Frederik Stendhal short biography. The life and creative path of Stendhal. What movement in literature does the writer Frederic Stendhal belong to?

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✪ Documentary films - The Hunt for Happiness, or Stendhal's Orc Love

✪ Stendhal, Bombe

✪ Stendhal: “The insignificance of literature is a symptom of the state of civilization”

✪ Stendhal "Red and Black". Brief summary of the novel.

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Biography

early years

Henri Bayle (pseudonym Stendhal) was born on January 23 in Grenoble in the family of lawyer Chérubin Bayle. Henrietta Bayle, the writer's mother, died when the boy was seven years old. Therefore, his aunt Seraphi and his father were involved in his upbringing. Little Henri did not have a good relationship with them. Only his grandfather Henri Gagnon treated the boy warmly and attentively. Later in his autobiography “The Life of Henri Brulard” Stendhal recalled: “I was entirely brought up by my dear grandfather, Henri Gagnon. This rare person once made a pilgrimage to Ferney to see Voltaire, and was wonderfully received by him...” Henri Gagnon was a fan of the Enlightenment and introduced Stendhal to the works of Voltaire, Diderot and Helvetius. From then on, Stendhal developed an aversion to clericalism. Due to Henri's childhood encounter with the Jesuit Ryan, who forced him to read the Bible, he had a lifelong horror and mistrust of clergy.

While studying at the Grenoble central school, Henri followed the development of the revolution, although he hardly understood its importance. He studied at school for only three years, mastering, by his own admission, only Latin. In addition, he was interested in mathematics, logic, studied philosophy, and studied art history.

In 1802, gradually becoming disillusioned with Napoleon, he resigned and lived for the next three years in Paris, educating himself, studying philosophy, literature and English. As follows from the diaries of that time, the future Stendhal dreamed of a career as a playwright, a “new Moliere.” Having fallen in love with the actress Mélanie Loison, the young man followed her to Marseille. In 1805 he returned to serve in the army again, but this time as a quartermaster. As an officer in the quartermaster service of the Napoleonic army, Henri visited Italy, Germany, and Austria. During his hikes, he found time to think and wrote notes about painting and music. He filled thick notebooks with his notes. Some of these notebooks were lost while crossing the Berezina.

Literary activity

After the fall of Napoleon, the future writer, who had a negative perception of the Restoration and the Bourbons, resigned and left for seven years in Italy, in Milan. It was here that he prepared for publication and wrote his first books: “Biographies of Haydn, Mozart and Metastasio” (), “History of Painting in Italy” (), “Rome, Naples and Florence in 1817”. Large chunks of the text of these books are borrowed from the works of other authors.

Having procured himself a long vacation, Stendhal spent a fruitful three years in Paris from 1836 to 1839. During this time, “Notes of a Tourist” (published in 1838) and the last novel “The Abode of Parma” were written. (Stendhal, if he did not come up with the word “tourism,” was the first to introduce it into wide circulation). The attention of the general reading public to the figure of Stendhal in 1840 was attracted by one of the most popular French novelists, Balzac, in his “Etude on Bayle”. Shortly before his death, the diplomatic department granted the writer a new leave of absence, allowing him to return to Paris for the last time.

In recent years, the writer was in a very serious condition: the disease progressed. In his diary, he wrote that he was taking medications and potassium iodide for treatment, and that at times he was so weak that he could hardly hold a pen, and therefore was forced to dictate texts. Mercury medications are known to have many side effects. The assumption that Stendhal died of syphilis does not have sufficient evidence. In the 19th century, there was no relevant diagnosis of this disease (for example, gonorrhea was considered the initial stage of the disease, there were no microbiological, histological, cytological and other studies) - on the one hand. On the other hand, a number of figures of European culture were considered to have died from syphilis - Heine, Beethoven, Turgenev and many others. In the second half of the 20th century, this point of view was revised. For example, Heinrich Heine is now considered to have suffered from one of the rare neurological ailments (more precisely, a rare form of one of the ailments).

On March 23, 1842, Stendhal, having lost consciousness, fell right on the street and died a few hours later. Death most likely occurred from a recurrent stroke. Two years earlier, he suffered his first stroke, which was accompanied by severe neurological symptoms, including aphasia.

In his will, the writer asked to write on the gravestone (done in Italian):

Arrigo Bayle
Milanese

Wrote. I loved. Lived

Works

Fiction constitutes a small fraction of what Bayle wrote and published. To earn his living, at the dawn of his literary career, he in great haste “created biographies, treatises, memories, memoirs, travel sketches, articles, even original “guides” and wrote much more books of this kind than novels or short story collections” ( D. V. Zatonsky).

His travel essays “Rome, Naples et Florence” (“Rome, Naples and Florence”; 3rd ed.) and “Promenades dans Rome” (“Walks around Rome”, 2 vols.) were popular with travelers throughout the 19th century for Italy (although the main estimates from the standpoint of today's science seem hopelessly outdated). Stendhal also owns “The History of Painting in Italy” (vols. 1-2;), “Notes of a Tourist” (fr. "Mémoires d'un touriste", vol. 1-2), the famous treatise “On Love” (published in).

