What is a particle? What is a particle? Basic semantic particles

The class of particles combines constant service (non-significant) words, which:

• express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: incentive, subjunctiveness, convention, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
• participate in expressing the purpose of the message (interrogativeness), as well as in expressing affirmation or negation;
• characterize an action or state by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.

The listed functions of particles are grouped:

• in the function of shaping
• as a function of the various communicative characteristics of the message.

What all these functions have in common is that in all cases they contain

• meaning of attitude,
• the relationship (relatedness) of an action, state or whole message to reality,
• the speaker's relationship to what is being communicated,

Moreover, both of these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.

The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relationship that it expresses in a sentence.

Particle discharges [ | ]

In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:

1. formative (subjunctive) particles(let it, let it happen, let it happen, yes, let it happen):
   • word forms;
   • forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
2. negative particles(no, no, not at all, far from, not at all, not at all);
3. particles characterizing a sign(action or state) by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;
4. modal particles:
   • interrogative particles(whether, really, really);
   • demonstrative particles(here, there);
   • clarifying particles(exactly, just, directly, exactly);
   • excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost, solely);
   • exclamation particles(what for, how);
   • enhancing particles(even, not, after all, after all, that’s all);
   • relaxation of the requirement-ka ( give it, pour it)-That (the milk has run out); the word -с is also used for these purposes (surcharge-s), derived from the abbreviated address “sir”;
   • doubt(hardly, hardly);
   • incentive particles(let, let, come on (those)).

It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in negative, interrogative particles that characterize the action in its course or effectiveness in replica particles.

Classification of particles by origin[ | ]

Antiderivatives [ | ]

The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, which in modern language do not have living word-formation connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.

Non-primeval[ | ]

All other particles are not primitive.

Classification of particles by composition[ | ]

Simple [ | ]

Particles consisting of one word are called simple. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, display living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: , good, more, more, literally, it happens, it happened, it was, as if, in fact, in (simple), at all, over there, here, it seems, everything, everything, where, look, yes (not as part of the command form), give (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, also, know, and, or, precisely, how, which, where, okay, whether, better, in no way (simple, question), nothing, nothing, but, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, perhaps, decisively, evenly, itself, rather , as if, completely, thank you (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, only, exactly, at least, what, purely (simple), that, so that, ek, this.

As already said, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meaning to varying degrees

• adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, yet, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, absolutely, so, there, good),
• pronominal words (everything, everything, which, it, most, yourself, you, what, this),
• verbs (it happens, happened, was, come on, give, look, know,
• unions (and, fortunately, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, precisely, at least, that, so that, to),
• comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: He would rather die than agree; He would rather have a vacation!),
• prepositions (like: Is someone calling?),
• interjections (ek, thank you: It’s so hot! You can’t find a place for them. Thank you, I took a little nap in the cellar. N. Uspensky).

Sometimes in the same word the proximity and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particle and pronoun, particles and interjections are so close that opposing such meanings to each other as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be unlawful, and the word must qualify as “particle-conjunction”, “particle-adverb”, “particle-pronoun”, etc.;

Composite [ | ]

Particles formed from two (less often more) words:

• two particles
• particles and unions,
• particles and prepositions,
• particles and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.

Compound particles can be indivisible - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or disjunctive: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished: these are several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in the modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.

Dismemberable [ | ]

Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Dismemberable particles:

If only (If only it would rain!; If only it would rain!); here it is (Here’s a friend for you!; Here’s the result for you!; Did you believe him? So trust people after that!); like this (These are the orders!; These are the orders!; Here we have a garden! almost (almost were late; almost broke my head); almost (It was almost the first time in his life that he lied); how not (How can I not understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); if only (If only it wouldn’t rain!); little not (simple) (He began to ring the bell, but didn’t cut off the little. Dos.; Out of fear, he didn’t even fall to the ground. Lesk.); let him (Let him sing to himself!); sooner (spring sooner!; spring sooner!); so (and it emanates peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just not to be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (At least I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke my leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now).

Particles are always dismembered

Isn’t it (Shouldn’t we rest?), isn’t it (We shouldn’t spend the night here!).

Phraseologized particles:

No, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he’ll come to visit; No, no, he’ll remember his grandfather); what the (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (what) (What of his promises to me!; what now of the fact that he has returned?).

