Chemical glassware and handling. Funnels for laboratory work

General purpose cookware

General purpose glassware includes those items that should always be in the laboratory and without which most work cannot be done.

Such utensils include: test tubes, funnels, chemical glasses, conical and round-bottom flasks, refrigerators, droppers, crystallizers, washers.

test tubes

Glass test tubes are a narrow cylindrical vessel with a round or conical bottom. Test tubes come in different shapes, sizes and diameters: simple, graduated, with taps, as well as centrifuge - conical. Simple test tubes (chemical) are produced with an expanded welt and without a welt (Fig. 2).

Round-bottom test tubes with polished stoppers are convenient for storing preparations and carrying out some work. Round-bottom tubes with a side outlet are designed for filtering small volumes of liquid under reduced pressure (Fig. 3).

Rules for handling test tubes. When performing work in test tubes, reagents should not be taken in large quantities. Typically, test tubes are filled to 1/8 - 1/4 of the volume. The mixing of liquids in a test tube is carried out as follows: the test tube is held with the right hand closer to the neck and lightly tapped against the palm of the left hand. If the tube is more than half full of liquid, the contents of the tube are mixed with a glass rod.

If it is necessary to heat the liquid in the test tube, then an alcohol lamp is used for this. The test tube is fixed in the holder, brought to the flame of an alcohol lamp and the entire surface of the vessel is heated to avoid cracks on the glass. After that, the contents of the test tube are slowly heated until gas bubbles appear. Then the test tube is held not in the flame of an alcohol lamp, but near it or above it; while the open end of the test tube should be facing away from the experimenter. Do not allow the liquid to boil in the test tube, this can lead to the ejection of the contents from it. When heating to a high temperature is not required, it is better to place the tubes in a glass of hot water.

Funnels for laboratory work

General-purpose glass funnels are laboratory, separating, dropping.

Laboratory funnels(Fig. 4), also called chemical or simple, have a conical shape with a cut off long end (cone angle 60 degrees).

Simple funnels are used for pouring liquids, for filtering with a pleated filter. Chemical funnel for bulk solids is designed to transfer solids into flasks or flasks. It differs from a conventional funnel in a wider outlet.

Work rules. When pouring liquids through the funnel, it should not be filled to the brim. When working with a funnel, make sure that there is a gap between the neck of the vessel and the funnel for air to escape from the flask. If the funnel fits snugly against the neck of the vessel, then transfusion will be difficult. In this case, it is recommended to place a strip of paper between the funnel and the neck of the vessel or to support the funnel with your left hand.

Separating funnels designed to separate immiscible liquids. They come in different shapes (cylindrical, conical, pear-shaped) and volume (from 50 ml to several liters) (Fig. 5).

All of them are equipped with a ground glass drain cock and a narrow stem for draining liquids. In a conical separating funnel, the interface between the liquids is better visible.

Rules for working with separating funnels. Before starting work, it is necessary to check the tightness of the funnel tap. To do this, pour a small amount of ether into the funnel. If the faucet "leaks", it is necessary to achieve its tightness. To do this, the drain valve is lubricated with sealing lubricants (for example, petroleum jelly) and attracted to the funnel body with a rubber ring. If at the same time liquid leaks through the funnel tap, then such a funnel is unsuitable for work and it should be replaced with another one.

During operation, small separating funnels are fixed in the foot of a metal tripod. Large funnels are placed between the rings of the laboratory stand, with the lower part of the funnel resting on a ring whose diameter is smaller than the diameter of the funnel, and the diameter of the upper ring should be slightly larger than the diameter of the funnel. To avoid cracking the glass, the foot or ring of the tripod should be wrapped with asbestos cord or put on a rubber tube.

When filling the separating funnel, the volume of liquids should not exceed 2/3 of the volume of the funnel.

To separate liquids, place a flask or beaker under the separating funnel and open the drain cock. As the interface approaches, the valve is gradually closed so that the liquid drains slowly. At the moment when the last drops of the lower layer are completely in the glass (flask), the tap is quickly closed.

Thus, the top layer of liquid remains in the funnel and can be collected in a separate vessel.

Dropping funnels differ from separating funnels in that they are lighter, thin-walled and equipped with a longer stem (Fig. 6).

It is intended for pouring liquid into the reaction vessel in small portions or drop by drop. Thanks to the long narrow stem, it is easy to observe the flow rate of the liquid.

