Paragraphs in html and the alignment attribute. Aligning elements in HTML What is align in html

Set the target attribute to _blank

Tag used

To describe the structure and content of the site.

You can host a website on a server for free

Banner is

B2B is

E-commerce model of business firms with each other

B2C is

E-commerce model of business firms with consumers

C2C is

E-commerce model of individuals with each other

An electronic signature is

A special encryption procedure that provides proof of authorship

The basis of electronic money is

Public Key Encryption

The banner in the banner scroller is moving

Reloads at regular intervals

Electronic document management uses

Computers on the network and special programs

Password

Confidential sign confirming the right

Hosting for personal sites

Paid according to the rules set by the server owner

Internet resource directories lead

Root Zone DNS Servers

The effectiveness of the banner is evaluated

The number of clicks on it

What is not included in the functions of money

Transfer of owner information

LIST OF TERMS

ActiveX- a set of technical tools and techniques that connects different tools into a single whole that allow Web page developers to

dpi(dot per inch) - the number of dots per inch. A unit of measure for the resolution of various devices (printers, scanners, etc.)

"Escape Sequences"- sequences that can be used to encode characters that are not included in the ASCII table and are included in HTML commands.

FTP(File Transfer Protocol) is a file transfer protocol used on the Internet to copy files from one machine on a network to another. The File Transfer Protocol is used to exchange data between computers over TCP/IP networks. This platform-independent protocol allows you to move files between computers with different processors and operating systems.

HTML(Hyper Text Mark-up Language - hypertext markup language). The language used to create hypertext documents on the Internet.

http(Hyper Text Transport Protocol) is a protocol for sending hypertext files over the Internet. To use it, an HTTP client program must be running on one end of the channel, and an HTTP server must be installed on the other end.

IP(Internet Protocol) is the primary TCP/IP network protocol that provides address and routing information.

IP address- a unique physical address of a computer connected to the Internet, made up of four decimal numbers separated by dots.

IRC(Internet Relay Chat) is a popular Internet service that allows users to communicate with each other by connecting to the same IRC server. The conversation is conducted in real time by typing your statements on the keyboard.

OLE(Object Linking and Embedding) is a Microsoft technology that allows you to include in a document of one application (OLE client) an object created in another application (OLE server) with the ability to edit this object using the OLE server.

PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect - the interaction of peripheral components) - a personal computer bus that provides significantly greater performance and more advanced features than the ISA bus.

plug and play(Plug and Play) is a standard for motherboards, buses, controllers, and operating systems that allows a personal computer to automatically detect and configure hardware in a system.

shareware- free versions of programs with a limited time of full functioning.

SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - a simple mail transfer protocol) - Internet protocol for sending e-mail.

TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented protocol responsible for reformatting data into packets and reliable delivery of these packets.

TCP/IP- the basic set of Internet protocols responsible for breaking the original message into packets (TCP), delivering packets to the destination host (IP) and assembling the original message (TCP).

telnet- an Internet protocol that allows a user of one computer to connect to another remote computer and work with it as on their own computer, including editing, moving, deleting operations.

URL(Uniform Resource Locator - universal resource address) - a way to symbolically indicate the addresses of computers, resources and documents on the Internet.

USB(Universal Serial Bus - universal serial bus) - a hub that allows you to connect 127 different devices to one port. The USB bus has a standard connector to which all peripheral devices can be connected.

Web portal- A Web site that offers access to various Internet resources through a large number of systematized and regularly updated hyperlinks

Web page- a separate document with hypertext information located on a server, accessible to network users through the WWW service.

www(World Wide Web - World Wide Web) is a service that provides access to various Internet resources - documents, graphics, audio and video recordings, using the HTTP protocol and the HTML language.

WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get - what you saw is what you got) - the principle of exact correspondence between the image on the display screen and the document printed on the printer.

system administrator- an employee who administers operating systems, performs tasks related to configuring and maintaining the system software of servers and routers, distributing server resources between various services, maintaining a single database of user budgets, participating in maintaining and promoting information and service services, integrating various services .

