europe

The most famous dwellings of European peoples are: trullo, palyaso, bordey, vezha, konak, kulla, chalet. Many of them still exist.

• Trullo.

This is a type of dwelling of the peoples of central and southern Italy. They were created by dry laying, that is, the stones were laid without cement or clay. And if you pull out one stone, the structure collapsed. This type of building was due to the fact that it was forbidden to build dwellings in these areas, and if inspectors came, the building could easily be destroyed.

Trullos were one-room with two windows. The roof of the building was conical.

• Pallazo.

These dwellings are characteristic of the peoples who lived in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. They were built in the highlands of Spain. They were round buildings with a cone-shaped roof. The top of the roof was covered with straw or reeds. The exit was always on the east side, the building had no windows.

• Bordei.

This is a semi-dugout of the peoples of Moldova and Romania, which was covered with a thick layer of reed or straw. This is the oldest type of housing in this part of the continent.

• Klochan.

The dwelling of the Irish, which looks like a domed hut built of stone. The masonry was used dry, without any solutions. The windows looked like narrow slits. Basically, such dwellings were built by monks who led an ascetic lifestyle.

• Vezha.

This is the traditional dwelling of the Saami (Finno-Ugric people of northern Europe). The structure was made of logs in the form of a pyramid, in which a smoke hole was left. A stone hearth was built in the center of the vezha, the floor was covered with deer skins. Nearby they built a shed on poles, which was called nili.

• Konak.

A two-story stone house built in Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia. This building in plan resembles the Russian letter G; it was covered with a tiled roof. The house had a huge number of rooms, so there was no need for outbuildings for such houses.

• Kula.

It is a fortified tower built of stone with small windows. They can be found in Albania, the Caucasus, Sardinia, Ireland, Corsica.

• Chalet.

This is a country house in the Alps. It is distinguished by protruding cornice overhangs, wooden walls, the lower part of which was plastered and lined with stone.

Indian dwellings

The most famous Indian dwelling is the wigwam. But there are also such buildings as tipi, wikiap.

• Indian wigwam.

This is the dwelling of the Indians living in the north and northeast of North America. Today, no one lives in them, but they continue to be used for various kinds of rites and initiations. It has a domed shape, consists of curved and flexible trunks. In the upper part there is a hole - for the exit of smoke. In the center of the dwelling there was a hearth, along the edges - places for rest and sleep. The entrance to the dwelling was covered with a curtain. Food was cooked outside.

• Tipi.

Home of the Indians of the Great Plains. It has a cone-shaped shape up to 8 meters high, its frame consisted of pines, it was covered with bison skins from above and strengthened at the bottom with pegs. This structure was easily assembled, disassembled and transported.

• Wikipedia.

The dwelling of the Apaches and other tribes living in the southwestern United States and California. This is a small hut covered with branches, straw, bushes. Considered a type of wigwam.

Dwellings of the peoples of Africa

The most famous dwellings of the peoples of Africa are the Rondavel and the Ikukwane.

• Rondavel.

This is the home of the Bantu people. It has a round base, a cone-shaped roof, stone walls, which are held together with a mixture of sand and manure. Inside the walls were coated with clay. The top of the roof was covered with thatch.

• Ikukwane.

This is a huge domed thatched house, which is traditional for the Zulus. Long rods, reeds, tall grass were intertwined and strengthened with ropes. The entrance was closed with special shields.

Dwellings of the peoples of Asia

The most famous dwellings in China are diaolou and tulou, in Japan - minka, in Korea - hanok.

• Diaolo.

These are multi-storey fortified houses-fortresses that have been built in southern China since the Ming Dynasty. In those days, there was an urgent need for such buildings, as gangs of bandits were operating in the territories. In a later and calmer time, such structures were built simply according to tradition.

• Tulou.

This is also a house-fortress, which was built in the form of a circle or a square. Narrow openings for loopholes were left on the upper floors. Inside such a fortress there were living quarters and a well. Up to 500-600 people could live in these fortifications.

• Minka.

This is the dwelling of Japanese peasants, which was built from improvised materials: clay, bamboo, straw, grass. The functions of the internal partitions were performed by screens. The roofs were very high so that the snow or rain rolled down faster and the straw did not have time to get wet.

• Hanok.

This is a traditional Korean home. Clay walls and tiled roof. Pipes were laid under the floor, through which hot air from the hearth went throughout the house.

As a rule, the dwellings of rich and poor peasants in the villages practically differed in quality factor and the number of buildings, the quality of decoration, but consisted of the same elements. The presence of such outbuildings as a barn, a barn, a shed, a bathhouse, a cellar, a barn, an exit, a barn, etc., depended on the level of development of the economy. All buildings in the literal sense of the word were chopped with an ax from the beginning to the end of construction, although longitudinal and transverse saws were known and used. The concept of "peasant yard" included not only buildings, but also the plot of land on which they were located, including a vegetable garden, a garden, a threshing floor, etc.

The main building material was wood. The number of forests with excellent "business" forests far exceeded what is now preserved in the vicinity of Saitovka. Pine and spruce were considered the best types of wood for buildings, but pine was always preferred. Oak was valued for the strength of the wood, but it was heavy and difficult to work. It was used only in the lower crowns of log cabins, for the construction of cellars or in structures where special strength was needed (mills, wells, salt pits). Other tree species, especially deciduous (birch, alder, aspen), were used in the construction, as a rule, of outbuildings.

For each need, trees were selected according to special characteristics. So, for the walls of the log house, they tried to pick up special "warm" trees, overgrown with moss, straight, but not necessarily straight-layered. At the same time, not just straight, but straight-layered trees were necessarily chosen for the roof board. More often, log cabins were collected already in the yard or near the yard. Carefully chose the place for the future home

For the construction of even the largest log-type buildings, they usually did not build a special foundation along the perimeter of the walls, but supports were laid at the corners of the huts - large boulders or the so-called "chairs" from oak stumps. In rare cases, if the length of the walls was much longer than usual, supports were also placed in the middle of such walls. The very nature of the log construction of the buildings made it possible to confine ourselves to relying on four main points, since the log house was a seamless structure.

The vast majority of buildings were based on a "cage", "crown", a bunch of four logs, the ends of which were chopped into a tie. The methods of such felling could be different according to the execution technique.

The main constructive types of logged peasant residential buildings were "cross", "five-wall", a house with a cut. For insulation between the crowns of logs, moss was interspersed with tow.

but the purpose of the connection was always the same - to fasten the logs together into a square with strong knots without any additional connection elements (staples, nails, wooden pins or knitting needles, etc.). Each log had a strictly defined place in the structure. Having cut down the first wreath, they cut the second one on it, the third one on the second, etc., until the log house reached a predetermined height.