One should distinguish from composite particles the various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; For example:

Undivided [ | ]

their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.

And then (- Aren’t you afraid? - Otherwise I’m afraid!; Will they let you spend the night? - And then suddenly they won’t let you in); without that (He’s already a silent man, but here he’s completely withdrawn. Field.; There’s no time to wait, we’re already late); it would have been (simple) (If only I had not stayed, but gone home!); hardly; just (Only an hour of time); yet; lo and behold (colloquial) (Waited and waited, lo and behold, and fell asleep); far from (far from confident of success; far from beautiful); divi (simple) (divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s ignorant!); how good (How good the forest is! How tired you are!); it would be good; if (If not for the war!); Of course (They are not touching you. - If only you would have touched!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- He didn’t recognize it, apparently? - He didn’t recognize it and exists. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is there. Fad.); and so (Don’t be angry, I already repent; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They’re not allowed to go to the skating rink; I saw it a long time ago, and then only briefly; Talk to him. - I’ll talk about that too); as it is (simple) (You said everything as it is correctly. Bazhov; - Cold? - Cold as it is); how; just (I came just in time; I’m afraid of the service: you’ll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Farewell. - How so farewell?); somehow; where as (Where how fun!); okay; for what (for what is cunning, but even then he was mistaken); no way; unlikely; not at all (not at all a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so-and-so (So-and-still didn’t show up?); so much (- I have all the tobacco. - So all of it?); or not (Or not life!); so-and-so (So-and-so glad!; So-and-so I see he’s calmed down); to the same place (To the same place from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom; The boy, and argues there too); already (They did it themselves. - They did it themselves?; It’s a disease. - It’s a disease!); grab and (While they were getting ready, grab and the rain began); well (- Shall we go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (A call, or something?; Help or something!; Are you deaf?);

Phraseologized particles (phraseologism particles)[ | ]

Several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.

Then - no less than - (No other than a thunderstorm will gather in the evening) no so that - no so that - (What a fur coat they rotted! No so as to think: somewhere is the master's fur coat? Nekr.); either the matter (Ivan Ilyich made a stupid decision; what is the matter with you. L. Tolstoy); that - that and - look (that and look will die; look for that will be forgotten), that - that and wait - (simple) (The stove of that and wait for it to fall. P. Bazhov); that - look at that - (that and look at that) (After all, there is too much trot; look at that, that will break the neck! N. Gogol); exactly the same; whatever it is - whatever it is (simple) (This is his favorite song).

Particle- this is a service part of speech, which serves to express shades of meaning of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms.

In accordance with this, particles are usually divided into two categories - modal (semantic) and formative.

Particles do not change and are not members of the sentence.

In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle not together with the word to which it refers; This is especially true for verbs.

TOformative Particles include particles that serve to form the conditional and imperative forms of the verb. These include the following: would (conditional mood indicator),let, let, yes, come on (indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same part of the sentence as the verb; they are emphasized together with it even in a non-contact arrangement, for example: Iwould NotI'm late, IfwouldNotwentrain.

Modal (semantic) particles express semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker. According to the specific meaning they express, they are divided into the following groups:

1) negative: not, nor, not at all, far from, by no means;

2) interrogative: really, really, really;

3) index: here, there it is;

4) clarifying : exactly, just, straight, exactly, exactly;

5) restrictive and excretory: only, only, exclusively, almost, solely;

6) exclamation marks: what the, well, how;

7) amplifiers: even, neither, nor, after all, really, after all, well;

8) with the meaning of doubt : hardly; hardly.

In some studies, other groups of particles are also identified, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, they say, allegedly).

Particle neither acts as a negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate (In the room neither sound) and as an intensifier in the presence of already expressed negation (In the room Not audible neither sound). When repeated, the particle neither acts as a repeating coordinating conjunction (You can’t hear it in the room neither rustles, neither other sounds).

Modal (semantic) particle -That must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix -to, which acts as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Compare: some, somewhere (postfix) - I -That I know where to go (particle).

The postfixes -sya (-s), -to, -or, -ni and the prefixes not and neither are not particles as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, regardless of whether they are written together or separately.

Morphological analysis of a particle

Particles are sorted according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. Grammatical role (what it is used for).