Novels and stories

The first novel - “Armance” (French “Armance”, vol. 1-3) - about a girl from Russia who receives the inheritance of a repressed Decembrist, was not successful.
"Vanina Vanini" (fr. "Vanina Vanini",) - a story about the fatal love of an aristocrat and a carbonari, filmed in 1961 by Roberto Rossellini
“Red and black” (fr. "Le Rouge et le Noir"; 2 t., ; 6 hours, ; Russian translation by A. N. Pleshcheev in “Domestic Notes”, ) - the most important work of Stendhal, the first career novel in European literature; was highly praised by major writers, including Pushkin and Balzac, but was not initially successful with the general public.
In the adventure novel “Parma Abode” ( "La Chartreuse de Parme"; 2 volumes -) Stendhal gives a fascinating description of court intrigues at a small Italian court; The Ruritanian tradition of European literature dates back to this work.

Unfinished works of art

The novel “Red and White”, or “Lucien Leuven” (fr. "Lucien Leuwen", - , published).
The autobiographical story “The Life of Henri Brulard” (French) was also published posthumously. "Vie de Henry Brulard", , ed. ) and “Memoirs of an Egotist” (fr. "Souvenirs d'égotisme", , ed. ), unfinished novel “Lamielle” (fr. "Lamiel", - , ed. , completely) and “Excessive favor is destructive” (, ed. -).

Italian stories

Editions

The complete works of Bayle in 18 volumes (Paris, -), as well as two volumes of his correspondence (), were published by Prosper Mérimée.
Collection Op. edited by A. A. Smirnova and B. G. Reizov, vol. 1-15, Leningrad - Moscow, 1933-1950.
Collection Op. in 15 vols. General ed. and entry Art. B. G. Reizova, t. 1-15, Moscow, 1959.
Stendhal (Bayle A. M.). Moscow during the first two days of the French entry into it in 1812. (From Stendhal’s diary)/Message. V. Gorlenko, note. P. I. Barteneva // Russian Archive, 1891. - Book. 2. - Issue. 8. - P. 490-495.

Characteristics of creativity

Stendhal expressed his aesthetic credo in the articles “Racine and Shakespeare” (1822, 1825) and “Walter Scott and the Princess of Cleves” (1830). In the first of them, he interprets romanticism not as a specific historical phenomenon inherent in the beginning of the 19th century, but as a revolt of innovators of any era against the conventions of the previous period. The standard of romanticism for Stendhal is Shakespeare, who “teaches movement, variability, the unpredictable complexity of worldview.” In the second article, he abandons Walter Scott’s tendency to describe “the clothes of the heroes, the landscape among which they are located, their facial features.” According to the writer, it is much more productive in the tradition of Madame de Lafayette to “describe the passions and various feelings that excite their souls.”

Like other romantics, Stendhal longed for strong feelings, but could not close his eyes to the triumph of philistinism that followed the overthrow of Napoleon. The age of Napoleonic marshals - figures in their own way as bright and integral as the condottieres of the Renaissance - was replaced by "loss of personality, drying out of character, disintegration of the individual." Just as other French writers of the 19th century sought an antidote to vulgar everyday life in a romantic escape to the East, to Africa, less often to Corsica or Spain, Stendhal created for himself an idealized image of Italy as a world that, in his view, retained direct historical continuity with the Renaissance, dear to his heart.

Meaning and influence

At the time when Stendhal formulated his aesthetic views, European prose was entirely under the spell of Walter Scott. Progressive writers preferred a slow-paced narrative with extensive exposition and lengthy descriptions designed to immerse the reader in the environment where the action takes place. Stendhal's moving, dynamic prose was ahead of its time. He himself predicted that it would be appreciated no earlier than 1880

fr. Marie-Henri Beyle; pseudonym Stendhal (Stendhal)

French writer, one of the founders of the psychological novel

Stendhal

short biography

Frederic Stendhal- literary pseudonym of Henri Marie Bayle, a famous French writer, one of the founders of the genre of psychological novel, one of the most outstanding writers of France of the 19th century. During his lifetime, he gained fame less as a writer of fiction and more as a writer of books telling about Italian sights. Born on January 23, 1783 in Grenoble. His father, a wealthy lawyer who lost his wife early (Henri Marie was 7 years old), did not pay enough attention to raising his son.

As a pupil of Abbot Ralyan, Stendhal became imbued with antipathy towards religion and the church. Passion for the works of Holbach, Diderot and other enlightenment philosophers, as well as the First French Revolution, had a huge impact on the formation of Stendhal's views. For the rest of his life, he remained faithful to revolutionary ideals and defended them as resolutely as none of his fellow writers who lived in the 19th century did.