Address- coded designation of the point of origin or destination of the data.

workstation(workstation) - a personal computer equipped with specialized software (accounting, computer-aided design).

Architecture- a concept that defines the model, structure, functions performed and the relationship of the components of a complex object;

Authentication (Authentication) - establishing the authenticity, reliability of something (object or subject). Authentication is an important component of network security technology.

Database is a named collection of structured data related to a specific subject area.

Banner (Banner) - a dynamic, bright picture on a Web page that advertises something.

Browser (Browser) is a client program that facilitates the processes of moving between nodes of the global network, displaying, searching, collecting and storing information. The term comes from the English word "browse" - to view.

Hyperlink (hyperlink) is a specially selected hypertext fragment that contains a pointer to another server, site, document or document fragment, invisible to the user. The transition to another resource occurs when you click on a hyperlink. When hitting a hyperlink, the cursor takes the form of a pointing palm.

Hypertext (Hyper Text) is a document format that, in addition to text, may contain links to other hypertext documents, pictures, music, and files.

Global network (WAN, Wide Area Network) - a set of interconnected networks in which third-party communication tools are used for inter-network communications.

Distribution- a program designed for the initial installation of applications.

Domain- a group of servers located in the same area, organization, building, floor, division.

Protection of information from unauthorized access and modifications - differentiation of functional powers and access to information in order to maintain confidentiality, integrity and availability.

Mirror- a server that is a copy of another popular, but far located server. It is used to reduce network load and increase the speed of information transfer. The content of the mirror is updated periodically.

Identification- the process of identifying an object (network, user, system, channel, device, program, process) with one of the known ones.

Encapsulation- nesting of data packets into each other.

Internet- a global computer network that combines networks, gateways, servers and computers that use a single set of protocols for communication.

Interface (Interface) - connection of two devices or environments, determined by the physical characteristics of the connectors, signal parameters and their meaning.

Information system- an organizationally ordered set of documents, arrays of documents and information technologies that implement information processes. Another definition is also possible. Information system - a set of data (databases or knowledge bases) and hardware and software tools designed to automate data processing (search, sorting), solving problems specific to expert systems. There are factual IS (facts, for example, about the employees of the institute) and documentary IS (a set of articles, books, drawings).

Information society is a society in which the majority of the working-age population is engaged in obtaining, transforming, transporting and storing information.

Information retrieval system is an applied computer environment for processing, storing, sorting, filtering and searching for large arrays of structured information.

Information Technology applied - technologies based on the use of application software.

Information- this is information that removes uncertainty about the world around, which is the object of storage, transformation, transfer and use.

Channel means or path over which signals or data are transmitted.

cluster- the minimum unit of information allocation on a disk, consisting of one or more adjacent sectors.

Client A computer on a network that requests resources or services from other computers on the network.

client-server- the concept of a network in which the bulk of its resources (databases, files, storage devices, external devices) are concentrated in servers serving their clients;

Computer virus- a specially created small program that can join other programs, multiply (create copies of itself) and perform unwanted actions.

Cryptography (cryptography) is a science that develops encryption methods - transformations that make the text unreadable and difficult to reveal without knowing the secret keys.

The local network (LAN, Local Area Network) - a network within an enterprise, institution, one organization.

Latin Alphabet #1(Latin-1)- ISO 8859/1 8-bit single-byte character set.

Macro- a sequence of several commands called by pressing one key. Macros are used to automate repetitive actions.

Route- a sequence of network nodes through which information is transmitted from the source to the receiver.

Routers (router) - standard network devices that operate at the network level and allow you to forward and route packets from one network to another, as well as filter broadcast messages.

Routing (Routing) - the process of determining the path in the network by which the block of data can reach the destination. Routing provides the transformation of the address of the destination object into a list of channels through which this block of data will proceed to the addressee.

Master- a special program that, using several dialog boxes, helps to perform a certain operation.

Motherboard (mother board) is an independent element of a computer that controls internal communications and interacts with external devices using the interrupt system.

Firewall (firewall, firewall) is a hardware and software tool that prevents unauthorized access to the protected network.