Chemical glasses

Chemical glasses(Fig. 7) are thin-walled cylinders made of refractory or chemically resistant glass of various capacities with and without a spout. Glasses are used as auxiliary vessels or for simple operations where wide-mouthed utensils are required. Liquids can be heated in chemical beakers. However, it is impossible to heat on a naked flame or on an electric stove with an open spiral - this will cause them to burst. Heating should be carried out through an asbestos mesh or in a water bath.

flasks

In laboratory work, flasks are round-bottomed, conical, flat-bottomed, pear-shaped, sharp-bottomed, with interchangeable sections and without them, of various capacities. Most types of flasks have a general laboratory purpose.

Glass used for the manufacture of flasks can be ordinary, chemically resistant, heat-resistant. Flasks made of special glass have a distinctive sign in the form of an inscription or a colored strip on the walls or necks. Flasks of domestic production have distinctive signs in the form of the following inscriptions:

– ХС1 – chemically resistant class 1;

– ХС2 – chemically resistant class 2;

– ХС3 – chemically resistant class 3;

– ТХС1 – thermally and chemically resistant class 1;

– ТХС2 – thermally and chemically resistant class 2;

- TS - thermally resistant (not more than 250 0 С).

Foreign-made glass most often has the following distinguishing marks: a red longitudinal stripe (refractory glass), a blue stripe or a blue mark (quartz glass is refractory and not very sensitive to temperature changes), a brown stripe or a brown mark (highly resistant).

Flasks made of heat-resistant glass can be heated to high temperatures (more than 200 0 C). Flasks made of chemically resistant glass can hold aggressive liquids and heat up to 200 0 C.

Flat-bottomed round flasks are made in different sizes with and without cuts on the necks. These flasks are intended for the simplest operations at atmospheric pressure and for the storage of liquids (Fig. 8).

Flat-bottomed conical flasks (Erlenmeyer)(Fig. 9) come in different volumes, narrow-necked and wide-mouthed with and without thin sections, are used for chemical operations and are especially convenient for analytical studies (for example, during titration).

Flat-bottom flasks should not be used for work at high temperatures and under reduced pressure.

Round bottom flasks(Fig. 10) are used for heating and distillation of liquids. Round bottom flasks withstand pressure drops well, so they are used in vacuum water work.

Round-bottom flasks with several necks (Fig. 10) are used for distillation under vacuum and in installations requiring the use of several devices: a refrigerator, a thermometer, a stirrer, an addition funnel.

Wurtz flasks- flasks for distillation. They are round-bottomed flasks with a long neck, from which a drain tube extends at an angle (Fig. 11). When working, the Wurtz flask is fixed in a foot on a tripod.

The distillation liquid is poured into a flask, at the bottom of which several boiling waters are thrown (they can be small pieces of porcelain), which are necessary for uniform boiling of the liquid. A rubber stopper with a thermometer is tightly inserted into the neck of the flask. With its help, the boiling point of the distilled liquid is controlled. The outlet tube, through which the vapors of the liquid must be removed from the flask, is connected to the refrigerator. The condensed vapors from the refrigerator are collected in a clean flask. So, by distillation, liquid mixtures are separated or they are cleaned of impurities.

Do not do it fill the ball of the flask with liquid more than 3/4 of the volume of the flask in order to avoid transferring the liquid during boiling into the outlet tube.

Desiccators

Desiccators(Fig. 12) are used for drying and storing substances that easily absorb moisture from the air. Desiccators are thick-walled vessels with a ground-in lid. Such a cover well isolates the contents of the desiccator from the surrounding air. For better sealing of the desiccator, the ground parts are lubricated with petroleum jelly or other lubricant. There are two types of desiccators: conventional (without a tap) and vacuum (with a tap). A cup with a drying agent is placed in the lower part of the desiccator, a porcelain insert is placed above it. The substance to be dried is placed on the tab and left for a while. Thus, the substance is dried at room temperature. To open the desiccator, you do not need to lift the lid, but first slide it to the side, after which it can be easily removed. The desiccator is closed as follows: a lid is placed on the edge of the vessel, and then, holding it parallel to the surface of the desiccator, it is pushed with a sliding motion until it is completely aligned with the desiccator. Vacuum desiccators are used to speed up the drying process. The desiccator tap is connected to a vacuum pump and a reduced pressure is created inside the vessel. The branch of the tap is disconnected from the pump and the tap is closed. The reduced pressure created inside the vessel significantly speeds up the drying process.