For three years, Henri studied at the Central School of Grenoble, and in 1799 he left for Paris, intending to become a student at the Ecole Polytechnique. However, Napoleon's coup made such a strong impression on him that he enlisted in the active army. Young Henri found himself in the Italian North, and this country remained forever in his heart. In 1802, filled with disappointment in Napoleon's policies, he resigned, settled for three years in Paris, read a lot, becoming a regular at literary salons and theaters, while dreaming of a career as a playwright. In 1805 he again found himself in the army, but this time as a quartermaster. Accompanying troops on military campaigns until 1814, he, in particular, took part in the battles of Napoleonic army in Russia in 1812.

Having a negative attitude towards the return of the monarchy in the person of the Bourbons, Stendhal resigned after the defeat of Napoleon and moved to Italian Milan for seven years, where his first books appeared: “The Life of Haydn, Mozart and Metastasio” (published in 1817), as well as research “Rome, Naples and Florence” and the two-volume “History of Painting in Italy”.

The persecution of the Carbonari that began in the country in 1820 forced Stendhal to return to France, but rumors about his “suspicious” connections served him badly, forcing him to behave extremely carefully. Stendhal collaborates with English magazines without signing the publication with his name. A number of works appeared in Paris, in particular, the treatise “Racine and Shakespeare” published in 1823, which became the manifesto of the French romantics. These years in his biography were quite difficult. The writer was filled with pessimism, his financial situation depended on occasional earnings, and he wrote a will more than once during this time.

When the July Monarchy was established in France, in 1830 Stendhal had the opportunity to enter the civil service. King Louis appointed him consul to Trieste, but unreliability allowed him to take this position only in Civita Vecchia. For him, who had an atheistic worldview, sympathized with revolutionary ideas, and composed works imbued with the spirit of protest, it was equally difficult for him to live in both France and Italy.

From 1836 to 1839, Stendhal was in Paris on a long vacation, during which his last famous novel, “The Abode of Parma,” was written. During his next vacation, this time short, he came to Paris for literally a few days, and there he suffered a stroke. This happened in the fall of 1841, and on March 22, 1842 he died. The last years of his life were overshadowed by a difficult physical condition, weakness, and inability to work fully: this is how syphilis manifested itself, which Stendhal contracted in his youth. Unable to write himself and dictating texts, Henri Marie Bayle continued to compose until his death.

Biography from Wikipedia

Marie-Henri Bayle(French Marie-Henri Beyle; January 23, 1783, Grenoble - March 23, 1842, Paris) - French writer, one of the founders of the psychological novel. He appeared in print under various pseudonyms and published his most important works under the name Stendhal (Stendhal). During his lifetime he was known not so much as a fiction writer, but as the author of books about the sights of Italy.

early years

Henri Bayle (pseudonym Stendhal) was born on January 23, 1783 in Grenoble in the family of lawyer Chérubin Bayle. Henrietta Bayle, the writer's mother, died when the boy was seven years old. Therefore, his aunt Seraphi and his father were involved in his upbringing. Little Henri did not have a good relationship with them. Only his grandfather Henri Gagnon treated the boy warmly and attentively. Later in his autobiography “The Life of Henri Brulard” Stendhal recalled: “I was entirely brought up by my dear grandfather, Henri Gagnon. This rare person once made a pilgrimage to Ferney to see Voltaire, and was wonderfully received by him...” Henri Gagnon was an admirer of the Enlightenment and introduced Stendhal to the works of Voltaire, Diderot and Helvetius. From then on, Stendhal developed an aversion to clericalism. Because of Henri's childhood encounter with the Jesuit Ryan, who forced him to read the Bible, he had a lifelong horror and mistrust of clergy.

In 1799, Henri went to Paris with the intention of entering the Ecole Polytechnique. But instead, inspired by Napoleon's coup, he enlists in the active army. He was enlisted as a sub-lieutenant in a dragoon regiment. Influential relatives from the Daru family secured an assignment for Bayle to the north of Italy, and the young man fell in love with this country forever. The historian of Freemasonry A. Mellor believes that “Stendhal’s Freemasonry did not become widely known, although he belonged to the order for some time.”

In 1802, gradually becoming disillusioned with Napoleon, he resigned and lived for the next three years in Paris, educating himself, studying philosophy, literature and English. As follows from the diaries of that time, the future Stendhal dreamed of a career as a playwright, a “new Moliere.” Having fallen in love with actress Melanie Loison, the young man followed her to Marseille. In 1805 he returned to serve in the army again, but this time as a quartermaster. As an officer in the quartermaster service of the Napoleonic army, Henri visited Italy, Germany, and Austria. During his hikes, he found time to think and wrote notes about painting and music. He filled thick notebooks with his notes. Some of these notebooks were lost while crossing the Berezina.

In 1812, Henri took part in Napoleon's Russian campaign. I visited Orsha, Smolensk, Vyazma, and witnessed the Battle of Borodino. He saw Moscow burn, although he had no actual combat experience.

