An example of a student's psychological and pedagogical characteristics:
The material for writing the psychological and pedagogical characteristics was collected from 04/11/2011 to 05/07/2011. The following methods were used in the process of collecting material: observation during training sessions, during breaks; conversation with the student, the class teacher and other students of the class, the subject teacher; testing; study of the class magazine, personal affairs.
1. General information about the student
Ivanov Andrei Aleksandrovich is a student of the 6th "B" class of secondary school No. 10 of the city of N. He was born on May 31, 1999. According to the results of a medical examination, he is listed in the 1st health group. The medical group for physical culture is the main one. Medical workers gave recommendations for hardening.
2. Conditions of family education
The family in which Andrei Ivanov lives is complete in composition. Father - Ivanov Alexander Alexandrovich - works for ... Mother - Ivanova Elena Mikhailovna - a teacher at ... In a conversation with the class teacher, it turned out that the psychological situation in the family contributes to the development of the child. Friendly relationships between family members play a fundamental role in the full development of the boy. Parents pay sufficient attention to the education of their son, if necessary, help in the preparation of homework.
All conditions for normal development have been created for Andrey. The boy has a place for solitude - his own room, where he can safely do his homework.
From the answers to the questionnaire provided to Andrey, it turned out that the boy also has household duties: going to the store, washing dishes, taking out the garbage, the boy especially likes to water the flowers.
This indicates that parents instill in their son diligence, accuracy, love of order.
According to the class teacher, Andrei Ivanov's parents regularly attend parent-teacher meetings and participate in the social life of the school. They are also interested in the success of their son, consult with the class teacher on the upbringing, development of certain inclinations of Andrei. It is also important that the boy's parents regularly look through the diary, sign on time, react to entries in the diary, which indicates responsibility and an active parental position.
3. Learning activities of the student
The first thing that should be noted after observing Andrey Ivanov is his conscientious attitude to learning. He has a high level of attention: he notices mistakes made by students when completing assignments on the board, quickly responds to questions during oral work. The boy has a well-developed thinking, he easily generalizes the material, systematizes and analyzes it.
Andrei has good academic performance in all subjects. Favorite subjects are the following: mathematics, computer science, Belarusian and Russian languages, Belarusian and Russian literature. The overall average score in all subjects is 8.3 points.
Ivanov Andrei is very active in the classroom. He is one of the first to answer the teacher's questions, always raising his hand. Despite the fact that the boy's answers are not always correct, his activity indicates diligence in his studies. It is also important to note the fact that Andrei is interested in various subjects: related to both the exact sciences and the humanities. The boy carefully does his homework, always tries to answer the teacher's questions. This may indicate purposefulness and leadership qualities.
According to the student himself, he likes to study, and it is not difficult, but at the same time he would like to study better.
4. Work activity of the student
Ivanov Andrei shows interest not only in educational activities, but in various types of extracurricular activities. He attends an elective in computer science and mathematics, a sports section (basketball), a music school. In his free time, Andrey also likes to play computer games or spend time outdoors with friends.
If a boy is entrusted with a public task, then he does it conscientiously.
Despite the fact that Andrei is only in the 6th grade, he has already decided on the choice of profession: in his own words, in the future the boy dreams of becoming a “great mathematician” and would like to “study in Italy”.
5. Psychological characteristics of the student's personality
As a result of observations of Andrey, it was established that he has such qualities of the emotional-volitional sphere as purposefulness, perseverance, independence, and activity. The predominant types of temperament are sanguine (55%) and choleric. These types correspond to such characteristics of the student as high ability to work, but at the same time instability in interests and inclinations; optimism, sociability, responsiveness; decisiveness, vigor, perseverance; average level of strength of nervous processes, high balance of nervous processes, very high mobility of the nervous system.
The methodology for studying self-esteem showed that Andrei has a somewhat overestimated self-esteem. He often lacks patience. For example, he answers teachers' questions very quickly, although his answers are not always accurate, although the boy's speech is well developed. But Andrei is characterized by self-criticism: the student quite adequately assesses his abilities, is confident in himself.
Despite the active position of the student in both educational and social activities, he is characterized by modesty, kindness, accuracy, sincerity, responsiveness. Andrei worries if he makes mistakes and tries to correct them.
The boy is doing well in all subjects. But in the questionnaire, he answered that his favorite subjects are the following: mathematics, computer science, Belarusian and Russian languages, Belarusian and Russian literature.
The student quickly memorizes the material, correctly establishes connections between new and passed material, quickly finds the right rule to complete the task.
