The meaning of the word "syllable" The meaning of the word syllable Why does the concept of syllable exist in the Russian language?

Syllable

Syllable- this is a minimal phonetic-phonological unit, characterized by the greatest acoustic-articulatory unity of its components, that is, the sounds included in it. The syllable has no connection with the formation and expression of semantic relationships. This is a purely pronunciation unit. In a syllable, sounds of varying degrees of sonority are grouped, the most sonorous are syllabic, the rest are non-syllabic.

Features of syllabification

In Russian, syllables are usually built according to the principle of ascending sonority, and the syllable separation in non-final syllables most often occurs after the most sonorous sound. Types of syllables in Russian: open (-ta-) and closed (-at-), covered (-ta-) and uncovered (-ata-).

In Russian, the vowel sound is the syllable-forming sound, so there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels: aria(3 syllables), lighthouse(2 syllables), flight(1 syllable).

Syllables can be open (end with a vowel) or closed (end with a consonant). For example, in the word ko-ro-na all syllables are open, but in the word ar-buz both syllables are closed.

All languages ​​have open syllables, but some, such as Hawaiian, do not have closed syllables.

Syllables can be closed (beginning with a consonant) or unclosed (beginning with a vowel). For example, in the word watermelon the first syllable is uncovered, and the second is covered.

In order to determine how many syllables are in a word, a simple technique is used, first shown by elementary school teachers to children. To do this, bring the back of the hand close to the chin and clearly pronounce the desired word, counting how many times the chin touches the hand. This number will be the number of syllables.

Syllable can be a significant sound unit (for example, in Vietnamese) and a phonetic unit, a formal concept.

Essen wrote that the syllable does not carry meaning and does not have any special acoustic characteristics.

Syllables exist because:

1. A syllable is an important and clearly distinguished unit in speech intuition.
2. A syllable is the basic unit in versification.

Theories about the nature of the syllable

Linguists have put forward several theories regarding the nature of the syllable: expiratory, sonorant (acoustic), tension (articulatory), dynamic.

Expiratory syllable theory

By expiratory (exhalation) theory a syllable is formed as a result of muscle tension of the vocal cords, when an exhaled stream of air forms peculiar shocks-syllables. The theory has been known since ancient times. An experimental test can be a simple experiment with pronouncing a word in front of a candle flame: how many times during the pronunciation process the flame swings - so many syllables are contained in the word. However, this theory is recognized as incorrect, since there are words in which the number of syllables does not coincide with the number of exhalations. For example, in the word “ay” there are two syllables, but one exhalation, in the word “alloy” - on the contrary: one syllable, but two exhalations.

Sonorant syllable theory

By sonority theory, which is also called acoustic theory or loudness/sonority theory, a syllable is a combination of sounds with a greater or lesser degree of loudness. A syllabic vowel, like a loud sound, joins non-syllabic consonants. Each syllable has two loudness minimums, which are its limits. The acoustic theory was proposed by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen. For the Russian language it was developed by the Soviet linguist Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov (1902-1982). According to this theory, the highest level (the fourth level in the scale of sonority level) in terms of sonority belongs to vowel sounds ([a], [e], [o] and others). Between the third and fourth levels there is the sound [th], which has a weakened sonority compared to vowels. At the third level there are sonorant consonants ([l], [m]). The second level is occupied by noisy voiced sounds ([b], [d] and others). The first level houses noisy deaf people ([p], [t] and others). At zero level there is no sound at all, it is a pause. The sonority level scale is built from bottom to top, like a musical scale. For example, the word “ay” on the sonority level scale will graphically look like a graph with two sharp peaks resting on the top line of the line, with a valley between them, descending down to the line indicating the zero level (pause). If the word is conventionally depicted in numbers representing this acoustic pattern, then the word “ay” ( uh) can be represented as a sequence of numbers of sonority levels: 0-4-0-4-0. According to this scheme, the acoustic graph of the word “alloy” ( splaf) will look like a broken line with a sequence according to the numbers of sonority levels: 0-1-1-3-4-1-0. Since in the latter case there is only one vertex, it is considered that the word “alloy” has one syllable. Thus, the number of vertices there are on the sonority level scale of a word, the number of syllables it will have. However, according to this theory, the number of syllables does not always coincide with the number of vowels, since sonorant consonants are sometimes found to form “tops”. For example, in the word “meaning” ( meaning) the scheme will be as follows: 0-1-3-4-1-3-0. Here, a word with one vowel has two syllables with the syllabic sounds “y” and “l”. At the same time, this word is pronounced in one syllable: in this case, the sonorant “l” is deafened by the noisy voiceless “s” according to the scheme: 0-1-3-4-1-1-0. This feature of some words to have several pronunciation options per syllable is used in versification. Thus, the word “December” in a poem by Boris Pasternak can be pronounced in two or three syllables, as necessary, to maintain the overall rhythm of the verse:

It was winter in Ostankino,

December ( December), number thirty (...)