Literary activity

After the fall of Napoleon, the future writer, who had a negative perception of the Restoration and the Bourbons, resigned and went to Italy, to Milan, for seven years. It was here that he prepared for publication and wrote his first books: “The Lives of Haydn, Mozart and Metastasio” (1815), “The History of Painting in Italy” (1817), “Rome, Naples and Florence in 1817.” Large chunks of the text of these books are borrowed from the works of other authors.

Claiming the laurels of the new Winckelmann, Henri Beyle adopts the name of this author’s hometown as his main pseudonym. In Italy, Henri becomes close to the Republicans - the Carbonari. Here he experienced a hopeless love for Matilda Viscontini, the wife of the Polish general J. Dembowski, who died early, but forever left a mark on his heart.

In 1820, persecution of the Carbonari began in Italy, including Stendhal's friends, forcing him to return to his homeland two years later. He later conveyed his disgust for the reactionary Austrian regime, which established its dominance in northern Italy, on the pages of the novel “The Parma Monastery.” Paris met the writer unfriendly, since rumors about his dubious Italian acquaintances reached here, he had to be very careful. He publishes in English magazines without signing his articles. Only a hundred years later was the author of these articles identified. In 1822, he published the book “About Love” in Various Historical Epochs. In 1823, the manifesto of French romanticism, the treatise “Racine and Shakespeare,” was published in Paris.

In the 1920s, Stendhal gained a reputation in literary salons as a tireless and witty debater. In those same years, he created several works that testify to his movement towards realism. Publishes his first novel “Armans” (1827), the story “Vanina Vanini” (1829). In the same 1829, he was offered to create a guide to Rome, he responded, and so the book “Walks in Rome” appeared, which is a story of French travelers about a trip to Italy. In 1830, the novel “Red and Black” was published, based on an incident that the author read about in the crime section of a newspaper. These years were quite difficult in the life of a writer who did not have a regular income. He drew pistols in the margins of his manuscripts and wrote numerous wills.

Late period

After the establishment of the July Monarchy in France on July 28, 1830, Stendhal entered public service. He was appointed French consul in Trieste and then to Civitavecchia, where he would serve as consul until his death. In this port town, the Parisian was bored and lonely; the bureaucratic routine left little time for literary pursuits. To unwind, he often traveled to Rome. In 1832 he began writing “Memoirs of an Egotist,” and 2 years later he began writing the novel “Lucien Levene,” which he later abandoned. From 1835 to 1836, he was passionate about writing the autobiographical novel “The Life of Henri Brulard.”

Having procured himself a long vacation, Stendhal spent a fruitful three years in Paris from 1836 to 1839. During this time, “Notes of a Tourist” (published in 1838) and the last novel “The Parma Abode” were written. (Stendhal, if he did not come up with the word “tourism,” was the first to introduce it into wide circulation). The attention of the general reading public to the figure of Stendhal was attracted in 1840 by one of the most popular French novelists, Balzac, in his “Etude on Bayle”. Shortly before his death, the diplomatic department granted the writer a new leave of absence, allowing him to return to Paris for the last time.

In recent years, the writer was in a very serious condition: the disease progressed. In his diary, he wrote that he was taking mercury and potassium iodide for treatment, and that at times he was so weak that he could hardly hold a pen, and therefore was forced to dictate texts. Mercury medications are known to have many side effects. The assumption that Stendhal died of syphilis does not have sufficient evidence. In the 19th century, there was no relevant diagnosis of this disease (for example, gonorrhea was considered the initial stage of the disease, there were no microbiological, histological, cytological and other studies) - on the one hand. On the other hand, a number of figures of European culture were considered to have died from syphilis - Heine, Beethoven, Turgenev and many others. In the second half of the 20th century, this point of view was revised. For example, Heinrich Heine is now considered to have suffered from one of the rare neurological ailments (more precisely, a rare form of one of the ailments).

On March 23, 1842, Stendhal, having lost consciousness, fell right on the street and died a few hours later. Death most likely occurred from a second stroke. Two years earlier, he suffered his first stroke, which was accompanied by severe neurological symptoms, including aphasia.

Stendhal was buried in the Montmartre cemetery.

In his will, the writer asked to write on the gravestone (done in Italian):

Arrigo Bayle
Milanese
Wrote. I loved. Lived

Works

His travel essays “Rome, Naples et Florence” (“Rome, Naples and Florence”; 1818; 3rd ed. 1826) and “Promenades dans Rome” (“Walks in Rome”, 2nd vol. 1829) were used throughout the 19th century success among those traveling in Italy (although the main assessments from the standpoint of today's science seem hopelessly outdated). Stendhal also owns “The History of Painting in Italy” (vols. 1-2; 1817), “Notes of a Tourist” (French “Mémoires d"un touriste”, vols. 1-2, 1838), the famous treatise “On Love” ( published in 1822).