Modem (modem) - a device that converts digital computer information into signals transmitted over a telephone line, and vice versa.

Sound modem– a modem operating over dedicated or dial-up telephone communication channels with a data transfer rate from 300 bit/s to 52,000 bit/s.

Broadband modem– a modem with a much larger frequency range and data transfer rate than an audio modem.

Multimedia- interactive tools that allow you to simultaneously carry out operations with still images, videos, animated graphic images, text, speech and sound.

RAM (RAM, Random Access Memory - random access memory) - a computer volatile memory device on chips for recording, reading and storing information.

operating system (OS- Operating System) is a set of programs that provide control of the computer and its interaction with the user.

data package(information package) is a block of data processed by network programs as a whole.

Folder- an object of the Windows operating system, which is a container that can contain other folders, programs, applications, documents, and shortcuts. The equivalent terms in the MS-DOS operating system are the terms directory and directory.

Password- a confidential sign confirming the right of a user or an application program to use some resource.

Peripheral device (Peripheral Device) - a hardware component in a computer with which it interacts with the external environment.

Pixel- elementary point of the image on the display screen.

Pictogram- a compact graphical representation on the screen of a program, document, file, folder, etc. Almost synonymous are the terms: icon, icon.

search engine- A program used on a Web site to search for information.

Search node(search page) - a Web page that allows you to search for information

User (user) is a person who uses a computer to solve some applied problem.

Mailbox– an area of ​​the hard disk on the mail server intended for writing letters. The mailbox owner can use a special client program to view, copy, move, delete the contents of the mailbox. The mailbox is assigned a unique email address, which allows each mailbox to be distinguished from the others.

Proxy server- a computer that is used to reduce network load and increase performance.

Protocol- a standard that defines the behavior of function blocks during data transfer.

Work station- a subscriber system specialized in solving certain user tasks.

Bus bit width (bus width) is the number of bits transmitted simultaneously on the bus.

Distributed database - a database, the contents of which are located in several subscriber systems of the network.

Regional network (MAN, Metropolitan Area Network) is a network that uses wide area network technologies and connects local area networks within a specific geographic region, such as a city.

Relevance- the degree of compliance of the selected information with the search criteria.

Website- a set of Web pages, thematically related to each other and located on the same server.

Server (server) - 1. A program that provides an opportunity to use its capabilities (resources) to another program - a client. 2. A computer that provides services to another computer - a client.

Server software (Server Network Software) is a type of software developed for servers that provides resource storage for client access.

Network Applications (Network Applications) are advanced programs available through the network's communication system.

Network peer-to-peer (Peer-to-Peer Network) is a type of network where each computer can be a client to other computers and also act as a server.

Dedicated server network (Server based network) is a type of network where the presence of a server is required both to provide services and resources and to control access to these services and resources.

Script- a small set of instructions (program or macro) used to perform a specific task. The most commonly used languages ​​for scripting are Java, Visual Basic, JavaScript, and Perl.

Traffic- load, information exchange, message flow.

CPU (CPU, Central Processing Unit) - the central device of a computer that performs data processing operations and controls the peripheral devices of a computer.

Chipset (chipset) - a set of chips installed on the motherboard.

Tire (Bus) - a specialized set of parallel conductors in a personal computer that serves to move data between the central processing unit and peripheral devices.

Gateway (Gateway) is a software-specific node that connects otherwise incompatible networks. Transforms data to enable networks to work together.

Email (Email) - a service for sending and receiving text messages or binary files as attachments from one user's computer to another user's computer using the Internet.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Today we continue to study and we are next in line with the properties text-decoration, vertical-align, text-align, text-indent and a number of others that help shape the appearance of texts in Html code.

In the last article, we looked at properties that are intended to customize the appearance of fonts when .

Well, even earlier, we examined all types in detail, learned how they can be grouped and what priorities the browser sets when interpreting them. True, all this was divided into several articles, so in order not to get confused, I advise you to study the materials in the order as given in.