Andrew is very active in the classroom. He is one of the first to answer the teacher's questions, always raising his hand.
The boy is very sociable, he does not conflict with anyone in the class, he has many friends. I would also like to note the high culture of communication Andrei: he is always polite, tactful, respectful of his parents, teachers, elders.
6. Features of cognitive activity
As already mentioned, Andrey has a high level of attention (he always notices mistakes on the board). He is distinguished by the ability to timely switch and distribute attention, which I have repeatedly noticed in the lessons of mathematics and computer science.
Andrei has the most developed types of memory, such as motor-auditory and combined (memory coefficient in both types was 70). The auditory type of memory is less developed (the coefficient was 60).
Also, the boy has a well-developed thinking, he easily generalizes the material, systematizes and analyzes it. Andrei has a very well developed speech, in most cases he correctly formulates his thoughts. In general, the level of general mental development is quite high, in some situations the boy is ahead of his peers.
7. General psychological and pedagogical conclusions
On the basis of the data presented and their analysis, it can be concluded that Andrei Ivanov's personality has developed in many ways. He is a very capable, purposeful, inquisitive, broad-minded student.
Andrei is very sociable, not conflicted, knows how to accept criticism. The boy skillfully combines educational and extracurricular activities. Andrey has a great potential for studying the exact sciences, where the use of logical thinking is necessary, but there is also an interest in creativity. It should continue to develop in these directions.
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Properties or personality traits are called characteristics that most accurately describe the deep features of a person, something that gives an idea of his manner of communicating with society, responding to certain situations, not only at this particular moment, but also during long-term contact with others.
Personality traits can be of a social nature and be innate characteristics of a particular individual.
Classification of personality traits
The main character traits are usually divided into three groups:
- The attitude of the individual to society, the surrounding people (in other words, the attitude to the external environment).
- Attitude towards oneself.
- Attitude to learning and work, that is, to activity.
Emotional character traits, such as apathy or cheerfulness, aggressiveness or good nature, impulsiveness or isolation, lovingness, capriciousness, irascibility, melancholy, and so on, are formed at an early stage in the formation of the psyche, that is, in early childhood.
intellectual character traits ( prudence, insight, independence, etc.) and strong-willed(masculinity, assertiveness, prudence, pedantry, etc.) character traits, on the contrary, are acquired during life, being formed under the influence of various external situations.
Characteristics such as the following are not personality traits:
In the formation of a person's personality, natural predisposition will be of great importance, as well as the influence of temperament and hereditary genes on it.
However, one should not underestimate the role played by the environment of the child in the formation of his character. It is no less important than innate features. The kid learns the world around him and learns to act in different situations in one way or another. At first, this process occurs reflexively, and then becomes the result of a conscious choice. It is this choice that determines the further development of the personality, its growth..
Main character traits
In any person, you can find an interweaving of a wide variety of personality traits, both positive and negative. Although it is impossible to say with absolute certainty that a particular character trait is positive or, on the contrary, negative, for example, a propensity for all sorts of adventures can both help in prosperity and create huge problems, depending on how deliberately a person participates in adventures.
Envy, for example, is commonly referred to as an extremely negative personality trait, but it can encourage the envious person to move forward and achieve much more than others. In general, it can be said that the determining role is played not so much by a specific character trait as by the ability to apply it correctly, as well as its combination with other personality traits. But from a moral point of view, the most characteristic personality traits are still usually divided into negative and positive.
Negative Traits
Positive features
The list of positive character traits can be very long, but the most significant include:
Of course, all of the above is not an axiom, and it is almost impossible to predict how a particular person will react to a particular situation, how he will behave in it, even knowing him closely. Besides, negative character traits can be:
- decrease,
- turn into positive.
However, this is achieved by long and hard work on oneself, and, unfortunately, not many people can do this.
Each person has certain characteristics, which are expressed in emotional manifestations, the selection of specific actions and reactions. All this happens automatically and is defined by people as character traits. There are many personality types for quickly determining what kind of person is happening.
We all know what character is. This is a set of qualities that are inherent in a particular person. Character is developed throughout life. In childhood, he is flexible and quickly changing. Over the years, it acquires greater stability and at the end is fixed .. What is it and what features does this phenomenon have, the article will tell.
What is the nature of a person?
Each person faces the character of another person. What it is? This is a characteristic of the psyche, which combines permanent and stable qualities that determine the behavior and attitude of the individual. Translated from Greek, character means "feature", "sign". This is a stable characteristic that affects behavior, responses, activities and individual manifestations of a person.