II. Morphological characteristics: rank by value

According to school grammar, all particles - both semantic and formative - should be parsed according to this scheme, but it should be noted that the formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out during morphological analysis along with the verb when parsing the verb as a part of speech.

Sample morphological analysis of a particle:

I'm not saying that he didn't suffer at all; I’m just now completely convinced that he could continue about his Arabians as much as he wanted, giving only the necessary explanations (F. M. Dostoevsky).

I. Not - particle

II. unchangeable, modal (semantic), negative.

I. only - particle

I. only - particle

II. unchangeable, modal (semantic), restrictive-exclusive.

According to school grammar, in this sentence the particle should also be parsed as follows:

I. would be a particle

II. unchangeable, formative, serves to form the conditional form of the verb.

Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to the sentence.into words, phrases and sentences,and can also form word forms.The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional nuances to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.

There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).

In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of sentences. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.

When parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.

In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Classifications may vary among different authors.

Particles are divided into 3 categories - semantic, negative And formative.
Form-forming particles include let's, yes, let's, let's, let's, let's, let's. Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are part of the verb form and the same part of the sentence as the verb: I wouldn’t know if he hadn’t told.

Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to a sentence and can also form word forms.

Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form together with the verb the form of the imperative mood, for example: let them run, let's make peace, let there be peace.

Particle would forms the conditional form of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

Particles that introduce different shades of meaning are divided into

affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes),

negative(no, neither),

interrogative(really, really, really, really, really),

comparative(as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if)

amplifiers(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

index fingers(there, this, here),

clarifying(exactly, just, truly, exactly)

excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, entirely, exclusively)

exclamation marks(what the, that, how, well, after all),

expressing doubts(hardly, hardly).

Semantic and negative particles are presented below in table form

Particles must be distinguished from interjections Oh, well, ah, oh etc., used to express an intensifying connotation, which (unlike interjections) are not separated by commas (and are not accented).

Dyachenko S.V.
junior researcher
IRYa them. V.V. Vinogradov RAS

How to recognize a particle in a sentence

What is a particle? As we know from morphology, a particle is a service part of speech that helps express different shades of meaning. But how exactly do particles participate in changing the shades of our speech?

Shaping particles help us form new forms of words, for example, the conditional or subjunctive mood of verbs: I I'd like to visit Florence. These forms denote the speaker’s special relationship with the world around him: his wishes and dreams, aspirations, needs, requests and orders, assessments of objects and events.

*Remember that formative particles can also form the imperative mood of verbs and degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Find particles in the sentences and explain their role in each case:

1. The concert turned out to be longer than the organizers wanted, since the artists were often called for an encore.

2. May this year bring joy and success to all of us!

3. If I could play the piano, I would play Chopin every evening.

4. It was the most beautiful sunset I have seen in my life.

5. The teacher said that my essay about Lermontov turned out to be less interesting than the essay about Pushkin.

6. Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear!

7. I would love to show you this letter, but I can’t.

8. This time the student was more attentive in his preparation and made fewer mistakes in his work.

9. “Tell your father to take tickets not to the mezzanine, but to the stalls,” my mother asked.

10. The worst thing was that along with the key, the opportunity to get a brand new travel magazine from the mailbox disappeared.

11. After the business trip, Mr. N began to express himself even more pompously than before.

Of course, in addition to formative particles, there are also brighter particles that are more understandable to us - semantic. They help us express feelings and emotions that are associated with the subject of conversation: uncertainty and doubt in someone's words, surprise or indifference. In addition, these particles help organize information: they highlight an object, point to it, clarify information, or enhance meaning. For example, a sentence It will always be summer here we can change using particles so that we get completely different values ​​(think about them):

It won't always be summer here.

May it always be summer here.

And it will always be summer here.

Will it always be summer here?

It will always be summer here.

And there will always be summer here...

So, semantic particles help us to unobtrusively express different feelings and thoughts and, moreover, do not attract attention to themselves - that’s why they particles! But besides modest small particles, other parts of speech also operate in sentences, designed to formalize syntactic connections and express emotions. How to distinguish a particle from a conjunction, preposition or interjection?