Novels and stories

The first novel - "Armance" (French "Armance", vols. 1-3, 1827) - about a girl from Russia who receives the inheritance of a repressed Decembrist, was not successful.
“Vanina Vanini” (French “Vanina Vanini”, 1829) - a story about the fatal love of an aristocrat and a carbonari, filmed in 1961 by Roberto Rossellini
“Red and Black” (French “Le Rouge et le Noir”; 2 volumes, 1830; 6 hours, 1831; Russian translation by A. N. Pleshcheev in “Notes of the Fatherland”, 1874) - the most important work of Stendhal, the first in European literature novel career; was highly praised by major writers, including Pushkin and Balzac, but was not initially successful among the general public.
In the adventure novel “The Parma Monastery” ( "La Chartreuse de Parme"; 2 vols. 1839-1846) Stendhal gives a fascinating description of court intrigues at a small Italian court; The Ruritanian tradition of European literature dates back to this work.

Unfinished works of art

The novel “Red and White”, or “Lucien Leuwen” (French “Lucien Leuwen”, 1834-1836, published 1929).
The autobiographical stories “The Life of Henri Brulard” (French “Vie de Henry Brulard”, 1835, published 1890) and “Memoirs of an Egotist” (French “Souvenirs d"égotisme”, 1832, published 1892), an unfinished novel, were also published posthumously “Lamiel” (French “Lamiel”, 1839-1842, published 1889, completely 1928) and “Excessive favor is destructive” (1839, published 1912-1913).

Italian stories

While sorting through the archives of the Papal State of the Renaissance, Stendhal discovered many romantic stories that in the 1830s. prepared for publication under the title “Italian Chronicles” (French “Chroniques italiennes”). A separate publication of these stories followed in 1855.

Editions

The complete works of Bayle in 18 volumes (Paris, 1855-1856), as well as two volumes of his correspondence (1857), were published by Prosper Mérimée.
Collection Op. edited by A. A. Smirnova and B. G. Reizov, vol. 1-15, Leningrad - Moscow, 1933-1950.
Collection Op. in 15 vols. General ed. and entry Art. B. G. Reizova, t. 1-15, Moscow, 1959.
Stendhal (Bayle A.M.). Moscow in the first two days of the French entry into it in 1812. (From Stendhal's diary) / Message. V. Gorlenko, note. P. I. Barteneva // Russian Archive, 1891. - Book. 2. - Issue. 8. - pp. 490-495.

Characteristics of creativity

Frederic Stendhal is the literary pseudonym of Henri Marie Beyle, a famous French writer who is one of the founders of the psychological novel genre and one of the most prominent writers in France in the 19th century. During his lifetime, he gained fame less as a writer of fiction and more as a writer of books telling about Italian sights. Born on January 23, 1783 in Grenoble.

His father, a wealthy lawyer who lost his wife early (Henri Marie was 7 years old), did not pay enough attention to raising his son.

not”, a combination of socio-political and psychological aspects. Sharp criticism of the Restoration regime

Goal: to familiarize students with the work of the French writer Stendhal using the example of his novel “Red and Black”; deepen schoolchildren’s knowledge of French literature of the 19th century, the concept of “social and psychological prose”; develop the ability to prepare a message on a given topic, work with additional literature, skills in analyzing a prose work, images of a work, translation, creative abilities of schoolchildren, coherent speech, logical thinking; contribute to the development of reading horizons.

Equipment: textbook; portrait of a writer; exhibition of works; text* of the novel “Red and Black” in translation Yes. Starinkevich (or a friend of the teacher’s choice).

The novel is a mirror that is carried along the high road;

it reflects both puddles and heavenly blues, both the low and the sublime.

Stendhal

Man does not live on earth to become rich, but to become happy.

Stendhal

I. UPDATED STUDENTS’ BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

1. Conversation.

What caused the transition from romanticism to realism in the mid-19th century?

Give an interpretation of the term “realism”.

Define the main features of realism as a literary and artistic movement.

In which country does realism acquire classical forms?

What objective factors influenced the development of realism?

II. ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE TOPIC, PURPOSE AND EPIGRAPH OF THE LESSON

III. APPLICATION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE BY STUDENTS, FORMATION OF ABILITIES AND SKILLS

1. The teacher's word.

“Always work for the 20th century,” was the opinion expressed by the French writer Stendhal in 1802. This dream thought can be considered the key to understanding the main direction of the writer’s work. All his life he tried to keep up with the times, establishing moral values that would meet the spiritual needs of future generations. Stendhal, as a realist writer and thinker, boldly exposes the vices of the bourgeois world.

The problem of man and society is the focus of the great writer. Together with O. de Balzac, Stendhal lays the foundations of critical realism in French literature. The innovative nature of Stendhal's aesthetics was the reason that the French writer was not recognized during his lifetime. His novels went almost unnoticed by critics. Only a few outstanding writers gave a proper assessment of Stendhal's work. Among them are Goethe, Byron, Balzac, Flaubert.