We can say that the character of a person determines the whole life of a person, his fate. They say that fate is predetermined. In fact, a person who does not obey specific rules and strategies creates his own destiny, which he then lives.
By changing the character, you can change the fate, because the character determines the reaction, behavior, decisions of a person that he takes in a particular situation. If you look closely, you can see that people who are similar in character live the same life. Only the details differ, but their ways and behavior are the same.
Character is formed throughout a person's life. At any moment it can be changed, which in adulthood is possible only under the influence of one's own desire and willpower. If a person cannot change his character, then his life does not change and its development is predictable.
Personality traits
The character changes depending on the type of activity, society, social circle, attitude towards oneself and the world as a whole. If any of these aspects change, then this can affect the change in the quality of character. If everything in a person's life remains unchanged, then the character traits remain unchanged.
Personality traits
The character of a person is also formed under the influence of the values and moral beliefs that a person uses. The more stable they are, the more a person is fixed in his behavior and manifestations. The main feature of a personal character is its certainty, where one can note the leading features, of which there are always several. The certainty of character disappears if there are no stable qualities.
Character is also based on the interests that a person has. The more stable and constant they are, the more a person becomes purposeful, persistent and whole in his manifestations.
You can determine the characteristics of the character of another person by his actions and their orientation. Both the actions and the results that he achieves at the end of their commission are important. They are what characterize a person.
Temperament and personality
The interrelation and character of the personality is looked through. Although these characteristics are determined by the human psyche, they are different values. Temperament is determined by the structure of the nervous system, which makes it an innate quality, the manifestations of which cannot be changed, but you can just do something.
Character is a flexible aspect that develops throughout life. A person can change it, which is determined by his life activity.
Character is formed on the basis of the temperament with which a person was born. Temperament can be called the basis on which the entire branch of his character traits is built. At the same time, the temperament does not change from external circumstances and the type of activity.
Temperament is characterized by three directions, each of which has its own complex structure:
- Mobility (activity). It manifests itself in vigorous activity, self-expression, manifestation of oneself, which can be both sluggish and overly active.
- Emotionality. There is a variety of moods and flow of feelings. Defined:
- Lability is the rate of change from one mood to another.
- Impressibility - the depth of perception of external emotional stimuli.
- Impulsivity - the speed at which an emotion transforms into a motivating force for taking actions without thinking about it and making a decision to carry it out.
- Motility.
Personality character types
Psychologists of different times tried to identify types of personality characters to identify specific groups of people. E. Kretschmer identified 3 groups of people according to their body type:
- Picnic people, prone to gaining excess weight, short in stature, with a large face, neck, plump. They are easily adaptable to the conditions of the world, sociable and emotional.
- Athletic people, characterized by well-developed muscles, are tall and broad-shouldered, hardy and with a large chest. They are not impressionable, domineering, calm and practical, restrained in gestures and facial expressions, and do not adapt well.
- Asthenic people, characterized by thinness and underdeveloped muscles, a narrow face, long arms and legs, a flat chest. They are stubborn and serious, withdrawn and poorly adapted to change.
K. Jung proposed another typology that divides people according to the type of thinking:
- Extroverts. Very sociable and active people who tend to make many acquaintances. They are straight and open. They love to travel, have parties, be the soul of the company. They are guided by objective circumstances, and not by the subjective opinions of people.
- Introverts. Very closed and fenced off from the world people. They have few friends as it is difficult for them to make contacts. Constantly analyze everything that is happening. They are very anxious and prefer solitude.
Another classification divides people into 4 psychotypes depending on their combination of character and temperament:
- Cholerics are unbalanced, fast, impulsive, passionate people. They are quickly depleted due to the senseless expenditure of strength. Prone to emotional outbursts and mood swings.
- Phlegmatic people are stable in their manifestations, emotions and views, unhurried, unflappable people. They are inclined to calmness and poise, perseverance in work. Outwardly they do not show emotions.
- Melancholic people are vulnerable people who are prone to constantly experiencing emotions. Very impressionable, sharply react to external manifestations.
- Sanguine people are lively, mobile and active people. They react quickly to external circumstances and tend to receive many impressions. Productive at work. Easily tolerate failures and troubles.
The psychological nature of the personality
The changes that occur in the psychological character of a person are divided into regular (typical) and individual (atypical).
Regular changes occur as a person grows up and goes through certain changes in his body. Children's features disappear, being replaced by adults. Childish traits include capriciousness, irresponsibility, fears, tearfulness. For adults - wisdom, life experience, tolerance, reasonableness, prudence, etc.