The vacuum desiccator must be aired very carefully. The inlet cock must be turned slowly and the lid only lifted a few minutes after the cock is ajar:

The following moisture absorbers are most often used as drying agents in desiccators:

1) calcined calcium chloride;

2) concentrated sulfuric acid. The acid is changed when it darkens;

3) silica gel and aluminum oxide (Si0 2 and Al 2 O 3). Anhydrous silica gel and alumina are blue, but when moisture is absorbed, they become pink. After calcination, they can be reused;

4) phosphoric anhydride (phosphorus (V) oxide) is a strong hygroscopic substance. It is changed when it starts to blur.

Chemical glassware used in laboratories can be divided into a number of groups. According to the purpose, the dishes can be divided into general-purpose, special-purpose and measured dishes. According to the material - for dishes made of plain glass, special glass, quartz.

To the group. general purpose items include those items that should always be in laboratories and without which most work cannot be carried out. These are: test tubes, simple and separating funnels, glasses, flat-bottomed flasks, crystallizers, conical flasks (Erlenmeyer), Bunsen flasks, refrigerators, retorts, flasks for distilled water, tees, taps.

The special purpose group includes those items that are used for any one purpose, for example: the Kipp apparatus, the Sok-rally apparatus, the Kjeldahl apparatus, reflux flasks, Wulff flasks, Tishchenko flasks, pycnometers, hydrometers, Drexel flasks, Kali apparatus , carbon dioxide tester, round bottom flasks, special refrigerators, molecular weight tester, melting and boiling point testers, etc.

Volumetric utensils include: graduated cylinders and beakers, pipettes, burettes and volumetric flasks.

To get started, we suggest watching the following video, where the main types of chemical glassware are briefly and easily considered.

see also:

General purpose cookware

Test tubes (Fig. 18) are narrow cylindrical vessels with a rounded bottom; they come in different sizes and diameters and from different glass. Ordinary "laboratory test tubes are made of fusible glass, but for special work, when heating to high temperatures is required, test tubes are made of refractory glass or quartz.

In addition to ordinary, simple test tubes, graduated and centrifuge conical test tubes are also used.

Test tubes in use are stored in special wooden, plastic or metal racks (Fig. 19).

Rice. 18. Plain and graduated tubes

Rice. 20. Adding powdered substances to the test tube.

Test tubes are used mainly for analytical or microchemical work. When carrying out reactions in a test tube, reagents should not be used in too large quantities. It is absolutely unacceptable that the test tube be filled to the brim.

The reaction is carried out with small amounts of substances; 1/4 or even 1/8 of the capacity of the test tube is sufficient. Sometimes it is necessary to introduce a solid substance (powders, crystals, etc.) into a test tube; for this, a strip of paper with a width slightly less than the diameter of the test tube is folded twice in length and the required amount of solid substance is poured into the resulting scoop. The tube is held in the left hand, tilted horizontally, and the scoop is inserted into it almost to the bottom (Fig. 20). Then the test tube is placed vertically, but also lightly hit on it. When all the solid has poured out, the paper scoop is removed.

To mix the poured reagents, hold the test tube with the thumb and forefinger of the left hand at the upper end and support it with the middle finger, and with the index finger of the right hand, strike the bottom of the test tube with an oblique blow. This is enough for the contents to be well mixed. It is absolutely unacceptable to close the test tube with your finger and shake it in this form; in this case, you can not only introduce something foreign into the liquid in the test tube, but sometimes damage the skin of your finger, get burned, etc. If the test tube is more than half full of liquid, the contents are mixed with a glass rod.

If the tube needs to be heated, it should be clamped in the holder. When the test tube is ineptly and strongly heated, the liquid quickly boils up and splashes out of it, so you need to heat it carefully. When bubbles begin to appear, the test tube should be set aside and, holding it not in the flame of the burner, but near it or above it, continue heating with hot air. When heated, the open end of the test tube should be turned away from the worker and from the neighbors on the table.

When strong heating is not required, it is better to lower the test tube with the heated liquid into hot water. If you work with small test tubes (for semi-microanalysis), then they are heated only in hot water poured into a glass beaker of the appropriate size (capacity not more than 100 ml).