The roofs of the huts were mostly covered with straw, which, especially in lean years, often served as fodder for livestock. Sometimes more prosperous peasants erected roofs made of plank or batten. Tes was made by hand. To do this, two workers used high goats and a long longitudinal saw.

Everywhere, like all Russians, the peasants of Saitovka, according to a common custom, when laying a house, put money under the lower crown in all corners, and a larger coin was supposed to be in the red corner. And where the stove was placed, they did not put anything, since this corner, according to popular beliefs, was intended for a brownie.

In the upper part of the frame, across the hut, there was a uterus - a tetrahedral wooden beam that served as a support for the ceilings. The uterus was cut into the upper crowns of the frame and was often used to hang objects from the ceiling. So, a ring was nailed to it, through which an ochep (flexible pole) of the cradle (unsteadiness) passed. A lantern with a candle was hung in the middle to illuminate the hut, and later a kerosene lamp with a lampshade.

In the rituals associated with the completion of the construction of the house, there was an obligatory treat, which was called "matic". In addition, the laying of the uterus itself, after which there was still a fairly large amount of construction work, was considered as a special stage in the construction of the house and furnished with its own rituals.

In the wedding ceremony for a successful matchmaking, the matchmakers never entered the house for the uterus without a special invitation from the owners of the house. In the folk language, the expression "to sit under the uterus" meant "to be a matchmaker." The idea of ​​the father's house, luck, happiness was associated with the uterus. So, leaving the house, it was necessary to hold on to the uterus.

For insulation around the entire perimeter, the lower crowns of the hut were covered with earth, forming a mound in front of which a bench was installed. In the summer, old people spent the evening on a mound and a bench. Fallen leaves with dry earth were usually laid on top of the ceiling. The space between the ceiling and the roof - the attic in Saitovka was also called the istka. On it, things, utensils, utensils, furniture, brooms, bunches of grass, etc., were usually stored. The children arranged their simple hiding places on it.

A porch and a canopy were necessarily attached to a residential hut - a small room that protected the hut from the cold. The role of the canopy was varied. This is a protective vestibule in front of the entrance, and additional living quarters in the summer, and a utility room where part of the food supplies were kept.

The soul of the whole house was the oven. It should be noted that the so-called "Russian", or, more correctly, an oven, is a purely local invention and quite ancient. It traces its history back to the Trypillia dwellings. But in the design of the oven itself during the second millennium of our era, very significant changes took place, which made it possible to use fuel much more fully.

Putting together a good stove is not an easy task. At first, a small wooden frame (oven) was installed right on the ground, which served as the foundation of the furnace. Small logs split in half were laid on it and the bottom of the oven was laid out on them - under, even, without tilt, otherwise the baked bread would turn out to be lopsided. Above the hearth of stone and clay, a furnace vault was built. The side of the oven had several shallow holes called stoves, in which mittens, mittens, socks, etc. were dried. In the old days, the huts (smoky ones) were heated in a black way - the stove did not have a chimney. The smoke escaped through a small portage window. Although the walls and ceiling became sooty, this had to be put up with: a stove without a chimney was cheaper to build and required less wood. Subsequently, in accordance with the rules of rural improvement, mandatory for state peasants, chimneys began to be removed above the huts.

First of all, the "big woman" stood up - the owner's wife, if she was not yet old, or one of the daughters-in-law. She flooded the stove, opened wide the door and the smoker. Smoke and cold lifted everyone. Small children were put on a pole to warm themselves. Acrid smoke filled the entire hut, crawled up, hung under the ceiling above human height. In an ancient Russian proverb, known since the 13th century, it says: "I could not bear the smoky sorrows, I did not see the heat." Smoked logs of houses rotted less, so chicken huts were more durable.

The stove occupied almost a quarter of the dwelling area. It was heated for several hours, but, having warmed up, kept warm and heated the room during the day. The stove served not only for heating and cooking, but also as a stove bench. Bread and pies were baked in the oven, porridge, cabbage soup were cooked, meat and vegetables were stewed. In addition, mushrooms, berries, grain, and malt were also dried in it. Often in the oven, replacing the bath, steamed.

In all cases of life, the stove came to the aid of the peasant. And it was necessary to heat the stove not only in winter, but throughout the year. Even in summer, it was necessary to heat the oven well at least once a week in order to bake a sufficient supply of bread. Using the ability of the oven to accumulate, accumulate heat, the peasants cooked food once a day, in the morning, left the cooked food inside the ovens until dinner - and the food remained hot. Only at a late summer supper did the food have to be warmed up. This feature of the oven had a decisive influence on Russian cooking, which is dominated by the processes of languishing, boiling, stewing, and not only peasant, since the lifestyle of many small estate nobles did not differ much from peasant life.

The oven served as a lair for the whole family. On the stove, the warmest place in the hut, old people slept, who climbed there by steps - a device in the form of 2-3 steps. One of the obligatory elements of the interior was the floor - wooden flooring from the side wall of the furnace to the opposite side of the hut. They slept on the floorboards, climbing from the stove, dried flax, hemp, and a splinter. For the day, bedding and unnecessary clothes were thrown there. The shelves were made high, at the level of the height of the furnace. The free edge of the boards was often fenced with low railings, balusters, so that nothing would fall from the boards. Polati were a favorite place for children: both as a place to sleep and as the most convenient observation point during peasant holidays and weddings.

The location of the stove determined the layout of the entire living room. Usually the stove was placed in the corner to the right or left of the front door. The corner opposite the mouth of the furnace was the working place of the hostess. Everything here was adapted for cooking. There was a poker, a tong, a pomelo, a wooden shovel by the stove. Nearby is a mortar with a pestle, hand millstones and a sourdough tub for sourdough dough. They raked the ashes out of the furnace with a poker. With a grip, the cook caught pot-bellied clay or cast-iron pots (cast iron), and sent them to the heat. In a mortar, she crushed the grain, peeling it from the husk, And with the help of a mill, she ground it into flour. A pomelo and a shovel were necessary for baking bread: with a broom, a peasant woman swept under the stoves, and with a shovel she planted a future loaf on it.

A washcloth hung next to the stove, i.e. towel and washbasin. Beneath it was a wooden tub for dirty water. In the oven corner there was also a ship bench (vessel) or a counter with shelves inside, which was used as a kitchen table. On the walls were observers - lockers, shelves for simple tableware: pots, ladles, cups, bowls, spoons. They were made from wood by the owner of the house himself. In the kitchen, one could often see earthenware in "clothing" made of birch bark - economical owners did not throw away cracked pots, pots, bowls, but braided them with strips of birch bark for strength. Above was a stove beam (pole), on which kitchen utensils were placed and a variety of household items were stacked. The sovereign mistress of the stove corner was the eldest woman in the house.