Text-decoration, text-align, text-indent in CSS

How to work with text in CSS? It would be logical to assume that there are specially designed rules for this purpose. Let's start with text-align, which is actually a replacement for the align attribute (it was used to align content like P paragraphs or headings).

It has only four possible values:

The meaning remains the same as it was before. text align is the horizontal alignment of the lines. This rule applies only to block elements (paragraphs, headings, etc.), i.e. those tags in which multiple lines can appear. Because there can be only one line in inline elements, then there is no special point in using text-align in them.

It is clear that the values ​​of this rule mean alignment, respectively: left (left), right (right), center (center) and page width (Justify - both left and right by increasing the distance between words) . It goes without saying that the Justify value should be used for elements with at least a few lines of text, otherwise there will be no visible effect from this.

For example, I justified the previous paragraph (you can see it has even borders on both the left and right) using:

text-align:justify;

By default, text is horizontally aligned to the left, i.e. You don't need to specifically write text-align:left, unless, of course, you have previously specified a different alignment. By the way, I aligned this paragraph to the center (center), again for a good example, but here, I think, everything is clear anyway.

Next css rule text indent allows you to set a red line, for example, for text in a paragraph tag P. The indent of the red line can be set by specifying a value (both with a plus sign and with a minus sign, using ) or using a percentage:

What are percentages from in text-indent? From the width of the area that is reserved for the text. Those. The css rule text-indent:50% will set the red line to half the length of that line. Well, this paragraph is just an example of such a rule.

And you can, for example, set a negative value for the red line in text-indent and then we will get something like what you see in this paragraph. To achieve this result, I wrote the following CSS rule for the P paragraph tag:

text-indent:-1em;

Well, a typical use of text-indent (to set a standard red line) might look like this: text-indent:40px; (by the way, applied to this paragraph). This rule, like the text-align discussed earlier, only applies to block elements, i.e. where multiple lines may appear (paragraphs, headings, etc.).

So now let's move on to text-decoration(decoration using a horizontal line), which is already applied to all Html elements (both inline and block).

It can only have four meanings:

Those. can be used with text-decoration: overline (overline), strikethrough (line-through) or underline (underline), well, or use nothing at all (none). Some Html elements already have horizontal lines by default, for example (they are underlined by default).

Therefore, highlighting something else with an underline (except for hyperlinks) is not good, because users have a subconscious record that once it is underlined (and also highlighted in color), then you can click on it to go. But by underlining plain text, you are misleading the user and subsequent disappointment with your resource (he thought that, but it turned out to be ...).

The nuance in using the Css text-decoration rule is that it will be possible to write three (or two) values ​​at once for any Html element (omitting none) and as a result you will get underline-underline-strikethrough piece of text(sounds and looks cool, doesn't it?):

Text-decoration:underline overline line-through;

Values ​​for text decoration (if you want to use several of them at once) need to be written through the space character.

Vertical-align - vertical alignment

Next we have vertical alignment - vertical-align. For almost all elements in Html code, it means aligning inline elements with text relative to their baseline. True, for this it means a little different - all the content that is in these cells will be aligned vertically.

For the Css vertical-align rule, you can use the following values:

Rows are aligned to the baseline by default. Look, I applied to this piece of text increase the font and these two fragments are aligned on the base (bottom) line. And vertical-aligning with vertical-align is just for changing the way lines are aligned.

For example, if I write vertical-align:baseline for the same enlarged piece of text, then no changes will occur, because the baseline value is used for this default Css rule.

By the way, numbers can also be used as values ​​for it, and vertical-align:0 will mean the same as vertical-align:baseline, i.e. the value of baseline is equivalent to zero. Therefore, if we want to specify any shift in vertical alignment, then this shift will be indicated relative to the baseline (or zero).

You can write like this:

vertical-align:10px;

And we get shift fragment with enlarged font up 10 pixels from the baseline. If we write a negative value:

vertical-align:-10px;

Then we get shift fragment down relative to the baseline. It can be seen from the examples that due to the shift, the line height has increased so that the text fits in it without colliding with the adjacent line. The shift can also be set in Em and Ex, well, as a percentage, which will be calculated from the height of the line of this element (remember, in the last article we learned how to set it using ).