2. Message from a prepared student.

The life and creative path of Stendhal

The real name of the writer Stendhal is Henri Marie Bayle. He was born on January 23, 1783 in Grenoble, in the south of France. His childhood was joyless. In his lyrical confession “The Life of Henri Brulard” he wrote: “Two evil geniuses took up arms against my poor childhood - Aunt Sophie and my father.”

The father, Chérubin Bayle, lawyer of the local parliament, holder of the Legion of Honor and assistant to the mayor of Grenoble, was a man greedy for money, cunning, royalist in spirit. Henri did not like his father, for whom the spiritual interests of his son were alien. Over the years, the estrangement between them grew, turning into hatred. Aunt Sophie turned out to be a prude and a religious fanatic.

His mother, Henrietta Gagnon, a charming young and educated woman, became addicted to Dante, reading him in the original, and died when the boy was seven years old. This loss was etched in his heart for the rest of his life.

The boy's real friend and educator was his maternal grandfather Henri Gagnon, Doctor of Medicine. An ardent admirer of Voltaire, whom he saw during his pilgrimage to Ferney, the grandfather passed on his love of literature and science to his grandson, and instilled the cult of Horace, Sophocles, and Euripides. My grandfather introduced me to the works of Henri Ariosto, in particular to “The Furious Roland,” which played a big role in shaping the young man’s character. His uncle, Romain Gagnon, young, witty and frivolous, opened the unknown world of art to Henri, taking him to the theater to see "Cid".

Henri studied at the Central School of Grenoble. There the guy first found himself among his peers. Henri studied well, even received awards, including in literature. But his education was not limited to school. He learned to play the violin, clarinet, and took singing lessons. And mathematics became his real passion. “I loved and now still love mathematics for its own sake, because it does not allow hypocrisy and obscurity - two properties that are most disgusting to me,” Stendhal wrote. He wanted to enter the Polytechnic School, but then changed his mind because he lost interest in mathematics. The young man was seized by a new dream - to live in Paris and write comedies.

A decisive turn in Stendhal's life occurred in 1800. His relative Count Daru, at that time the senior secretary of the War Ministry, and later Napoleon's minister and secretary of state, gave Henri a job in the ministry's office. But Stendhal showed no ability for clerical work and did not do it for long. After some time, he joined Napoleonic army, in which he served for more than two years.

In 1802, Stendhal left the army and returned to Paris. He has many plans, but they remain unfulfilled. In addition, material deprivation caused suffering. In search of income, Stendhal leaves for Milan and gets a job at a trading company. And trade did not satisfy him, he returned to Paris and in 1806 again entered military service. Stendhal took part in Napoleon's Moscow campaign, survived the Russian cold and the panicky retreat of the French. His attitude towards Napoleon gradually changes, and rejection of the tyranny and despotism of the French emperor appears. He sees the reason for his fall in the fact that Napoleon betrayed the revolution.

Stendhal resigns and leaves for Italy, where he lives for about seven years. It was here that his first book, “Letters Written in Austrian Vienna about the Famous Composer Haydn,” was published in 1814 under the pseudonym Louis-Alexandre-César Bombes. In Italy, Stendhal travels to cities, studies Italian culture, and maintains contacts with the Carbonari. Later, the writer would pay tribute to the heroic participants in this movement, creating images of the Carbonari by Pietro Missirilli in “Vanina Vanini”, Ferrante Palla in “The Parma Monastery”, and Count Altamira in “The Red and the Black”.

In 1821, Stendhal returned to Paris and immersed himself in literary work. In 1827 his first novel, Armans, was published.

In 1830, Stendhal again went into administrative service, having received the appointment of the French consul in Trieste. But the Austrian government refused to approve it, and Stendhal became consul in the small seaside town of Civita Veck. In his free time from official duties, Stendhal is engaged in literary activities. Masterpieces appear from his pen one after another: “Vanina Vanini”,

“Red and Black”, “Lucien Levene” (“Red and White”), “The Parma Monastery”, “Italian Chronicles”, “Notes of a Tourist”, etc. In addition, Stendhal writes many literary works on art (“History of Italian Painting”, “Racine and Shakespeare”, “A Walk in Rome”, “Musico, my only love!”) and books about Napoleon.

In 1836, Stendhal took a coveted long-term vacation to Paris. Living in Paris for three years, he travels throughout France, and also visits Spain, England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 1839, the writer returned to Civita Vecchi, where he continued to work on his works. Stendhal had many creative plans. He wrote: “... In the literary field, I still see many things that stand before me. The work that I If I put it together, it would be enough for ten lives.” But the artist did not know that he had very little time left to live and most of his plans were not destined to come true.

On March 22, 1842, Stendhal, who was in Paris, lost consciousness in front of the door of the Foreign Ministry and died of a stroke that night. Together with Colomb and Merimee, he was escorted to the Montmartre cemetery by Alexander Turgenev, who five years earlier had accompanied the body of the murdered Pushkin to the Holy Mountains. O. de Balzac wrote in those days: “France and its literature have lost one of the extraordinary people of our time.” On the monument above the grave, the writer bequeathed to write the simple words “Lived. I loved. Suffered,” in which he wanted to reflect all the conflicts of his life.