Much here is determined by the situations that a person often encounters. Communication with people, various circumstances, successes and failures, tragedies determine the change of views and values in a person. This is why people in the same age group differ from each other, because everyone had their own life experience. Here individual traits are formed, which depend on the life circumstances through which each person passes.
Traits change faster if they are similar to or include previous traits.
The social nature of personality
The social character of a person is understood as those qualities that should be characteristic of absolutely all people of this or that society. Going into society, a person must show not only individual traits, but also those qualities that are considered acceptable, approved, normal. Such a set is formed by society, the media, culture, upbringing, educational institutions, religion, etc. It should be noted that parents raise their children also depending on the framework and norms that are accepted in society.
According to E. Fromm, the social character of a person is a way of adapting a person to the society in which he is located. This is an unpunished and free way of existence in a particular society. He believed that no society allows a person to realize himself in full force, since he always dictates his own rules and norms, which should be above individual characteristics and desires. That is why a person is always in conflict with society when he must obey in order to be accepted, or tries to protest, which can be punished.
Society will never allow a person to express himself in full force, which prevents him from realizing his inclinations and harms the individual himself. There must be a distortion of character, when everyone adjusts himself to certain limits and norms accepted in society. Only by developing a social character in a person does society make him safe for himself. It is not the personality that is important here, but its safe manifestations, which will be acceptable in society. Otherwise, there will be punishment for any individual self-expression that does not fit into the framework.
Personal character accentuation
Under the accentuation of the character of the personality is understood a set of qualities that are clearly manifested by the individual within the normal range. It is divided into:
- Hidden - traits that appear infrequently or never at all. However, under certain conditions, they can appear.
- Explicit - features that appear to the extreme degree of the norm and are characterized by constancy.
K. Leongrad identified types of accentuation:
- Hysterical - a thirst for attention, egocentrism, a need for reverence and approval, recognition of individual characteristics.
- Hyperthymic - sociability, mobility, a tendency to mischief, excessive independence.
- Asthenoneurotic - anxiety, high fatigue.
- Psychosthenic - indecision, a tendency to demagogy, analysis and introspection, suspiciousness.
- Schizoid - detachment, isolation, lack of sociability.
- Excitable - periodic dreary moods, accumulation of irritation.
- Sensitive - increased touchiness, sensitivity, shyness.
- Infantile-dependent - a delay in childhood when a person does not take responsibility.
- Emotionally labile - mood variability.
- Unstable - a tendency to idleness, pleasure, entertainment, idleness.
Outcome
The nature of a person often helps in understanding the person himself, since everything revolves around his inner world, which has manifestations in the form of reactions, emotions, behavior, actions, and even achievements that are currently available. Considering different types of character can lead to the following result - a quick and easy understanding of people.
Character is a flexible characteristic that can be changed at any time. It can change both unconsciously and under the influence of the willpower of a person who controls the manifestation of a particular quality. The longer a person manifests a particular quality, the more it is fixed and becomes one of his characteristics that influence the future development of life.
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The character of a personality is a qualitative individual characteristic that combines stable and permanent properties of the psyche that determine the behavior and characteristics of a person’s attitude. Literally, translated from Greek, character means a sign, a trait. Character in the structure of personality combines a combination of its various qualities and properties that leave an imprint on behavior, activity and individual manifestation. The totality of essential, and most importantly, stable properties and qualities determine the whole way of life of a person and his ways of responding in a given situation.
The character of the individual is formed, defined and formed throughout his life path. The relationship of character and personality is manifested in activities, communication, causing typical behaviors.
Personality traits
Any trait is some stable and unchanging stereotype of behavior.
Characteristic personality traits in a general sense can be divided into those that set the general direction for the development of character manifestations in the complex (leading), and those that are determined by the main directions (secondary). Leading traits allow you to reflect the very essence of character and show its main important manifestations. It must be understood that any character trait of a person will reflect the manifestation of his attitude to reality, but this does not mean that any of his attitude will be directly a character trait. Depending on the living environment of the individual and certain conditions, only some manifestations of relationships will become defining character traits. Those. a person can react aggressively to one or another irritant of the internal or external environment, but this will not mean that the person is malicious by nature.
In the structure of the character of each person, 4 groups are distinguished. The first group includes traits that determine the basis of personality, its core. These include: honesty and insincerity, adherence to principles and cowardice, courage and cowardice, and many others. To the second - features that show the attitude of the individual directly to other people. For example, respect and contempt, kindness and malice, and others. The third group is characterized by the attitude of the individual towards himself. It includes: pride, modesty, arrogance, vanity, self-criticism and others. The fourth group is the attitude to work, activity or work performed. And it is characterized by such features as diligence and laziness, responsibility and irresponsibility, activity and passivity, and others.