The stove corner was considered a dirty place, unlike the rest of the clean space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the room with a curtain made of colorful chintz or colored homespun, a tall wardrobe or a wooden bulkhead. Closed, thus, the stove corner formed a small room, which had the name "closet". The stove corner was considered exclusively female space in the hut. During the holiday, when many guests gathered in the house, a second table for women was placed near the stove, where they feasted separately from the men who sat at the table in the red corner. Men, even of their own families, could not enter the women's quarters without special need. The appearance of an outsider there was generally considered unacceptable.

During the matchmaking, the future bride had to be all the time in the oven corner, being able to hear the whole conversation. From the stove corner she came out smartly dressed during the bridegroom - the rite of acquaintance of the groom and his parents with the bride. In the same place, the bride was waiting for the groom on the day of departure down the aisle. In old wedding songs, the stove corner was interpreted as a place associated with the father's house, family, and happiness. The exit of the bride from the stove corner to the red corner was perceived as leaving the house, saying goodbye to him.

At the same time, the stove corner, from where there is an exit to the underground, was perceived at the mythological level as a place where people could meet with representatives of the "other" world. Through the chimney, according to legend, a fiery serpent-devil can fly to a widow yearning for her dead husband. It was generally accepted that on especially solemn days for the family: during the christening of children, birthdays, weddings, deceased parents - "ancestors" come to the stove to take part in an important event in the life of their descendants.

The place of honor in the hut - the red corner - was located obliquely from the stove between the side and front wall. It, like the stove, is an important landmark of the interior space of the hut, well lit, since both of its constituent walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner was a goddess with icons, in front of which a lamp was burning, suspended from the ceiling, so it was also called "holy".

They tried to keep the red corner clean and smartly decorated. It was cleaned with embroidered towels, popular prints, postcards. With the advent of wallpaper, the red corner was often pasted over or separated from the rest of the hut space. The most beautiful household utensils were placed on the shelves near the red corner, the most valuable papers and items were stored.

All significant events of family life were marked in the red corner. Here, as the main piece of furniture, there was a table on massive legs, on which runners were installed. The runners made it easy to move the table around the hut. It was placed next to the oven when bread was baked, and moved while washing the floor and walls.

Behind him were both everyday meals and festive feasts. Every day at lunchtime, the whole peasant family gathered at the table. The table was big enough for everyone to sit. In the wedding ceremony, the matchmaking of the bride, her ransom from her girlfriends and brother took place in the red corner; from the red corner of her father's house she was taken to the church for the wedding, brought to the groom's house and also led to the red corner. During the harvest, the first and last harvested sheaf was solemnly carried from the field and placed in the red corner.

“The first compressed sheaf was called the birthday man. Autumn threshing began with it, sick cattle were fed with straw, the grains of the first sheaf were considered healing for people and birds. in the red corner under the icons. The preservation of the first and last ears of the harvest, endowed, according to popular beliefs, with magical powers, promised well-being to the family, home, and entire economy.

Everyone who entered the hut first of all took off his hat, crossed himself and bowed to the images in the red corner, saying: "Peace be to this house." Peasant etiquette ordered the guest, who entered the hut, to stay in half of the hut at the door, without going behind the uterus. Unauthorized, uninvited intrusion into the "red half", where the table was placed, was considered extremely indecent and could be perceived as an insult. A person who came to the hut could go there only at the special invitation of the owners. The most dear guests were put in the red corner, and during the wedding - the young ones. On ordinary days, the head of the family sat at the dinner table here.

The last of the remaining corners of the hut, to the left or right of the door, was the workplace of the owner of the house. There was a bench where he slept. Under it, a tool was stored in a box. In his free time, the peasant in his corner was engaged in various crafts and minor repairs: weaving bast shoes, baskets and ropes, cutting spoons, gouging cups, etc.

Although most of the peasant huts consisted of only one room, not divided by partitions, an unspoken tradition prescribed certain rules for the placement of members of the peasant hut. If the stove corner was the female half, then in one of the corners of the house a place was specially allotted for sleeping the older married couple. This place was considered honorable.

Shop

An integral attribute of almost every Saitovka hut was a pole - a bar built into the opposite walls of the hut under the ceiling, which in the middle, opposite the wall, was supported by two plows. The second pole with one end rested against the first pole, and with the other - against the wall. The aforementioned structure in winter served as a support for the mill for weaving matting and other auxiliary operations associated with this fishery.

spinning wheel

Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The more wealth in the family, the more chests in the hut. They were made of wood, upholstered with iron strips for strength. Often the chests had ingenious mortise locks. If a girl grew up in a peasant family, then from an early age, a dowry was collected for her in a separate chest.

A poor Russian peasant lived in this space. Often in the winter cold, domestic animals were kept in the hut: calves, lambs, kids, pigs, and sometimes poultry.

The decoration of the hut reflected the artistic taste and skill of the Russian peasant. The silhouette of the hut crowned carved

ridge (ohlupen) and roof of the porch; The pediment was decorated with carved lintels and towels, the planes of the walls - window frames, often reflecting the influence of the city's architecture (baroque, classicism, etc.). The ceiling, door, walls, oven, less often the outer pediment were painted.

Non-residential peasant buildings made up the household yard. Often they were gathered together and placed under the same roof with a hut. They built an economic yard in two tiers: in the lower one there were barns for cattle, a stable, and in the upper one there was a huge sennik filled with fragrant hay. A significant part of the household yard was occupied by a shed for storing working equipment - plows, harrows, as well as carts and sledges. The more prosperous the peasant, the larger was his economic yard.

Separately from the house, they usually put a bathhouse, a well, and a barn. It is unlikely that the then baths were very different from those that can still be found now - a small log house,

sometimes without a vestibule. In one corner there is a stove-heater, next to it are shelves or beds on which they steamed. In the other corner is a barrel for water, which was heated by throwing red-hot stones into it. Later, cast-iron boilers began to be built in to heat water in stoves. To soften the water, wood ash was added to the barrel, thus preparing lye. All the decoration of the bath was illuminated by a small window, the light from which was drowned in the blackness of the sooty walls and ceilings, since in order to save firewood the baths were heated "in black" and the smoke came out through the half-open door. From above, such a structure often had an almost flat pitched roof, covered with straw, birch bark and turf.

The barn, and often the cellar under it, was placed in plain sight against the windows and at a distance from the dwelling, so that in the event of a fire in the hut, the annual supply of grain would be preserved. A lock was hung on the door of the barn - perhaps the only one in the entire household. In the barn, in huge boxes (bottom boxes), the main wealth of the farmer was stored: rye, wheat, oats, barley. No wonder the village used to say: "What is in the barn, such is in the pocket."