Funnels serve for transfusion - liquids, for filtering, etc. Chemical funnels are produced in various sizes, their upper diameter is 35, 55, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mm. Ordinary funnels have a smooth inner wall, but funnels with a ribbed inner surface are sometimes used for accelerated filtration. Filter funnels always have a 60° angle and a cut long end.

During operation, the funnels are installed either in a special stand or in a ring on a conventional laboratory stand (Fig. 21).

For filtering into a glass, it is useful to make a simple holder for a funnel (Fig. 22). To do this, a strip of 70-80 lsh long and 20 mm wide is cut out of sheet aluminum with a thickness of about 2 mm. A hole with a diameter of 12-13 mm is drilled at one of the ends of the strip and the strip is bent as shown in Fig. 22, a. How to fix the funnel on the glass is shown in fig. 22b. When pouring liquid into a bottle or flask, do not fill the funnel to the brim.

If the funnel is tightly attached to the neck of the vessel into which the liquid is poured, then the transfusion is difficult, since increased pressure is created inside the vessel. Therefore, the funnel needs to be raised from time to time. It is even better to make a gap between the funnel and the neck of the vessel by inserting, for example, a piece of paper between them. In this case, you need to make sure that the gasket does not get into the vessel. It is more expedient to use a wire triangle, which you can do yourself. This triangle is placed on the neck of the vessel and then the funnel is inserted.

There are special rubber or plastic nozzles on the neck of the dishes, which provide communication between the inside of the flask and the outside atmosphere (Fig. 23).

Rice. 21. Strengthening the glass chemical funnel

Rice. 22. Device for mounting the funnel on a glass, in a tripod.

For analytical work when filtering, it is better to use analytical funnels (Fig. 24). The peculiarity of these funnels is that they have an elongated cut end, the inner diameter of which is smaller in the upper part than in the lower part; this design speeds up the filtering.

In addition, there are analytical funnels with a ribbed inner surface that supports the filter, and with a spherical expansion at the point where the funnel passes into the tube. Funnels of this design speed up the filtration process by almost three times compared to conventional funnels.

Rice. 23. Nozzles for bottle necks. Rice. 24. Analytical funnel.

Separating funnels(Fig. 25) is used to separate immiscible liquids (for example, water and oil). They are either cylindrical or pear-shaped and in most cases fitted with a ground glass stopper. At the top of the outlet tube is a ground glass stopcock. The capacity of separating funnels is different (from 50 ml to several liters), depending on the capacity, the wall thickness also changes. The smaller the capacity of the funnel, the thinner its walls, and vice versa.

During operation, separating funnels, depending on the capacity and shape, are strengthened in different ways. Cylindrical funnel of small capacity can be fixed simply in the foot. Large funnels are placed between two rings. The lower part of the cylindrical funnel should rest on a ring, the diameter of which is slightly smaller than the diameter of the funnel, the upper ring has a slightly larger diameter. If the funnel oscillates, a cork plate should be placed between the ring and the funnel.

The pear-shaped separating funnel is fixed on the ring, its neck is clamped with a foot. The funnel is always fixed first, and only then the liquids to be separated are poured into it.

Dropping funnels (Fig. 26) differ from separating funnels in that they are lighter, thin-walled and

Rice. 25. Separating funnels. rice. 26. Drip funnels.

In most cases with a long end. These funnels are used in many works, when a substance is added to the reaction mass in small portions or drop by drop. Therefore, they usually form part of the instrument. Funnels are fixed in the neck of the flask on a thin section or with a cork or rubber stopper.

Each laboratory needs chemical glassware, which can be divided into a number of groups.

According to the purpose, the dishes can be divided into general-purpose, special-purpose and measured dishes. According to the material - for dishes made of plain glass, special glass, quartz.

The general purpose group includes those items that should always be in the laboratory and without which most work cannot be done. . These are: test tubes, simple and separating funnels, glasses, flat-bottomed flasks.

Test tubes are narrow cylindrical vessels with a rounded bottom. They come in different sizes and diameters and from different glass. Conventional laboratory test tubes are made of fusible glass.

In addition to ordinary, simple test tubes, graduated tubes are also used in accordance with Figure 3 and centrifuge conical tubes in accordance with Figure 4.

Figure 3 - Graduated tubes

Figure 4 - Centrifuge tubes

Test tubes are used mainly for analytical or microchemical work.

The separating funnel according to Figure 5 is used to separate immiscible liquids.

Separating funnels according to Figure 5 are used to separate immiscible liquids (eg water and oil). They are either cylindrical or pear-shaped and in most cases fitted with a ground glass stopper.