Some scientists additionally distinguish another group that characterizes a person's attitude to things, for example, neatness and slovenliness.
They also distinguish such typological properties of character traits as abnormal and normal. Normal features are inherent in people who have a healthy psyche, and abnormal features include people with a variety of mental illnesses. It should be noted that similar personality traits can be both abnormal and normal. It all depends on the degree of expression or whether it is an accentuation of character. An example of this would be healthy suspicion, but when it goes off scale, it leads to.
The determining role in the formation of personality traits is played by society and the attitude of a person towards him. It is impossible to judge a person without seeing how he interacts with the team, without taking into account his attachments, antipathies, comradely or friendly relations in society.
The attitude of the individual to any kind of activity is determined by his relationship with other persons. Interaction with other people can encourage a person to be active and rationalize or keep him in suspense, give rise to his lack of initiative. The idea of the individual about himself is determined by his relationship with people and attitude to activity. The basis in the formation of the consciousness of the individual is directly related to other individuals. A correct assessment of the personality traits of another person is a fundamental circumstance in the formation of self-esteem. Also, it should be noted that when a person’s activity changes, not only the methods, methods and subject of this activity change, but also the person’s attitude towards himself in the new role of the actor changes.
Personality traits
The most important feature of character in the structure of personality is its certainty. But this does not mean the dominance of one trait. Several traits can dominate in the character, contradicting or not contradicting each other. Character can lose its certainty in the absence of its clearly defined features. The system of moral values and beliefs of the individual is also the leading and determining factor in the formation of character traits. They establish the long-term orientation of the behavior of the individual.
Features of the individual's character are inextricably linked with his stable and deep interests. The lack of integrity, self-sufficiency and independence of the individual is closely related to the instability and superficiality of the interests of the individual. And, on the contrary, the integrity and purposefulness, perseverance of a person directly depends on the content and depth of his interests. However, the similarity of interests does not yet imply the similarity of the characteristic features of the individual. For example, among scientists you can meet both cheerful people and sad people, both good and evil.
To understand the personality traits, one should also pay attention to his affections, leisure. This can reveal new facets and features of character. It is also important to pay attention to the correspondence of a person's actions to his established goals, because the individual is characterized not only by the action, but also by how exactly he produces them. The orientation of the activity and the actions themselves form the dominant spiritual or material needs and interests of the individual. Therefore, character should be understood only as the unity of the image of actions and their direction. It is from the combination of the characteristics of the character of the individual and his properties that the real achievements of a person depend, and not from the presence of mental capabilities.
Temperament and personality
The relationship of character and personality is also determined by the temperament of the individual, abilities and other aspects. And the concepts of temperament and personality character form its structure. Character is a set of qualitative properties of an individual that determine his actions, manifested in relation to other people, actions, things. Whereas temperament is a set of properties of the individual's psyche that affect his behavioral reactions. The nervous system is responsible for the manifestation of temperament. Character is also inextricably linked with the psyche of the individual, but his features are formed throughout life under the influence of the external environment. And temperament is an innate parameter that cannot be changed, you can only restrain its negative manifestations.
The premise of character is temperament. Temperament and character in the structure of personality are closely interconnected with each other, but at the same time they are different from each other.
Temperament contains the mental dissimilarity between people. It differs in the depth and strength of manifestations of emotions, activity of actions, impressionability and other individual, stable, dynamic features of the psyche.
It can be concluded that temperament is an innate foundation and basis on which a person is formed as a member of society. Therefore, the most stable and constant personality traits is temperament. It is equally manifested in any activity, regardless of its direction or content. It remains unchanged in adulthood.
So, temperament is the personal characteristics of the individual, which determine the dynamism of the course of his behavior and mental processes. Those. the concept of temperament characterizes the pace, intensity, duration of mental processes, external behavioral reaction (activity, slowness), but not conviction in views and interests. It is also not a definition of the value of the individual and does not determine its potential.
There are three important components of temperament that are related to the general mobility (activity) of a person, his emotionality and motor skills. In turn, each of the components has a rather complex structure and is distinguished by various forms of psychological manifestation.
The essence of activity lies in the individual's desire for self-expression, the transformation of the external component of reality. At the same time, the direction itself, the quality of the implementation of these trends is determined precisely by the characterological features of the individual and not only. The degree of such activity can be from lethargy to the highest manifestation of mobility - a constant rise.