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Subject: "Interior of a peasant house"

Target:

Educational:

 introduce the concept of interior and features in the peasant

dwelling,

 to promote the formation of concepts: spiritual and material.

Developing:

1. To teach observation and perception of what is seen,
2. To promote the development of horizons in wooden architecture and the interior of a peasant hut,
3. Develop an interest in the knowledge of beauty,

Nurturing:

1. Cultivate love for beautymemory of ancestors, to the world of beauty.

Type: lesson - research and study of new educational material.

Methods: verbal, visual, partly problem-search: explanation with practical consolidation (work with historical sources and museum exhibits)

Forms: individual, frontal, group, independent.
Integration: fine arts and local history.

Equipment: ICT, presentation; visual and demonstration material: household items,museum exhibits, a table of symbols in folk ornament; musical series: Russian folk songs.

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment.

1. Updating of basic knowledge.

? According to what principles was the appearance of the peasant hut decorated?

Why did people decorate their homes?

And what do you know about the Siberian peasant hut, what can you tell?

Forest selection : mainly pines were used for the construction of housing, but they tried to build the lower row of logs and foundation posts from larch. Only smooth, resinous trees that grew in the depths of the forest were suitable for a log house. The material had to be prepared in advance - in late autumn or winter, on a full moon.

Housing construction time and site selection: You can’t have a house at a crossroads - “it won’t be okay with the family, there will be no cattle in the yard.” Only those places that were well lit, on some elevations, were considered suitable. Clarified the choice of location at night or early in the morning (at 5 am). We walked barefoot in one shirt, without outerwear, in order to feel cold and warm places. If it was cold, they dug a well; if it was warm, they built a house. They built the house in early spring, as soon as the snow melted.

? What customs were used?

Customs. When laying the house, a priest was invited to consecrate the building. Customs were also used: in the bottom row of logs, grain was placed at one corner so that the owner would have bread, under the other - wool and rags, so that there would be cattle and clothes. Silver coins were placed under the mother - the main ceiling beam - for the wealth of the owner. They did not break into construction on Sunday and Monday, on church holidays.

? Do you know any signs?

Moving to a new home: Moving to a new house was accompanied by many signs. Saturday was considered a good day to move. Dough was prepared in the old house, and bread was baked in the new house. The ash was transferred from the pit (a place near the Russian stove) of the old furnace to the pit of the new one. Friends and relatives were invited to the housewarming. The celebrating procession went from the old house to the new one. The owner walked ahead with bread and salt, the hostess with a broomstick and a poker, an honorable old woman carried an icon. Other participants carried animals and household items. Guests were invited into the house, cattle were driven into the yard. The hostess and the owner were the first to enter, sometimes an old woman with an icon, or a small child, or they let a cat through the threshold.

Entering a new home is a whole ritual act in Ancient Rus'. The safety of the new home had to be tested: on the first night in the new house they closed a cat with a cat (they are able to see and drive away evil spirits); on the second - a rooster with a chicken; on the third - a piglet; on the fourth - a sheep; on the fifth - a cow; on the sixth - a horse. And only on the seventh night did a person decide to enter the house and spend the night - and then only if all the animals remained alive, cheerful and healthy the next morning. Otherwise - "at least shift the hut", otherwise "there will be no life."

Entering the house for the first time, the owner certainly took bread or dough in a kneader with him. They had to drive out the remnants of evil from the house (if it still lurked there) and, of course, provide the new settlers with a rich and well-fed life.

Then a ball of thread was thrown inside through the open door. Holding on to a thread, the head of the family himself crossed the threshold, and then he “dragged” other new settlers by seniority by this thread. The meaning of the custom is as follows: people are going to explore a new, unknown, “other” world. And to get to the "other world" - heavenly or underground - is possible only through the World Tree. It is, as scientists suggest, that is replaced by a thread.

The entrance to the new house was accompanied by the rite of moving the brownie from the old dwelling to the new one. The brownie was respectfully invited to a new place of residence: “Brownie! Brownie! Come with me!" The brownie was transferred with heat from the old oven on a bread shovel, with a pot of porridge, in an old bast shoes or felt boots. In the new house, “grandfather-neighbor” was already waiting for a treat: a loaf of salt, a pot of porridge, a cup of water or a honey drink.

They tried to take Dolya with them from the old house to the new one. It was believed that not only a person has a Share, but also a hut. The transfer of the Share was expressed in the fact that some “symbols of habitation” were transported from the former place to the new one: household statues of the Gods (in the Christian era - icons), hearth fire, house rubbish and even ... a basket of manure from a barn.

1. Formation of new knowledge.(Presentation).

? And what is a "hut"?

The word "izba" comes from the ancient "yzba", "iste", "hut", "source", "stove" (these synonyms have been used in ancient Russian chronicles since ancient times). Initially, this was the name of the heated part of the house with a stove.

In the XI - XII centuries. The hut consisted of two rooms: a living room and a vestibule.

In the XVI - XVII centuries. - mainly from three: "a hut and a cage and a canopy between them."

Let's go up to the red carved porch. It seems to invite you to enter the house. On it, the owners of the house greet dear guests with bread and salt, thus expressing hospitality and a wish for well-being. Passing through the canopy, you find yourself in the world of home life.

In a low room with a casement window

A lamp is lit in the dusk of the night:

A weak light will completely freeze,

It will pour over the walls with a trembling light.

The new light is cleanly tidied up:

In the darkness, the curtain of the windows turns white;

The floor is planed smoothly; even ceiling;

The breakup stove has become in a corner.

On the walls - laying with grandfather's good,

A narrow bench covered with a carpet,

Painted hoop with a sliding chair

And the bed is carved with a colored canopy.

L. May

The air in the hut is special, spicy, filled with aromas of dry herbs, spruce needles, baked dough.

Everything here, except for the stove, is wooden: the ceiling, smoothly hewn walls, benches attached to them, shelves - half-tops stretching along the walls just below the ceiling, shelves, a dining table standing by the window, simple household utensils. Unpainted wood radiates a soft muted golden color. His natural beauty was especially keenly felt by the peasant.

The inner world of the peasant house was filled with symbols, and its small space reflected the principle of the world. The ceiling is the sky, the floor is the earth, the underground is the underworld, the windows are the light.

Ceiling often decorated with symbols of the sun, walls - floral decoration.

A simple peasant house consisted of a large room, conditionally divided into two main centers - spiritual and material.

? What do you understand by the word material?

(Under material we understand the world of objects intended for our body, health, well-being).

In a peasant house, the source of all this was bake - nurse, protector from the cold, healer of the disease. It is no coincidence that the stove is a common character often found in Russian fairy tales. It is not for nothing that they say: "The oven is beautiful - miracles in the house."

? What fairy tales do you know that talk about the stove?