Figure 5 - Separating funnel

The laboratory funnel is designed for pouring and filtering liquids in accordance with Figure 6. Chemical funnels are available in various sizes, their upper diameter is 35, 55, 70, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 mm.

Figure 6 - Laboratory funnel

The group of special purpose includes those items that are used for one purpose. These are: Kipp's apparatus, hydrometers, round-bottom flasks, allonges, Wurtz flasks.

Round-bottom flask - a glass vessel with a round or flat bottom, usually with a narrow long neck in accordance with Figure 7, is made from ordinary and special glass.

Figure 7 - Round bottom flask

Round bottom flasks come in a variety of capacities.

Distillation flasks are used for the distillation of liquids, such as the Wurtz flask according to Figure 8.

Figure 8 - Wurtz flask

Allonge - curved glass tubes used in distillation for connection, refrigerator with receiver and other works in accordance with Figure 9.

Figure 9 - Allonge

Laboratory glassware with normal sections.

Devices, parts of which are connected on thin sections, as ground connections are very reliable and provide complete tightness of the device.

With normal sections, various flasks with a capacity of 10 to 1000 ml, washers, nozzles, refrigerators, dephlegmators, separating and dropping funnels, transitional sections, stoppers, various laboratory instruments and parts for them are produced.

measuring utensils

The utensils used in laboratories for measuring volumes of liquids and preparing solutions of the required concentration, which are used, for example, in volumetric analysis, are called volumetric utensils in accordance with Figure 10.

Figure 10 - Measuring utensils

A group of fine-ceramic products, characterized by a sintered, impervious to water and gases, white shard, is called porcelain utensils.

China

Porcelain tableware has a number of advantages over glassware: it is more durable, is not afraid of strong heat, hot liquids can be poured into it without fear for the integrity of the dishes, etc. The disadvantage of porcelain products is that they are heavy, opaque and much more expensive glass.

Consider the most commonly used porcelain utensils in laboratories: glasses, evaporating cups, mortars, crucibles, Buchner funnel.

Evaporating dishes are widely used in laboratories. They come in a wide variety of containers, with a diameter of 3-4 to 50 cm and more.

Mortars are used to grind solids.

Various substances are calcined in crucibles, organic compounds are burned when determining the ash content, etc. Porcelain crucibles can be heated to a temperature not exceeding 1200 ° C in accordance with Figure 11.

Figure 11 - Porcelain dishes

Highly refractory cookware

In cases where heating to a temperature exceeding 1200 ° C is required, crucibles made of highly refractory materials should be used, which include: quartz, graphite, fireclay, the so-called Hessian clay, oxides of many metals.

Fireclay crucibles have a triangular top, as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12 - Fireclay crucibles

quartz utensils

Depending on the source materials and their degree of purity, quartz products are: 1) opaque, with a rough, silky or smooth surface; 2) transparent, similar to glass.

Quartz utensils can be safely heated on the naked flame of a burner and immediately cooled, for example, by lowering the heated vessel into cold water. In this case, the vessel does not burst.

Quartz products can be heated to a temperature of 1200C even under vacuum, and they are not deformed, since quartz melts in the range of 1600-1700°C.

Quartz is used to make: flasks of all kinds, test tubes, glasses, evaporating cups, crucibles, etc.

metal equipment

A variety of metal equipment, mainly steel, is widely used in laboratories.

Tripods are used to fix all kinds of devices on them.

Grips. Instead of crucible tongs, it is often more convenient to use grips, the dimensions of which are adjusted to the dimensions of the crucibles used in the laboratory in accordance with Figure 13. The grips can be made of stainless steel or nickel. For large steel crucibles, grips can be made from brass or bronze wire, preferably nickel or chrome.

Crucible tongs are used to grip crucible lids in accordance with Figure 14. They are usually made of iron and nickel plated.

Figure 13 - Grip Figure 14 - Crucible tongs

Tweezers are used to pick up small objects in accordance with Figure 15. For example, tweezers should be used when working with metallic sodium, when working with a weight so as not to touch it with your hands, and in many other cases.

Figure 15 - Laboratory tweezers

Test tube holders are metal and wooden in accordance with Figure 16. Holders are used when heating test tubes.

Figure 16 - Holders for test tubes

Mortars of metal, found in some laboratories, are in most cases copper or brass, in accordance with Figure 17. Cast iron ones are less common, as they are less durable. In metal mortars, only those substances that do not act on the metal of the mortar can be ground.