It was winter in Ostankino, December ( December), thirty-first.

However, the theory of sonority in some cases fails. So, for the interjection “ks-ks-ks”, which in Russia is used to call a pet cat to come to you, the sonority scheme will look like a graph with a long platform without vertices (0-1-1-1-1-1-1-0) , despite the fact that even by ear this interjection has a certain breakdown by sonority levels.

Tension theory

By tension theories or the articulatory theory put forward by the Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, a syllable is formed due to articulatory muscle tension, which grows towards the apex of the syllable (that is, the vowel and sonorant sound), and then subsides.

Dynamic theory of the syllable

By dynamic theory, the syllable is considered as a complex phenomenon, which is determined by the action of a number of factors: acoustic, articulatory, prosodic and phonological. According to the dynamic theory, a syllable is a wave of intensity, force. The loudest, strongest sounds in a word are syllabic, less strong are non-syllabic.

Literature

• Current problems of speech culture. - M., 1970.
• Verbitskaya L. A. Russian orthoepy. - L., 1976.
• Zinder L. R. General phonetics. - M., 1979.
• Kochergina V. A. Introduction to linguistics. - L., 1991.
• Maslov Yu. S. Introduction to linguistics. - M., 1987.
• Trubetskoy N. S. Fundamentals of phonology. - M., 1960.

Links

• Maria Kalenchuk“Syllable and stress” // Encyclopedia for children. T. 10. Linguistics. Russian language (3rd edition) / Chief editor M. D. Aksyonova. - M.: Avanta+, 2004. - P. 88-89, 92. ISBN 5-8483-0051-8

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

• Hell Vampire
• Internet cafe

See what “Syllable” is in other dictionaries:

syllable- syllable, a, plural. h.i, ov... Russian spelling dictionary

Syllable- one of the simplest, but scientifically most difficult to define phonetic concepts. Strange as it may seem at first glance, there is no doubt that the conscious isolation of S. preceded in the history of mankind the conscious isolation of a separate sound.... ... Literary encyclopedia

syllable- 1. SYLLABLE, a; pl. syllables, ov; m. A sound or combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one impulse of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. The emphasis is on the last syllable. Closed village (ending in a consonant). Open s. (ending with... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

syllable- See speech, style, language, glib syllable, caustic syllable, acute syllable... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian Dictionaries, 1999. syllable manner, language, style; speech; ict, warehouse, syllabema, pen, euphuism Dictionary... ... Synonym dictionary

SYLLABLE- SYLLABLE, syllable, plural. syllables, syllables, husband. 1. A sound or combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one exhalation (ling.). Open syllable (ending in a vowel). Closed syllable (ending with a consonant). Divide words into syllables. 2 units only Style,… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Syllable- A syllable is a phonetic-phonological unit that occupies an intermediate position between sound and speech tact (see Speech sounds, Articulation). Several features of a syllable as a phonetic unit are distinguished. From the point of view of speech motor control, the syllable ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

syllable- SYLLABLE, a, plural. and, ov, husband. A sound or combination of sounds produced by a single impulse of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. Read syllable by syllable. Shock s. Open s. (ending in a vowel sound). Closed village (ending in a consonant).… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

SYLLABLE- the minimum pronunciation unit of speech, consisting of one or more sounds that form a close phonetic unity. An open syllable ends with a vowel, a closed consonant ends with sounds... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

SYLLABLE 1- SYLLABLE 1, a, plural. and, ov, m. a sound or combination of sounds pronounced by one impulse of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. Read syllable by syllable. Shock s. Open s. (ending in a vowel sound). Closed village (ending in a consonant).… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

SYLLABLE 2- SYLLABLE 2, a, m. The same as style 1 (in 3 meanings). Write in a good style. High s. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Syllable

syllable, syllable, pl. syllables, syllables, husband.