And the day after the burial, a message appeared in all French newspapers that “the little-known German poet Friedrich Stendhal” was buried in the Montmartre cemetery. This was the last joke of fate.

In his literary biography, The Life of Henri Blew, written in 1835, Stendhal noted: “As for me, I take a ticket in the lottery with the main prize: to have readers in 1935.” Life has shown that the writer’s wildest dreams have come true. More than two hundred years have passed since his birth, and the writer’s living voice still sounds passionately and youthfully today, exciting the hearts of readers.

3. Working with the second epigraph of the lesson.

Expressively read the words of Stendhal, which serve as the second epigraph of the lesson.

Think about whether it is possible to determine from these words what was most important to the writer. (We can say so. After all, Stendhal spent his whole life striving for happiness, although he did not always have it.)

4. Message from a prepared student.

The history of the creation of the novel “Red and Black”

The plot of this novel was suggested by the chronicle of a trial read by Stendhal in the Judicial Gazette. Young Antoine Berthe, a teacher of children in a provincial noble family, becomes their mother's lover. In a fit of jealousy, he makes an attempt on her life, attempts to commit suicide and dies on the guillotine.

Literary scholars believe that the novel may have another source. This is a court report on the case of Lafargue, a cabinetmaker who came from a petty-bourgeois environment. Lafargue loved his craft, was interested in philosophy and literature, and was modest, but self-loving and proud. One frivolous girl made him her lover and then abandoned him. Offended and tormented by jealousy, Lafargue decided to kill the girl, and he himself made an unsuccessful attempt to commit suicide.

Of course, these two people cannot be identified with the main character of the novel, Julien Sorel. Stendhal, starting from both prototypes, found in the facts of the judicial chronicle the source of a grandiose artistic and philosophical generalization about the nature of modern society.

5. Working with the first epigraph of the lesson.

Expressively read the words of the first epigraph, taken from the text of the novel “Red and Black”.

Think about what symbolic meaning the word “mirror” might have in this statement? (The word “mirror” in this phrase may be synonymous with the concept of “realism.” But we note that Stendhal never blindly copied reality, but reflected its typical phenomena.)

What did the “mirror” of the novel “Red and Black” reflect? (Personal life of the hero and social reality.)

6. Problematic issues. Working with a subtitle and epigraphs for a novel.

It is known that the novel has the subtitle “Chronicle of the 19th Century.” Think about why the author chose this subtitle? (The novel takes place during the Restoration period (1814-1830). At this time, the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Louis XVIII was proclaimed, subject to his taking an oath of allegiance to the constitution drawn up by the Senate, which was distinguished by the fact that it was more liberal in comparison from Napoleonic. The literature of this era is aimed at analyzing society. Note that both romantics and realists were engaged in “poetic justice.” The work not only deeply reveals the inner world of the main character Julien Sorel, but also depicts a wide panorama of the then reality, connections and contradictions, which exist between all layers of society - the provincial nobility, the ancient metropolitan aristocracy, the bourgeoisie and church ministers.)

7. Assignments for students.

Describe the provincial nobles of the town of Verrieres. (These are poorly educated, rude, mercantile, unprincipled philistines, indifferent to everything that cannot give profit, ranks or crosses, hating any manifestations of thought, to what contradicts their ideas about life.)

8. Conversation.

What role do you think the epigraph plays in the novel? (The epigraph of the novel is Danton’s words: “The truth, the harsh truth.” They emphasize the accusatory meaning of the work.)

Give an interpretation of the epigraph to the first chapter of the novel. (“Gather thousands of people together - it seems to be not bad. But in a cage they will not be happy.” This phrase is quite symbolic. The cage is the conventions of life. As is known from the content of the novel, each of the heroes is in his own cage (the conventions of the province, the seminary , capital) and must obey them. Any slightest disobedience has tragic consequences.)

Think about the role epigraphs play in each chapter of the novel. Support your opinion with specific examples. (Each chapter of the novel has an epigraph, which quite subtly sets the reader up for the events that will be described in it.)

9. Creative task.

Find out what is unique about the composition of the novel. (The novel has a circular composition. The action begins in Vera and ends there. Note that the circle in which the work takes place narrows at the end of the novel and ends with the death of the hero. The scenes in prison are the climax of the novel.)

Analyze the artistic world of the work. (The action of the work takes place in Verrieres (the house of Mr. de Renal, the life of the town), Besançon (seminary), Paris (the house of the Marquis de La Mole), Verrieres (prison). The ideological and artistic fabric of the work is based on the relationship of two plans - development events in which the characters of the novel are participants, and the internal action, movement of thoughts and feelings of the main character, Julien Sorel.)