The stove takes care of the material needs of a person, so it personifies the material center of the house.

(textbook, p. 30)

Pay attention to the shape of the furnace and its individual details.

Well arranged in front of the mouth of the furnace sixth - a wide thick board on which pots, cast irons are placed. Near the mouth of the furnace, iron tongs stand at attention, with which they put pots into the furnace and take out pots, as well as a wooden tub of water. And at the very bottom, a dark spot marked the entrance to undercarriage , where shovels for baking bread, a poker were kept. It, according to the peasant, was the home of a brownie - the patron of the family.

On the side, the oven was closed with a wall or a box was attached in the form of a cabinet with doors - golbets . Often it was painted with bright colors, birds and animals were depicted on it.

The Russian stove is an amazing invention. What only "professions" she does not know.

The main one is to give people warmth. The stove occupied almost a quarter of the area of ​​​​the dwelling, heated for several hours, but, when heated, kept warm and heated the room for a whole day.

In the old days, the huts were heated in a black way - the stove did not have a pipe. Acrid smoke escaped through a hole in the roof or through windows under the ceiling. “Having not endured the bitterness of the smoky, you can’t see the heat,” they used to say in the old days. Although the walls and ceiling were covered with soot, this had to be put up with: a stove without a chimney was cheaper to build and required less wood.

Food was cooked in the oven: they baked bread and pies, cooked porridge, cabbage soup, beer, stewed meat, vegetables. In addition, mushrooms, berries, and fish were dried in the oven.

Bread was not baked in the Russian oven every day, but only once a week, because the peasant woman had no other opportunity. In addition, it was believed that freshly baked bread is "heavy" and harmful to the stomach.

Old people slept on the stove, the warmest place in the hut, and children slept on the flooring attached to the side - beds.

If the peasant did not have a bath, he used a Russian stove as a steam room. After the firebox, coals were removed from it, thoroughly swept and covered with straw. A lover of steam climbed into the oven feet first and lay down on the straw. If it was necessary to give steam, they sprinkled water on the red-hot vault. True, I had to wash myself in the hallway.

Hence - the unique design of the traditional Russian stove. In fact, it was a whole room with a high vault. The poor washed themselves in this way in the 19th century.

Babi kut - women's corner

? And who usually does housework, cooking in the house?

(woman)

Therefore, the part where the furnace stood was calledfemale half.

The corner opposite the mouth of the stove was the kitchen and was called "baby kut" ( kut - the old name of the corner). Everything needed for cooking was located here: a poker, a tong, a pomelo, a wooden shovel, a mortar with a pestle and a hand mill.
poker a woman was raking the ashes out of the oven. grip sent pots of food into the heat. IN mortar crushed the grain, peeling it from the husk, and with the help mills ground into flour. broomstick the hostess was sweeping the bottom of the stove, where shovel planted bread dough. In the woman's kuta, there were simple peasant dishes on the shelves: pots, ladles, cups, bowls, spoons.

red corner

In the front corner of the hut there was a red corner. He was also called among the people big, holy. It was the most honorable place - the spiritual center of the house. In the corner, on a special shelf, there were icons decorated with a woven embroidered towel, bunches of dry herbs, and a dining table stood nearby.

The red corner - a place of honor in the hut - was located obliquely from the stove. There were icons on a special shelf, and a lamp was lit.

The guest, entering the hut, first of all bowed to the images in the red corner. The most dear guests were put in the red corner, and during the wedding - the young ones. On ordinary days, the head of the family sat at the dinner table here.

male corner

From the door to the side wall a shop was set up - equestrian where the men did the chores. The vertical board often depicted a horse, hence the name. This place wasmale half.

Strengthened under the ceiling half-fingers with utensils, and wooden decks were arranged near the stove - suppose they slept on them.

children's corner

For a newborn, an elegant cradle was hung from the ceiling of the hut. Swaying gently, she lulled the baby to the melodious song of a peasant woman.

Interior decoration of the house

A significant place in the hut was occupied by wooden

loom - krosno, women wove on it. Its individual details were decorated with rosettes - signs of the sun, as well as images of horses.

The table was considered the main piece of furniture. He was in the red corner. Every day at lunchtime, the whole peasant family gathered at the table. The table was big enough for everyone to sit.

The difference between a bench and a bench is quite fundamental: the bench was motionlessly strengthened along the wall of the hut, and the bench was equipped with legs, it was moved.

A place on a bench was considered more prestigious than on a bench; the guest could judge the attitude of the hosts towards him, depending on where he was seated - on a bench or on a bench.

A vertical board was often carved from above in the shape of a horse's head - hence the name of the shop "konik", on which men usually did household chores.

Peasants kept their clothes in chests. The more wealth in the family, the more chests in the hut. They were made of wood, upholstered with iron strips for strength. Often the chests had ingenious mortise locks. If a girl grew up in a peasant family, then from an early age, a dowry was collected for her in a separate chest.

The chest was used to store food or grain. Placed most often in the passage.

Iridescent homespun rugs, or paths, stretched across the floor, which indeed, in their shape, resembled a road that creeps along the ground.

A simple peasant hut, but how much wisdom and meaning it absorbed into itself!

The interior of the hut is as high art as everything created by the talented Russian people.

1. Consolidation of knowledge.

? Why did people decorate the objects around them?

? Why do people need beauty?

1. Practical work.

Draw a fragment of the interior of the hut with the main objects, using the proposed schemes for depicting the interior space.

1. Work analysis.

Evaluation for work.

1. Homework.

1 difficulty level.

Pick up illustrations on the topic "Household items".

2 level of difficulty.

Visit grandparents in your village, collect interesting material about old household items and their use.

Municipal educational institution

secondary school №5 with. Edrovo

Research

"Interior of a peasant hut"

Category: ethnography

Completed by: Podzigun Olesya,

MOU secondary school No. 5 with. Edrovo

Supervisor

Deputy Director

With. Edrovo

1. Introduction ………………………………………………..3 page

2.. Research methodology …………………………………………4 page

3.. Main part: chapter I……………………………………………5 – 8 pages

chapter II………………………….pages

4. Research results……………………………..24 page

5. Conclusions ……………………………………………….25 page

6. Conclusion…………………………………………… page 26

7. Bibliographic review…………………………….....27 page

Introduction

Explanatory note

21 century. Age of high technology. For a person, modern equipment does almost everything. And two centuries ago, an ordinary person had to do everything himself: from making a simple spoon to building his own house. For eight years, our group, the Local History group, has been collecting unique items of Russian antiquity. There were more than a hundred exhibits. And we decided to decorate the interior of the peasant hut in order to preserve the cultural heritage of the village.