Union is always associated with parts of one whole: it occurs with homogeneous members or with parts of a complex sentence. That is why the conjunction has its place in the sentence, and it cannot “run” back and forth across the sentence: If you write the dictation well, we will watch a film in the next lesson. We cannot move the conditional conjunction “if” to the end: * You will write a dictation, okay if we watch a movie– sounds comical and incomprehensible, not in Russian, as they say. A particle, unlike a conjunction, does not depend so much on the relationship of parts, the beginning and end of the sentence. It can move more freely, like a particle “would”, or together with the word to which it is attached: Which- That the boy gave the veteran flowers. – Some guy gave flowers to the veteran. That boy.

As you noticed, the connection of a particle with a word often leads to spelling with a hyphen or even together - this is how the negative prefixes “not-” and “ni-” arise:

I asked not to give me a large bag, but a small green handbag. “I handed her a small green handbag.

Pretext is associated with cases of nouns and is used only with them. We cannot tear a preposition from a noun and move it to another part of the sentence, just as we cannot designate the emotion or idea that the preposition expresses : During Oleg studied music diligently for five years.

In its functions, the interjection is very close to a particle: this part of speech also expresses our emotions, secret movements of the soul and reactions to what is happening. To distinguish between particles and interjections, checking for connections with other parts of the sentence will help: usually the particle is connected with the rest of the sentence, and the interjection can be separated into a separate exclamation: Oh, it's been so long since I've been to the theater! – Oh! It's been a long time since I've been to the theater!

! Remember: If we come across a one-word sentence expressing doubt or irony, we should be careful:

Today I got an A for my dictation. - Really?

We were going to the cinema today. - Really?

* Think about what part of speech the words are in these sentences really And isn't it. You will find the answer at the end of the article.

Exercise. Find prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections in the sentences. Explain the role of these parts of speech.

1. Over the years, this story has acquired more details and has become more exciting than many modern detective stories.

2. I am talking exclusively about those biologists who prefer field research.

3. Even if I’m scared, how can you check me?

4. Alas, time flies too unnoticed for young people!

5. Far from your native land, your heart becomes chilly and uncomfortable.

6. What a strange person our neighbor is!

7.Oh, how wonderful it is to get up on a June morning and go out into the dew-breathing garden!

8.And why didn’t I think of calling you?

9. It was thanks to the horizontal extent of Eurasia that ancient people were able to exchange their inventions, plant seeds and domesticated animals.

10. Mother didn’t even remember the words she said at dinner.

11. I would gladly drop everything and go explore the desert, but I couldn’t break my promise.

Answer(task to determine the part of speech of words really And isn't it:

These words are semantic particles in these sentences - the sentences are incomplete, so the remaining members are omitted.

Particles are a service (one might say auxiliary) part of speech.

Having no lexical meaning, they give words different shades.

There are many particles in the Russian language, which are divided into:

• word-forming particles. These include particles: either, either, then, etc.;
• formative particles. These include the following particles: let, let, come on, etc.;
• modal or meaning-forming particles.

They (modal particles) are in turn divided into:

• negative (not, nor);
• interrogative (is it, is it, etc.);
• affirmative (exactly, yes, so, etc.);
• amplifying (more, just, even, etc.);
• clarifying (here, there, etc.);
• exclamation marks (this and that, well, and so on);
• comparative (as if, as if, like, etc.);
• expressing doubts (hardly, hardly, etc.).

• In the Russian language, the concept of particles refers specifically to the service and, at the same time, auxiliary parts of speech, which contribute to greater expressiveness and emotionality of speech.

  So a particle can be negative (it is not, and also neither)

  The particle can also be formative (let it be, let it be, let it be)

  Also modal with an indication (over there), with a question (really, what), with an exclamation (how), with doubt (hardly), with limitation (only, exclusively), with intensification (well, after all).

  Here's more about modals:

  Particles are part of speech. They can serve to form word forms or add emotional nuances to a sentence.

  Can be written separately or hyphenated.

  Particles are divided into categories:

  • formative (subjunctive),
  • modal,
  • negative,
  • characterizing a sign (action or state).

  Particles are classified according to their meaning into primitive and non-primitive.

  They are divided according to their composition into compound, simple, indivisible, and dismemberable.

  

  In Russian, particles are one of the parts of speech, namely the service part.

  

  It is customary to divide all particles into three groups, or categories.