What is the peculiarity of the depiction of the landscape in the work? (The novel begins with a magnificent landscape, which in Stendhal is functional. Signs of the times are destroying the beauty of this region. The stream rushing from the mountains sets in motion a large number of sawmills, in addition, a nail factory, owned by the mayor, reigns over everything.)

IV. CONSOLIDATING KNOWLEDGE, ABILITIES AND SKILLS OF STUDENTS

1. Final conversation.

What is Stendhal's real name?

Name the main works of the writer.

What is your impression of the novel "Red and Black"?

What events formed the basis of the novel “Red and Black”?

What is the composition of the novel?

Name the heroes of the novel.

What social groups are depicted in the work?

V. SUMMARY OF THE LESSON

VI. HOMEWORK

Match quotes to the image of Julien Sorel.

Individual task. Prepare a report on the film adaptation of the novel Red and Black."

Years of life: from 01/23/1783 to 03/23/1842

Unrecognized during his lifetime, the greatest French writer of the 19th century, author of the novels “The Red and the Black”, “The Parma Monastery”, “Lucien Leuven”.

Real name: Henri-Marie Bayle.

Born in Grenoble (France) in the family of a wealthy lawyer Chérubin Bayle. His grandfather was a doctor and public figure, and like most of the French intelligentsia of that time, he was keen on the ideas of the Enlightenment and was an admirer of Voltaire. Stendhal's father was fond of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. But the family's views changed significantly with the beginning of the revolution, the family had a fortune and the deepening of the revolution frightened it. Stendhal's father was even forced to go into hiding.

The writer's mother, Henrietta Bayle, died early. At first, Serafi’s aunt and his father were involved in raising the boy, but since his relationship with his father did not work out, his upbringing was left to the Catholic abbot Ralyan. This led Stendhal to hate both the church and religion. Secretly from his teacher, under the influence of the views of his grandfather Henri Gagnon, the only relative who treated Henri with kindness, he began to become acquainted with the works of enlightenment philosophers (Cabanis, Diderot, Holbach). The impressions he received during his childhood from the First French Revolution shaped the worldview of the future writer. He retained his affection for revolutionary ideals throughout his life.

In 1797, Stendhal entered the Central School in Grenoble, the purpose of which was to introduce public education in the republic instead of religious education, and provide the younger generation with knowledge of the ideology of the bourgeois state. Here Henri became interested in mathematics.

At the end of the course he was sent to Paris to join the Ecole Polytechnique, but he never got there, joining Napoleon's army in 1800, in which he served for more than two years, and then returned to Paris in 1802 with the dream of becoming a writer.

Having lived in Paris for three years, studying philosophy, literature and English, Stendhal returned to serve in the army in 1805, with which he entered Berlin in 1806, and Vienna in 1809. In 1812, Stendhal, of his own free will, took part in Napoleon’s campaign in Russia. He flees from Moscow along with the remnants of the army to France, preserving the memories of the heroism of the Russian people, which they showed in defending their homeland and resisting French troops.

In 1814, after the fall of Napoleon and the capture of Paris by Russian troops, Stendhal traveled to Italy and settled in Milan, where he lived almost continuously for seven years. Life in Italy left a deep mark on Stendhal’s work, playing a large role in shaping the writer’s views. He enthusiastically studies Italian art, painting, and music. Italy inspired him for a number of works, and he wrote his first books - “The History of Painting in Italy”, “Walks in Rome”, the short story “Italian Chronicle”. Finally, Italy gave him the plot of one of his greatest novels, “The Parma Monastery,” which he wrote in 52 days.

One of his early works is the psychological treatise “On Love,” which was based on his unrequited love for Matilda, Countess Dembowski, whom he met while living in Milan and who died early, leaving a mark on the writer’s memory.

In Italy, Henri becomes close to the Carbonari Republicans, which is why he is watched with suspicion. Not feeling safe in Milan, Stendhal returned to France, where he wrote unsigned articles for English magazines. In 1830, after entering the civil service, Stendhal became consul in the papal estates in Civita Vecchia.

In the same year, the novel “Red and Black” was published, which became the pinnacle of the writer’s work. In 1834, Stendhal began writing the novel Lucien-Leven, which remained unfinished.

In 1841 he suffered his first stroke of apoplexy. Stendhal, unrecognized by his contemporaries, died in 1842 after a second stroke of apoplexy, during his next visit to Paris. The coffin with the body was accompanied to the cemetery by only three of his close friends.

On the tombstone, as he requested, were carved the words: “Henri Bayle. Milanese. Lived, wrote, loved.”

Information about the works:

Stendhal is the name of the German city in which the famous 18th century German art critic Winckelmann was born.

Bibliography

Novels:
- Armans (1827)
- (1830)
- (1835) - unfinished
- (1839)
- Lamiel (1839–1842) - unfinished

Novels:
- Rose et le Vert (1837) - unfinished
- Mina de Vanghel (1830)
- (1837–1839) - includes the short stories “Vanina Vanini”, “Vittoria Accoramboni”, “The Cenci Family”, “Duchess de Paliano”, etc.