Create and explore the interior of a peasant hut

Tasks

Ø collect, analyze and systematize material about the interior of a peasant hut

Ø convey knowledge about the native village to various audiences through various media;

Ø expand the horizons of the students of my school.

Stages of research work

I Preparatory stage - planning, identifying the problem and the relevance of the chosen topic, defining goals and objectives.

II Practical stage - finding historical material. Photoshoot. Clarification and adjustment of the plan.

III Generalizing stage - systematization of materials, registration of work on a computer. Summarizing. Guided tours for various age groups. Publication of material on school and personal websites on the Internet.

Research methodology

I started doing this work 2 years ago and finished only by the end of the 1st quarter of this year.

In the 6th grade, I visited the Museum of Russian Architecture in Vitoslavlitsy. Peasant houses, the furnishings in the houses, sunk into my soul. I enrolled in the additional education group "Local History" under the guidance of Svetlana Ivanovna. This is the second year I have been the director of this museum, which I am very proud of. I really like to conduct a tour "Interior of a peasant hut." Preparing this excursion, I needed to study each subject, its purpose and functions. First of all, I made a plan, defined the goal and objectives. I thought about where and what literature I can find. Developing the topic, I talked with many residents of the village, interviewed them. Read the required books. I visited the Museum of the county town in the city of Valdai, went to the local history museum of the city of Vyshny Volochek.

To begin with, I went to our school and children's libraries. Studied literature. I had very little material. Armed with a digital camera, I photographed the most necessary interior exhibits in order to visualize them in action. I met with many villagers who told me about the purpose and functions of this or that object. I learned a lot from the excursions held at the Museum of the District City, located in the district center and in Vyshny Volochek. My mother helped me a lot, as she was a member of the Edrov choir. This team has performed more than once in the villages and villages of our Novgorod region. Their repertoire included many folk songs. Grandparents told them a lot about how they lived before what they did. I systematized, summarized and compiled all the collected material on a computer. I have already conducted 5 excursions at the school on the topic “Interior of a peasant hut”. I was pleasantly surprised that our guests from Finland were very interested in this exposition. It turned out that they still weave rugs themselves and sew blankets for those in need. With genuine delight they tried to rinse and iron clothes with the help of peasant items. I typed all the collected material on a computer and printed it out. The amount of material studied turned out to be much wider than I imagined. I have selected the most significant and necessary for work. Then I put everything in a folder.

Main part

Chapter I. Hut

The hut is the most common building of peasants. At first glance, the hut is the most ordinary building. The peasant, building his dwelling, tried to make it durable, warm, comfortable for life. However, it is impossible not to see the need for beauty inherent in the Russian people in the arrangement of the hut. Therefore, huts are not only monuments of everyday life, but also works of architecture and art. But the age of the hut is short-lived: a heated dwelling can rarely stand for more than 100 years. Residential buildings are rapidly decaying, the process of decay of wood is more active in them, therefore, basically, the oldest huts belong to the 19th century. But in connection with the appearance, and in the interiors of the huts, the features characteristic of buildings of the 15th - 17th centuries and earlier times are often preserved. The hut and other peasant buildings were usually cut by the peasants himself or hired by experienced carpenters. Going to build, the peasant cut down trees in late autumn or early spring. By this time, life in the tree stops, the last annual ring acquires a hard, outer shell, which protects the wood from destruction. Right in the forest or near the village they set up a frame, prepared in draft - without windows and doors, which was divided into three parts for drying. And in early spring it was transported to the village and collected. This work was usually carried out "help" ("push"). “Help” is a one-day social work in favor of one peasant family. The whole village and even the districts gathered for the construction. This ancient custom is mentioned in an old proverb: “Who called for help, he himself and go.” For all the "help" the peasant had to arrange a treat.

In the Valdai region, huts of the "Mstinsky" type are common, that is, high, as if two-story. The first floor - a sub-house, or basement, low and cold, was, as a rule, non-residential. Sauerkraut, salted mushrooms, honey and other food supplies, as well as property and various utensils were usually stored here. Each room has a separate entrance. Houses on high basements were built in ancient times. In the old days, villages were located along rivers and lakes, which overflowed their banks during floods. The residential part was upstairs - away from dampness and snowdrifts. In the Novgorod birch-bark letters, the basement is mentioned more than once. “Bow from Semyon to my daughter-in-law. If you don’t remember yourself, then keep in mind that you have rye malt, it lies in the basement ... ”; “Bow from Sidor to Gregory. What is in the cellar of venison, give it to the watchman in the church. An interesting architectural feature of the “Msta” type huts is a gallery, in the local “prikrolyok”. It seems to emphasize the division of the house into two floors. The purpose of the gallery is to protect the lower part of the log house from rain. It was possible to sit on a bench in the rabbit shelter in wet weather and on a hot day, to dry clothes in bad weather, to keep firewood dry. Galleries were a common element in ancient Russian architecture. In the villages of the Novgorod region, you can still see houses surrounded by galleries. The roof structure retained archaic features. “Chickens” or “kokshi” are cut into the legs - hooks made more often from young spruce trees with a processed rhizome. Streams are laid on the "hens" - water pipes. The tes is based on the flows, which is superimposed on the legs. The plank roof is pressed against the upper ridge slab with a heavy dug-out log - a frosty one, crowning the roof. Butt okhlupnya - a natural thickening at the rhizome of a tree, was often processed in the form of a variety of shapes. Often, village craftsmen gave it the shape of a horse's head. The custom of crowning the roof with the figure of a horse dates back to the pagan period. The horse is a faithful companion of the peasant - the farmer. Among the Slavs - pagans, he was a symbol of the radiant sun, happiness, wealth. The silhouette of the roof ends with a wooden pipe - a "chimney". An ornamental cut was made in it to let the smoke out, and on top it is covered with a gable roof. Roofs made "in the old days" are very picturesque, and most importantly durable - they "withstood any hurricanes.