  1). Shaping particles. They participate in the formation of forms:

  a) the verb will command. incl. (let it go, come on)

  b) conditional verb forms. incl. (would and b),

  c) forms of degrees of adjectives and adverbs (more, less).

  2). The well-known particles NOT and NI form a group of negative adverbs.

  3). Modal, or semantic, particles are a large group of particles with different shades of meaning.

  

  Examples of sentences with modal particles:

  Did you feel bad that you called your mom?

  Look how many toys you’ve scattered, are you too lazy to put them away?

  What kind of gift?

  Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to a sentence and can also form word forms.

  Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form together with the verb the form of the imperative mood, for example: let them run, let's make peace, let there be peace.

  Particle would forms the conditional form of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

  Particles that introduce different shades of meaning are divided into

  affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes),

  negative(no, neither),

  interrogative(really, really, really, really, really),

  comparative(as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if)

  amplifiers(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

  index fingers(there, this, here),

  clarifying(exactly, just, truly, exactly)

  excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, entirely, exclusively)

  exclamation marks(what the, that, how, well, after all),

  expressing doubts(hardly, hardly).

  Particle- this is perhaps the most morphologically insidious auxiliary part of speech, which is capable of forming new words, forms of words, or introducing new semantic shades into the context. The tricky thing about particles is that in different sentences they can turn into other parts of speech.

  Word-forming.

  These are particles such as this, either, that, either, not, nor and others. At the school level, they are often considered morphemes: suffixes and prefixes. This is the difficulty.

  Form-building.

  Come on, let's, let, let, yes, let. They form the conditional and imperative moods of verbs.

  And all other particles can be grouped and called meaning-forming. And then, depending on the shades they form, you can again divide them into several small subgroups, which, as a rule, look something like this:

  1. interrogative: LI (should I tell you?), UNLESS (doesn’t he understand?), REALLY (should I really tell you again?), A (ah, didn’t understand?);
  2. exclamation marks: WHAT THE (what kind of nonsense is this!), WELL AND (what a scoundrel you are!), HOW (how cool, huh!), LOOK HOW (look how she jumps!), WHAT WOULD (well, still he spoke differently!);
  3. affirmative: YES (well, yes, of course), SO (so, good), EXACTLY (only in the meaning YES);
  4. intensifying: EVEN (look, he doesn’t even think!), SAME (he’s stupid as a cork), AND (yes, even though), VED (that’s impudent), NEI (in the sense of strengthening negation or affirmation);
  5. negative: not, not at all, not at all; here everything is visible without examples;
  6. demonstrative: HERE (here is our Egorushka), OVER (behind that pine tree), HERE AND (here the sun came out), THIS;
  7. clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;
  8. restrictive: only, almost, only, exclusively;

  This list contains not all, but the most common particles.

  A particle is, first of all, a part of speech; it does not have an independent lexical meaning, but gives words various shades, such as expressiveness, emotionality or specificity, the concept of a particle is described below,

  

  It should be noted that the particles are also different.

  

  This is an auxiliary part of speech that imparts additional meanings to a sentence, shades of meaning, serves to form the form of a word, and can participate in word formation.

  Particles can be negative, reinforcing, formative

  Particle- this is part of speech. Has no independent lexical meaning, give words different shades(expressiveness, specificity, emotionality)

  Particles do not change. Particles are not members of the proposal(but may be included in other members of the sentence). When parsing a sentence h astitsa is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.

  Particles can consist of one word(such particles are called simple) - for example, After all.

  or two (very rarely more than two) words(such particles are called composite) - for example, If.

  At the same time, some particles can be separated by words (for example, I wish), but some cannot (for example, It’s unlikely).

  A particle is a service, auxiliary part of speech that can make speech more expressive and emotional. First of all, particles are divided into categories:

  • 1st category: negative particles (not, nor);
  • 2nd category: formative particles (come on, let's, let, let, would (b), yes);
  • 3rd category: modal particles, they, in turn, come with different shades of meaning:

  indication (there, and there, here, and here);

  question (is it, is it possible, is it really possible, what (for example: what, is this bad?);

  exclamation (how, what);

  doubt (hardly, hardly);

  limitation/emphasis (especially, exclusively, only, only, almost);

  clarification (exactly, exactly);

  strengthening (after all, the same, and, even, after all);

  and finally, relaxation of the requirement(s).