Figure 17 - Metal laboratory mortar

Laboratory tools

In laboratory practice, you often have to use some of the simplest tools: scissors, knives, a hammer, pliers and wire cutters, files (triangular files are needed for cutting glass tubes and sticks, for stripping corks and other work; round files are used for drilling holes in corks), screwdrivers , wrenches, vise, pliers, steel brush (for cleaning metal objects), wire.

Funnel- device for transfusion of liquids.

• More complex types of funnels are used in industry and in laboratory technology for filtration, liquid separation, and other purposes.

The simplest funnel

The funnel is a very ancient device. Once funnels were made of wood, birch bark, baked clay.

In the Middle Ages, funnels began to be made from glass, porcelain and metal, from tin, and brass.

Since the end of the 20th century, funnels made of various plastics, mainly polyethylene and polypropylene, have become widespread.

Laboratory funnels

In laboratory practice, several types of "funnel" are used, some of which do not look at all like a simple funnel.

Buechner funnel

Designed for vacuum filtration, traditionally made most often from porcelain, less often from metal or plastics. The upper part of the funnel, into which liquid is poured, is separated by a porous or perforated partition from the lower part, to which a vacuum is applied. A removable layer of filter material can be applied to the partition - filter paper, cotton wool, track filter, etc. material.

Separating funnel

Designed for separating immiscible liquids due to the difference in their density. This is a vessel, usually glass, having a tube with a tap in the lower part for lowering heavier liquids.

drain funnel

Element of the drainage system, a structural part in the form of a conical socket, installed at the upper end of the downpipe. Designed to collect rain and melt water before it enters the downpipe.

The drain funnel must be made of acid-resistant (stainless) steel AISI 316, not subject to corrosion and resistant to ultraviolet radiation. Drainage funnels made of acid-resistant (stainless) steel can be used in a wide temperature range from -50 °C to +100 °C.

see also

Write a review on the article "Funnel"

Links

• (English)

An excerpt characterizing the Funnel

Preparation of moonshine and alcohol for personal use
absolutely legal!

After the demise of the USSR, the new government stopped the fight against moonshine. Criminal liability and fines were abolished, and an article prohibiting the production of alcohol-containing products at home was removed from the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. To this day, there is not a single law that prohibits you and me from engaging in our favorite hobby - making alcohol at home. This is evidenced by the Federal Law of July 8, 1999 No. 143-FZ “On the administrative responsibility of legal entities (organizations) and individual entrepreneurs for offenses in the field of production and circulation of ethyl alcohol, alcoholic and alcohol-containing products” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1999, No. 28 , item 3476).

Excerpt from the Federal Law of the Russian Federation:

"The effect of this Federal Law does not apply to the activities of citizens (individuals) who do not produce products containing ethyl alcohol for the purpose of marketing."

Moonshine in other countries:

In Kazakhstan in accordance with the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan On Administrative Offenses dated January 30, 2001 N 155, the following liability is provided. Thus, according to article 335 “Manufacture and sale of home-made alcoholic beverages”, illegal production for the purpose of selling moonshine, chacha, mulberry vodka, mash and other alcoholic beverages, as well as the sale of these alcoholic beverages, entails a fine in the amount of thirty monthly calculation indices with confiscation of alcoholic beverages , apparatus, raw materials and equipment for their manufacture, as well as money and other valuables received from their sale. However, the law does not prohibit the preparation of alcohol for personal purposes.

In Ukraine and Belarus things are different. Articles No. 176 and No. 177 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of Ukraine provide for the imposition of fines in the amount of three to ten tax-free minimum wages for the manufacture and storage of moonshine without the purpose of sale, for the storage without the purpose of sale of apparatus * for its production.

Article 12.43 repeats this information practically word for word. “Production or purchase of strong alcoholic beverages (moonshine), semi-finished products for their production (mash), storage of devices for their production” in the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses. Paragraph No. 1 states: “Production by individuals of strong alcoholic beverages (moonshine), semi-finished products for their manufacture (mash), as well as storage of devices * used for their manufacture - entails a warning or a fine of up to five basic units with confiscation of the indicated drinks, semi-finished products and devices.

* It is still possible to purchase moonshine stills for home use, since their second purpose is to distill water and obtain components for natural cosmetics and perfumes.