To vertically align the contents of table cells in vertical-align, use the Top and Bottom values ​​to get the top and bottom of the cell, respectively (well, middle in a table cell is used as the default vertical alignment value).

And for font elements, you can use text-top, text-bottom, middle. Let's use an example for this piece of text meaning:

vertical-align:middle;

What happened as a result? The middle line of the enlarged fragment was aligned along the baseline of the plain text, i.e. we got vertical alignment on the midline. For text-top and text-bottom everything will be the same. Like text-top , and like text-bottom .

The vertical-align sub and super Css values ​​match the sub- and superindex values ​​that would have been in pure Html (before CSS properties were used for visual styling).

Text-transform, letter-spacing, word-spacing and white-space

None is used by default and means that the characters in the text will not change in any way - as written in Html, they will be displayed. The value Uppercase for text-transform will transform all the letters of the fragment into uppercase ( an example is shown in this sentence, where the text-transform:uppercase rule was used, and the letters were originally written in lowercase).

The lowercase value for the Css text-transform rule will allow you to transform all the characters of the fragment into lowercase, well, the capitalize value will make all the first letters of the word capitalized ( example in this sentence- text-transform:capitalize). Those. with text-transform, you can do anything with plain text, and then easily return everything back.

Therefore, if you, for example, have the task of making all headings written only in capital letters, then write them in Html as usual, and make them capitalized already in CSS via text-transform: uppercase. Then, if you decide to change something back, it is enough to make only a small change in the styles, and not in the content of all 100,500 headings on your site.

By default, both letter-spacing and word-spacing are set to Normal, or this is the same as zero (i.e., the spacing between characters and words does not change in any way). The magnitude of the distance change in these rules can only be indicated in pixels, or Em or Ex, but not in percentage terms.

However, both positive (character or word sparsity) and negative values ​​(character or word convergence) can be used. For example, you can "like this, sparse the characters in this phrase" with the following css rule:

Letter-spacing:0.4em;

Or is it possible “this is how to bring the characters together in this phrase” by using:

Letter-spacing:-1px;

The same can be said about word-spacing with only one difference, that in this case the distance will change already between words, as, for example, in this phrase, with the help of such a CSS construction:

Word-spacing:4em;

Similarly, you can use negative values ​​in word-spacing to reduce the spacing between words.

Well, the last Css rule for today, which allows you to style text in Html code in a certain way, is white space. It is responsible for displaying whitespace characters on a web page that took place when writing Html code.

As you remember from the article about, when parsing the code, the browser combines all spaces, line breaks and tabs into one single space, and wraps lines on the web page exactly according to the whitespace characters that took place in the code.

So, white space can take one of three values:

It is clear that the default value is Normal and in this case everything is displayed as I described just above. But when using the Pre value, we get a complete analogy with using , i.e. on the web page, the text will be displayed with all those extra whitespace characters that took place when writing the code and the browser will not be able to hyphenate them.

Well, the meaning nowrap simply prevent the browser from wrapping on whitespace characters it finds inside a fragment with the white-space:nowrap CSS rule. You can try how it all works yourself by creating a simple Html file and enclosing any piece of text in similar tags:

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

You may be interested

List style (type, image, position) - Css rules for customizing the appearance of lists in Html code
Positioning with Z-index and CSS Cursor rule to change the mouse cursor
Padding, Margin and Border - we set in CSS inner and outer paddings, as well as borders for all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
What is CSS for, how to connect cascading style sheets to an Html document and the basics of the syntax of this language
Float and clear in CSS - block layout tools
CSS - what is it, how cascading style sheets are connected to Html code using Style and Link
Size Units (Pixels, Em and Ex) and Rule Inheritance in CSS
Tag, class, Id, and universal selectors, as well as attribute selectors in modern CSS
Position (absolute, relative and fixed) - ways to position Html elements in CSS (left, right, top and bottom rules)
Background in CSS (color, position, image, repeat, attachment) - all for setting the background color or background image of Html elements

As you know, Habr uses "old-school" tag attributes that allow formatting of text and pictures in articles and comments by authors. Among these tags was one that is not in the W3C standards. This - . It turned out that some of the authors "naively" use this attribute, because Habr's editor simply does not provide another. Oddly enough, in some browsers this attribute is supported on Habré, although experiments with clean test pages show that there are no miracles, it does not work in img.