The emotional component of the personality's temperament is a set of properties that characterize the features of the flow of various feelings and moods. This component is the most complex in its structure in comparison with the others. Its main characteristics are lability, impressionability and impulsiveness. Emotional lability is the rate at which one emotional state is replaced by another or stops. Under the impressionability understand the susceptibility of the subject to emotional influences. Impulsivity is the speed with which an emotion turns into a motivating cause and force for actions and deeds without first thinking them through and making a conscious decision to carry them out.
The character and temperament of the individual are inextricably linked. The dominance of one type of temperament can help determine the character of the subjects as a whole.
Personality character types
Today, in specific literature, there are many criteria by which personality types are determined.
The typology proposed by E. Kretschmer is now the most popular. It consists in dividing people into three groups depending on their physique.
Picnic people are people who are prone to becoming overweight or slightly overweight, small in stature, but with a large head, broad face and shortened neck. Their character type corresponds to cyclothymics. They are emotional, sociable, easily adapting to a variety of conditions.
Athletic people are tall and broad-shouldered people, with well-developed muscles, a hardy skeleton and a powerful chest. They correspond to the iksotimic type of character. These people are powerful and quite practical, calm and unimpressive. Ixotimics are restrained in gestures and facial expressions, they do not adapt well to changes.
Asthenic people are people who are prone to thinness, the muscles are poorly developed, the chest is flat, the arms and legs are long, and they have an elongated face. Corresponds to the type of character schizotimics. Such people are very serious and prone to stubbornness, it is difficult to adapt to change. They are characterized by closure.
K.G. Jung developed a different typology. It is based on the predominant functions of the psyche (thinking, intuition). His classification divides subjects into introverts and extroverts, depending on the dominance of the external or internal world.
An extrovert is characterized by directness, openness. Such a person is extremely sociable, active and has many friends, comrades and just acquaintances. Extroverts love to travel and make the most of life. An extrovert often becomes the initiator of parties, in companies he becomes their soul. In ordinary life, he focuses only on circumstances, and not on the subjective opinion of others.
An introvert, on the contrary, is characterized by isolation, turning inward. Such a person fences himself off from the environment, carefully analyzes all events. It is difficult for an introvert to make contacts with people, so he has few friends and acquaintances. Introverts prefer solitude to noisy companies. These people have a high level of anxiety.
There is also a typology based on the relationship of character and temperament, which divides people into 4 psychotypes.
Choleric is a rather impetuous, fast, passionate and, along with this, unbalanced person. Such people are prone to sudden mood swings and emotional outbursts. Choleric people do not have a balance of nervous processes, therefore they are quickly depleted, thoughtlessly expending strength.
Phlegmatic people are distinguished by equanimity, unhurriedness, stability of moods and aspirations. Outwardly, they practically do not show emotions and feelings. Such people are quite persistent and persistent in their work, while always remaining balanced and calm. The phlegmatic person compensates for his slowness in work with diligence.
Melancholic is a very vulnerable person, prone to a stable experience of various events. The melancholic reacts sharply to any external factors or manifestations. Such people are very impressionable.
A sanguine person is a mobile, active person with a lively character. He is subject to frequent changes of impressions and is characterized by quick reactions to any events. Let's easily try on the failures or troubles that befell him. When a sanguine person is interested in his work, he will be quite productive.
K. Leonhard also identified 12 types that are often found in people with neurosis, accentuated characters. And E. Fromm described three social types of characters.
The psychological nature of the personality
Everyone has long known that significant changes occur in the psychological character of a person in the process of its development and life. Such changes are subject to typical (regular) and atypical (individual) trends.
Typical trends include changes that occur with a psychological nature in the process of growing up a person. This happens because the older an individual becomes, the faster he gets rid of childish manifestations in character, which distinguish children's behavior from an adult. Childish personality traits include capriciousness, tearfulness, fears, irresponsibility. Adult traits that come with age include tolerance, life experience, intelligence, wisdom, prudence, etc.
As one moves along the life path and gains life experience, the individual changes in his views on events, and their attitudes towards them change. Which together also affects the final formation of character. Therefore, there are certain differences between people of different age groups.