The atmosphere of the hut corresponds to the way of life of a peasant hut. Everything here is extremely modest, strict and expedient. A large stove was heated "in a black way". In addition to it, all the equipment of the hut consists of furniture built into the log house. Benches stretch along three walls, resting on wide wooden legs - coasters. Above the benches under the ceiling, shelves are arranged - half-boards. They protected the bottom of the walls and benches from soot. Above the low doors are plank beds, on which children usually slept. The place near the stove - "baby kut" - is separated by a low board fence. All the main elements of the dwelling - beds, benches, shelves - have existed in Rus' since ancient times. Ancient inventories and scribe books mention them in the 16-17th centuries. Archaeological excavations have shown that the houses of ancient Novgorod had built-in furniture already in the 10th-11th centuries. The walls are of smoothly hewn logs. The corners are not completely hewn, but left round so that they do not freeze through in winter. There is a riddle among the people about round corners: “It’s horny on the street, but it’s smooth in the hut.” Indeed, on the outside the corners are chopped “into a cloud with a remainder” - “horned”, and carefully processed inside - smooth. The floor and ceiling are laid with plates: on the ceiling with slabs up, on the floor with slabs down. A massive beam runs across the hut - the “matitsa”, which serves as a support for the ceilings. In the hut, each place had a specific purpose. On the bench at the entrance, the owner worked and rested, opposite the entrance - a red, front bench, between them - a bench for spinning. On the shelves, the owner kept the tool, and the hostess kept yarn, spindles, needles, and so on. At night, the children climbed on the floor, while the adults were located on the benches, on the floor, the old people - on the stove. The beds were cleaned on the floor after the stove was heated and the soot was swept from them with a broom. In the red corner under the shrine is a place for a dining table. An elongated table top made of well-cut and fitted boards rests on massive turned legs that are mounted on skids. The runners made it easy to move the table around the hut. It was placed next to the oven, when bread was baked, and moved while washing the floor and walls. On the bench where the women spun, there were massive spinning wheels. Village craftsmen made them from a part of a tree with a rhizome, decorated with carvings. The local names for spinning wheels made from the root are “kopanki”, “kerenki”, “roots”. The huts, where the oven is on the left, and the benches, sitting on which it is convenient to spin “towards the light”, are to the right, were called “spins”. If the order was violated, the hut was called "unspun". In the old days, every peasant family had a box - bast chests with rounded corners. They kept family values, clothes, dowry. "A daughter in a cradle, a dowry in a box." On a flexible pole - an ochep - a bast cradle (unsteady) hangs under a homespun canopy. Usually a peasant woman, shaking the shank by the loop with her foot, did some work, spun, sewed, embroidered. There is a riddle among the people about such a shaky eye: “Without arms, without legs, but bows.” Closer to the window was placed a loom, Ii "krosna". Without this simple, but very wise adaptation, the life of a peasant family was unthinkable: after all, everyone, young and old, wore homespun clothes. Usually the loom was included in the dowry of the bride. In the evening, the huts were illuminated with a torch, which was inserted into the light set on a wooden base. The stove on a chopped wooden platform (“furnace”) goes out with its mouth to the window. On the protruding e part - the hearth - pots for porridge, cabbage soup and other simple peasant food are crowded. Next to the stove there is a cupboard for dishes. On long shelves along the walls there are pots for milk, clay and wooden bowls, salt shakers, etc. The peasant hut came to life very early. First of all, the "house", or "big woman", stood up - the owner's wife, if she was not yet old, or one of the daughters-in-law. She flooded the stove, opened wide the door and the smoker (smoke outlet). Smoke and cold lifted everyone. Small children were put on a pole to warm themselves. Acrid smoke filled the entire hut, crawled up, hung under the ceiling above human height. But now the stove is heated, the door and the smoker are closed - and it is warm in the hut. Everything is like in the ancient Russian proverb, known since the 8th century: “I couldn’t endure smoky sorrows, they didn’t see the heat.” "Black" stoves were installed in villages until the 19th century. From the 1860s, “white” stoves appeared, but mostly Novgorod villages switched to a firebox “in white” from the 80s of the last century, but at the beginning of the 20th century in the Novgorod province there were still smoked poor peasants’ huts. Black stoves were cheap, they burned little firewood, and smoked logs of houses were less subject to decay. This explains the longevity of chicken dwellings. Smoke, soot, cold during the heating of the stove caused a lot of trouble for the inhabitants of the house. Zemstvo doctors in the Novgorod province noted diseases of the eyes and lungs among residents of "black" huts. Domestic livestock - calves, lambs, piglets - were often placed in the cold in a peasant's hut. In winter, chickens were planted in the undergrowth. In the hut, in their free time from field work, the peasants were engaged in various crafts - weaving bast shoes, baskets, crumpling leather, sewing boots, harness, etc. Novgorod land was infertile. The family only had enough of its own bread until half of the winter, and it was bought with the proceeds from the sale of various products. Especially in the Novgorod forest region, woodworking was widespread. (“The forest side will feed not only one wolf, but also feed a peasant.”) Woodworkers bent arcs, cut out spoons and bowls, made sledges, carts, etc. Coopers made buckets, tubs, and gangs from spruce and oak staves. The proverb has long been known among the people: "If it were not for linden and birch bark, the peasant would crumble." She talks about the great popularity of these materials among the people. Purses, tuesas, baskets, bast shoes were used in the everyday life of any peasant family. Purses - shoulder boxes with lids and straps. They went downstairs for mowing and harvesting, into the forest for mushrooms and berries, they carried bread, fish and other products. And in bast baskets - wicker birch bark bodies - they kept everything - flour, grain, flaxseed, onions. Bulk products were stored in a bottle - shaped vessels. Shovelers - cases for wooden shovels or stone bars for sharpening braids.

The "white" hut is more colorful. The cupboard is painted with floral motifs. As usual, in the red corner under the goddess, decorated with an embroidered towel, there was a dining table. It has a traditional shape. The wide oak tabletop is unpainted, the rest of the details of the table are red or dark green, the underframe is painted with figures of animals and birds. The housewives were especially proud of chiseled, carved and painted spinning wheels, which were usually put in a prominent place: they served not only as a tool of labor, but also as a decoration for the home. The beds and the couch are covered with colored curtains made of linen checkered. At the windows there are curtains made of homespun muslin, window sills are decorated with geraniums dear to the peasant heart. The hut was especially carefully cleaned for the holidays: the women washed with sand and scraped white with large knives - "caesars" - the ceiling, walls, shelves, beds. The Russian peasant did not whitewash or paste over the walls - he did not hide the natural beauty of the tree.

Peasant interior items

The spinning wheel was a constant accessory of the life of a Russian woman - from youth to old age. A lot of heartfelt warmth has been invested in its artistic design. Very often the spinning wheel was made by the master for his bride. And then, not only skill and talent were invested in decorating this object, but also dreams of beauty, which youth is capable of.

According to the design, the spinning wheels can be divided into solid root ones, made entirely from the rhizome and the trunk of a tree, and composite ones - this is a comb with a bottom. We have collected 4 compound spinning wheels in the museum. End of the 19th century. Tree. The blade is rectangular, narrowing towards the bottom, with three semicircular protrusions at the top and two small earrings. In the center is a through hole.

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Particular attention was paid to the decoration of the table. Salt shaker has always occupied the central place on it. It was woven from birch bark or from roots, but more often it was cut from wood. They carved it in the form of a duck, because it was considered the patroness of the house, the family. On the tablecloth of the wedding table, the salt shaker - the duck was placed first.