I was interested in the question in which cases the attribute is supported and what needs to be added in the styles so that it starts to be supported everywhere. If it worked on the site, we would support the naive opinion that this is the right attribute, but still get a tool for centering pictures.

In fact, the align="center" attribute in HTML is for block-level elements (div, p, ...) and does not refer to them themselves, but to the inner content of the element. Therefore, if we write

But this cannot be written in Habré, these are the rules of the tag parser.

To check how it works on Habré, you can use the preview when writing a comment or in a draft article. This will not exactly match the final look, but you can use it for tests.

In most browsers, except for Firefox, the second image is centered (if Habr's styles haven't been fixed yet), although tests show that this attribute is not supported by browsers (except for rare exceptions with doctypes).
Why doesn't this wrong text work everywhere, but it works on Habré, and not in Firefox?

UPD Jan 25 2013(in a year):

Looking at the styles of the drawing, we find the reason.
img ( display: block; margin: 0 auto !important; )
Yes, on Habré, in the all.css file, this trick of turning an incorrect attribute into a “correct” one is supported. It is these properties that a picture needs to have in order to start centering - be a block and centered style margin: 0 auto;.

(But those who know that there is no such attribute cannot guess for themselves that it works on Habré - there is no documentation, the test in Fx does not pass. For example, I purely accidentally found out about its existence when I saw aleksandrIt in the notes (almost in each annotation) by looking through Chrome.)

It remains to figure out why centering does not work in Firefox.

The trick is to look at the styles too (with the help of Firebug). Here we find that the attribute miraculously changed to align="middle" and even manual renaming does not help fix it. The browser itself changes the wrong attribute to, “in its opinion”, the most appropriate one (vertical alignment in the stream of inline elements). Therefore, the img style rule stops working.

Therefore, for full browser support on Habré, there is not enough rule:
img, img( display: block; margin: 0 auto !important; )

Blank page test with attributes

Technical notes. The special look of the addRules() styling function comes from the desire to enable script execution in the IE8 browser. (Untested in IE9, but should work as in others.) Without the doctype, margin: 0 auto won't work in IE8, but the align:right and left attributes will.

What to do?

For conclusions in general, it must be said that one should not support the opinion among webmasters that this attribute can work in IMG tags. While the days of attributes are over and everyone is using styles, some inexperienced web builders may be left with the impression that such an attribute exists.

UPD Jan 25 2013(in a year): It turned out that Habr's styles no longer support this wrong attribute. To use it on the site, I had to add user styles in the same way as it was done for Firefox before.

HTML tags defining text alignment, indentation

Justified text used in typography

The example below shows how to align text to width pages:

The justify value provides uniform text alignment right and left, that is in width. This method is widely used in print.

Aligning text in HTML to center and justify

Align text in HTML to center, text to the right:

Result:

Attributes and values

• align="left" - defines left text alignment(default).
• align="center" - aligns text to the center.
• align="right" aligns text to the right.

Alignment | HTML text indent

HTML text and its indentation on the left of the page

Let's produce text indent on the left in two ways:

Result:

View in a new window.

Description

Aligns a block of text to the edge.

Styles must be used instead of this attribute

Syntax

Values

Default value

Example. Text alignment

Duis te feugifacilisi. Duis autem dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit au gue duis dolore te feugat nulla facilisi. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci taion ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex en commodo consequat. Duis te feugifacilisi per suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex en commodo consequat.

Browsers: Desktop Mobile ?

✖

Browsers

The following notation is used in the browser table.

• - the element is fully supported by the browser;
• - the element is not perceived by the browser and is ignored;
• - various errors may occur during operation, or the element is supported with reservations.

The number indicates the browser version from which the element is supported.