So, for example, people between the ages of about 30 and 40 live mainly in the future, they live in ideas and plans. All their thoughts, their activity are aimed at the realization of the future. And people who have reached the age of 50 have come to the point where their present life meets simultaneously with their past life and their future. And therefore, their character is modified in such a way as to correspond to the present. This is the age when people completely say goodbye to dreams, but are not yet ready to be nostalgic for the past years. People who have overcome the 60-year milestone practically do not think about the future, they are much more concerned about the present, they have memories of the past. Also, due to physical ailments, the previously taken pace and rhythm of life is no longer available to them. This leads to the appearance of such character traits as slowness, measuredness, and tranquility.
Atypical, specific tendencies are directly related to the events experienced by a person, i.e. caused by past life.
As a rule, character traits that are similar to existing ones are fixed much faster and appear faster.
It should always be remembered that character is not a fixed value, it is formed throughout the entire life cycle of a person.
The social nature of personality
Individuals of any society, despite their individual personal characteristics and differences, have something in common in their psychological manifestations and properties, therefore they act as ordinary representatives of this society.
The social character of the individual is a general way of adaptability of the individual to the influence of society. It is created by religion, culture, education system and upbringing in the family. It should also be borne in mind that even in the family, the child receives the upbringing that is approved in this society and corresponds to the culture, is considered normal, ordinary and natural.
According to E. Fromm, social character means the result of a person's adaptation to one or another image of the organization of society, to the culture in which he is brought up. He believes that none of the well-known developed societies in the world will allow the individual to fully realize himself. From this it follows that the individual is in conflict with society from birth. Therefore, we can conclude that the social nature of the individual is a kind of mechanism that allows the individual to exist freely and with impunity in any society.
The process of adaptation of an individual in society occurs with a distortion of the character of the individual and his personality, to the detriment of it. According to Fromm, the social character is a kind of defense, an individual's response to a situation that causes frustration in the social environment, which does not allow the individual to freely express himself and fully develop, putting him obviously within the framework and limitations. In society, a person will not be able to fully develop the inclinations and opportunities inherent in him by nature. As Fromm believed, the social character is instilled in the individual and has a stabilizing character. From the moment an individual begins to have a social character, he becomes completely safe for the society in which he lives. Fromm identified several variants of this nature.
Personal character accentuation
Accentuation of the character of a person is a pronounced feature of character traits, which is within the recognized norm. Depending on the magnitude of the severity of character traits, accentuation is divided into hidden and explicit.
Under the influence of specific environmental factors or circumstances, some weakly expressed or not at all manifested features can be clearly expressed - this is called hidden accentuation.
By explicit accentuation is understood the extreme manifestation of the norm. This type is characterized by the constancy of features for a certain character. Accentuations are dangerous in that they can contribute to the development of mental disorders, situationally-defined pathological behavioral disorders, neuroses, etc. However, one should not confuse and identify the accentuation of a person's character with the concept of pathology of the psyche.
K. Leongrad identified the main types and combinations of accentuations.
A feature of the hysteroid type is egocentrism, excessive thirst for attention, recognition of individual abilities, the need for approval and reverence.
A high degree of sociability, mobility, a tendency to mischief, excessive independence are prone to people with a hyperthymic type.
Asthenoneurotic - characterized by high fatigue, irritability, anxiety.
Psychosthenic - manifested by indecision, love of demagoguery, self-digging and analysis, suspiciousness.
A distinctive feature of the schizoid type is isolation, detachment, lack of sociability.
The sensitive type is manifested by increased resentment, sensitivity, shyness.
Excitable - characterized by a tendency to regularly recurring periods of dreary mood, the accumulation of irritation.
Emotionally labile - characterized by a very changeable mood.
Infantile-dependent - observed in people who play in children who avoid taking responsibility for their actions.
Unstable type - manifests itself in a constant craving for various kinds of entertainment, pleasure, idleness, idleness.
Speaker of the Medical and Psychological Center "PsychoMed"
Personality Traits in Psychology- these are stable, repeating in different situations, features of the individual's behavior.
Required Properties personality traits are: their degree of severity in different people, transsituation (a personality trait of an individual manifests itself in any situations) and potential measurability (personality traits are available for measurement using special questionnaires and tests).
In experimental personality psychology, such traits as extraversion - introversion, anxiety, rigidity, and impulsivity have been most widely studied. In modern research, the point of view has been adopted, according to which the description of personality traits is not enough to understand and predict individual behavioral characteristics, since they describe only general aspects of personality manifestations.
A trait is a unit of personality analysis, a predisposition to behave in a similar way in a wide range of situations.
G. Allport defines a personality trait as forming a block of psychological organization that serves to unite reactions to various stimuli.
Main settings personality trait:
- degree of expression
- transsituation,
- potential measurability. Features of personality traits:
- real, really manifest in people;
- are more generalized qualities than habits.