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Blacksmithing was developed in ancient Rus'. The skill of rural blacksmiths often surpassed that of urban blacksmiths, because the village blacksmith was a generalist, while the urban one usually specialized in one area. What the Russian blacksmith did not have to forge: horseshoes, tongs, pokers and individual parts of household utensils.

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The simplest keys were made by blacksmith forging, followed by filing with a file. The lock and key occupied a special place in the ritual traditions of the Russian people. First of all, this concerned the wedding ceremony: leaving the church after the wedding, the young people stepped over the lock placed on the threshold, which was then closed so that “the marriage was strong”. The key to the castle was thrown into the river, as if reinforcing the indissolubility of family ties (by the way, the word “bonds” itself means “fetters”, “shackles”, “chains”, that is, what was usually fettered by a lock). keys and in folk subjects: “do not knock with keys, quarrel”; "keys on the table, to a quarrel." In Russian, there are a number of words with the root “key”: “key”, “oarlock”, “conclusion”, “turn on”, “spring water”. In addition, the key acts as an abstract symbol: “the key of knowledge”, “the musical key”, “the key to unraveling”, etc.

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The most revered place in the hut was the red (front, large, holy) corner in which the goddess was located. Everyone entering the hut took off his hat and was baptized three times. The place under the images was considered the most honorable. Peasant goddesses were a kind of home church. Pieces of incense, candles, prosvir, holy water, prayer books, family photographs, etc. were kept here. The goddesses were decorated with towels. During feasts and dances, the goddess was pulled with a curtain - a curtain, so that the gods would not be angry when they saw "worldly madness." For the same reason, in the hut they tried not to smoke and not to swear.

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For a long time, flax has been one of the main agricultural crops in the Novgorod land. The process of its processing was laborious and was performed exclusively by women. For this, manual, rather primitive devices were used; they were usually made by the peasants themselves. And more complex ones, such as self-spinning, were bought at bazaars or ordered from craftsmen. Ripe flax was pulled by hand (pulled), dried and threshed with rollers and flails. In order to remove substances that stick together fibers, threshed flax stalks were spread out in September-October for two or three weeks in a meadow or soaked in swamps, lowlands, pits, and then dried in a barn. Dried flax was crushed in flax mills to break the bonfire (hard base) from the fibers. Then the flax was freed from the fire with special wooden spatulas with a short handle and an elongated working part - ruffles. To straighten the fibers in one direction, they were combed with wooden combs, metal “brushes” or pig bristles, and sometimes they used the skin of a hedgehog - a silky tow with a soft sheen was obtained. Since November, flax has been spun by hand using spinning wheels and spindles.

Towels were widely used in wedding ceremonies. They twisted the arc and hung the back of the wedding cart. During the wedding, the bride and groom held an embroidered towel in their hands. A wedding loaf was covered with a towel. During the meeting of honored guests, bread and salt were brought to it. Our museum has a towel dated 1893. This is a handmade product: a towel was woven from grown flax, decorated with embroidery in the form of the letter “A”. It is not known for certain whether this is the name of the author of the work or the name of the person to whom the product was intended.

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From time immemorial, man has sought not only to surround himself with objects necessary in his life, but also to decorate them. The feeling of beauty is inseparable from the process of labor, it was born from the need for creativity, reflecting the spiritual culture of man. So from century to century, absorbing all the best that was created before, the national culture, the art of the Russian people took shape. It was in folk art that the national taste was most clearly manifested. In it, the people reflected their dreams of beauty, their hopes for happiness. Every peasant house is filled with works of truly great art, which itself very often was a wonderful monument of wooden architecture.

Many items made from the simplest and cheapest materials were decorated by folk artists with bright paintings and virtuoso carvings. They brought joy and beauty to life. For a long time people will admire the objects of folk art, and draw from its inexhaustible source of spiritual wealth created by the genius of the people.

It is in pre-Christian Rus' that one should look for the origins of the Russian spirit. It is there that the key to understanding the “mysterious and incomprehensible Russian soul” is located, which they have been trying in vain to unravel for many centuries.

Research results

The difficulty of the work was that all the information is historically old, this information is scattered, and there are only a few old-timers left. Research activity on studying the interior of the hut provided me with the opportunity to obtain the necessary knowledge on the history of my native land, I got acquainted with the historical and cultural heritage of the village. This work, I hope, will help the spiritual and moral education of the students of my school, instilling patriotism, love for their village, people, and the country as a whole.

Research activity contributed to the development of my personality, intelligence and creative abilities. I have an idea about the work of a guide and museum director.

I introduced the materials of the study to classmates and high school students of my school. I conduct school excursions “Interior of a peasant hut”.

conclusions

Summing up, draw conclusions.

Firstly, research activities on the study of the life of the peasants provided me with the opportunity to gain the necessary knowledge on the history of my native land. It contributed to the development of my individuality, intellect, and creative abilities. This was reflected in my attitude to the people of the village and to the village as a whole.

Secondly, I hope that this work will help the spiritual and moral education of the students of my school, instilling patriotism, love for their village, people, and the country as a whole.

Third. Now the students of our school do not need to go on an excursion to the Museum of Folk Architecture in Vitoslavlitsy.

B - fourth. This work has preserved the history of peasant life, folk art, customs and traditions of the village of Edrovo.

Fifthly, the implementation of this research work helped me consolidate my computer skills, I learned how to work with a digital camera, I created my own website at home, where I posted this material.

Sixthly, I acquired the skills of a guide.

Conclusion

Today we leave a lot in the past and forget that the historical destinies of the people of the past are the basis for educating the younger generation. A careful attitude to one's antiquity, to one's history makes a person more sincere. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the memory and respect for the work of our ancestors, their labor traditions, customs, respect for them. Nowadays, schoolchildren do not know well the history and culture of their people, native land, country. And over the years, she may even be forgotten. No wonder they say that a generation without a past is nothing. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the history of the native land, instilling love for it. This is one of the important means in preparing students for life, instilling in us, schoolchildren, the feeling of a master who knows and knows how to preserve the rich cultural traditions of his region.

Bibliographic overview

Gorodnya village - K .: Publishing house, 1955.

Isakov V. Top of Valdai - M.: Moskovsky Rabochiy, 1984.

Valdai - L .: Lenizdat, 1979.

Russian folk carving and painting on wood - L .: Lenizdat, 1980.

H. Our Novgorod land - L .: Lenizdat, 1981.

Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow - L .: Lenizdat, 1977.

Our Novgorod land - L.: Lenizdat, 1982.

AND. Yaroslav's court - N .: Editorial office of the newspaper Novgorodskaya Pravda, 1958.

Vologda region: unclaimed antiquity - M .: Publishing house, 1986.

To the homeland of the Valdai bells - N .: Publishing house, 1990.

. These sweet lands to the heart - L .: Lenizdat, 1987.