- is the driving or at least determining element of behavior.
The presence of personality traits can be established empirically.
The trait is only relatively independent of the other traits;
- is not synonymous with moral or social evaluation;
- it can be seen either in the context of the individual in whom it is found, or in terms of its prevalence in society.
The fact that actions or even habits are not consistent with a personality trait is not proof that the trait does not exist. G. Allport divides personality traits into general and individual, or personal, dispositions.
He distinguishes three types of dispositions:
- cardinal;
- central;
- secondary.
The correlation of traits, attitudes and habits, as well as their comparison, is important because they are all similar, belonging to the class of set phenomena, being the product of a combination of heredity and learning, differing in their uniqueness and initiating function. The trait is most generalized in relation to the other two phenomena and is an aspect of personality. Attitude is developed in relation to the environment. A habit is a particular response to a particular stimulus.
G. Allport considered the trait the most significant unit of analysis for understanding and studying personality. In his system, a personality trait is defined as a predisposition to respond in similar ways to different kinds of stimuli.
According to R. Cattell, the main organizing concept of personality is to describe the various types of traits he identified.
Traits are hypothetical mental structures of the personality that are found in behavior, determine the predisposition to act in the same way in different circumstances and over time. Personality traits reflect stable characteristics and are the most important in his concept.
In the study of the structural elements of personality, R. Cattell relies on factor analysis to a prudent extent.
Principles of classifying traits according to the principle of dichotomy.
- superficial - initial;
- constitutional - formed by the environment;
- ability, temperament - dynamic traits;
- common - unique features.
List of superficial dichotomous features, according to R. Cattell.
- Self-confidence is humility.
- Intellectuality, analyticity - limitation, lack of imagination.
- Maturity of mind - stupidity, inconsistency, susceptibility to influence.
- Inconstancy, vanity - prudence, stoicism, restraint.
- neuroticism is the absence of neuroticism.
- Devilishness, cynicism - softness.
- Self-will, selfishness - kindness, unobtrusiveness, tolerance.
- Rigidity, tyranny, vindictiveness - complaisance, friendliness.
- Malice, callousness - kindness, courtesy.
- Demoralization, autism - realism.
- Strong will, conscientiousness - lethargy, impulsiveness.
- Intellectuality - undepippinated mind, simplicity.
- Infantilism, uncertainty - maturity, tact.
- Asociality, schizoid - openness, idealism.
- Gaiety, enthusiasm, wit - a feeling of misfortune, slowness.
- Activity, nervousness - self-control, rigidity, conformism.
- Neurosis, psychopathy - emotional maturity.
- Excessive sensitivity, expressiveness - phlegm,
- Malice, pettiness - naturalness, friendliness, openness.
- Emotionality (inadequate)-unemotionality.
- Rise, expressiveness, variety of interests - isolation, calmness, narrow-mindedness.
- Accessibility, warmth, sentimentality - isolation, coldness, misanthropy.
- Frivolity, vanity, pretense - mediocrity, artlessness.
- Aggressiveness, paranoia - reliability, good-heartedness
- Aesthetic interests - independence of judgment.
- Anxiety, emotionality, hypomania - calmness, patience, modesty.
- Infantilism, self-centeredness - emotional maturity, resistance to frustration.
- Inconstancy, spinelessness, lack of realism - persistent, integral character.
- Mental and physical strength, vivacity - neurasthenia.
- Entrepreneurship, irascibility - lethargy, timidity.
- Sociability, ardor - love of solitude, timidity.
- Melancholy.
- Rigidity, hardness - introspection, sensitivity, timidity.
- Imagination, introspection, constructiveness - sedateness, stinginess.
- Dexterity, determination - sincerity, gentleness.
R. Cattell considers personality traits as complex hypothetical constructs that predispose a person to stable behavior over time and in various circumstances.
The essence of G. Eysenck's theory is that personality elements can be arranged hierarchically: super-features, composite features, habitual reactions (PR), specific reactions (CP).
There are certain super traits or types such as extraversion in his system that have a powerful influence on behavior. In turn, he sees each of these super-features built from several composite features. These component traits are either more superficial reflections of the underlying type or specific qualities inherent in that type. Finally, traits are made up of numerous habitual responses (HA), which in turn are formed from many specific responses.
Unlike R. Cattell, G. Eysenck sees only two main types (super traits) underlying the personality structure: introversion - extraversion and stability - neuroticism. Features of the same behavior of the individual are the result of a combination of these two types.