1. A sound or combination of sounds in a word pronounced with one exhalation ( ling.). Open syllable (ending in a vowel). Closed syllable (ending with a consonant). Divide words into syllables. 2 only units Style, manner of writing or speaking, expressing your thoughts. High-flown syllable. The article is written in an excellent style. “- Allow me, Pyotr Ivanovich, I’ll tell you... - Eh, no, let me... you don’t even have such a style.” Gogol. “Poems go with a high syllable.” Vyazemsky.

Syllable

1) Physiologically (from the educational point of view), a sound or several sounds are pronounced with one impulse of exhaled air.

2) In acoustic terms (from the side of sonority), a segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. The syllable is unstressed. The syllable is stressed. The syllable is pre-stressed. The syllable is stressed. The syllable is closed. The syllable is open.

1) Individual characteristics in word usage, speech structure, etc., characteristic of a particular writer, public figure, or speaker. Belinsky's syllable.

2) Same as 4-digit style. Write in a good style.

Rhetoric: Dictionary-reference book

Syllable

1) cheese– 1 push = 1 syllable; sy-ro- 2 pushes – 2 syllables; sy-ro-e alloy- 2 shocks, but one syllable);

2)

3)

4)

1) mo-lo-co);

2) ac);

3) covered-closed syllables ( house, dream, som);

5) in rhetoric

Dictionary of linguistic terms

Syllable

The smallest natural unit of speech sound production, consisting of one or more sounds. One sound in a word is syllabic (syllabic), the rest are non-syllabic (non-syllabic). There are several theories of the syllable:

1. syllable - a combination of sounds that is pronounced with one impulse of exhaled air ( cheese– 1 push = 1 syllable;

cheese- 2 pushes – 2 syllables;

cheese 3 shocks - 3 syllables) is an aspiratory theory that does not explain all cases: alloy- 2 shocks, but one syllable);

2. a syllable is a grouping of sounds with varying degrees of sonority (the most sonorous is a syllabic sound, the remaining sounds are non-syllabic) - a sonorant theory based on acoustic criteria (it was developed by R.I. Avanesov);

3. syllable - the unity of a rise in tension and increased sonority at the beginning of a syllable and their fall at the end of a syllable - muscular theory;

4. a syllable is a wave of strength, intensity (the most intense sound of a syllable is syllabic, less strong ones are non-syllabic).

A syllable is characterized by the unity of opening or closing of the mouth. From this point of view, the following groups are distinguished:

1) open syllables (pronounced when the mouth cavity is opened, so that the top of the syllable, its syllabic-forming element, is at the end of the syllable, and most often it is a vowel: milk);

2) closed syllables (formed when the mouth cavity is closed, so that the top of the syllable, its syllabic-forming element, is at the beginning of the syllable, after which there is a drop in tension and sonority: ac);

3) covered-closed syllables ( home, sleep, catfish);

5. in rhetoric: a method of verbal expression that creates an image of speech that is included in the style as an integral part.

Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

Syllable

a sound or combination of sounds pronounced by a separate stream of exhaled air. The sounds during speech are not the same in terms of exhalation force and sonority. Both exhalation and voice when speaking either intensify or weaken, and thus speech seems to break up into waves of exhalation and sonority, representing the intervals between the moments of greatest weakening of exhalation or sonority with one moment of greatest strength; such intervals are called S. The force of exhalation (loudness) and sonority (voice strength) usually coincide. S. can consist of one sound (for example, our “ay” breaks up into 2 S., each into one sound, p.ch. in the middle between A And at in this word there is a weakening of sonority, and then the voice intensifies again, but it can be pronounced - and so on in b. There are some languages ​​- a combination aw in one S.) and from several sounds; in the latter case, the strongest or sonorous sound of the word is called. syllabic, and the rest non-syllabic in a combination of consonant sounds with a vowel, under normal conditions, the vowel is syllabic, as it is the most sonorous, and the consonants are non-syllabic, but when the sonority of the vowel weakens, the latter can become non-syllabic if next to it there is a sonorant (see) consonant sound, which in this case becomes syllabic; in combination of nonsonorant consonants with sonorant sounds, the latter can become syllabic; This is, for example, in Russian. R in words werewolf, in theaters when pronouncing them without vowel sounds next to R and etc.; when two or more vowel sounds are combined, one of them is syllabic, and the others can become non-syllabic, and usually in such cases the higher vowels are non-syllabic (see Vowels); therefore, vowel sounds are most often non-syllabic And And at. In Russian Of the vowels in non-syllabic use, only And(letter th): give it, roy. From consonants in Russian. Sonorant consonants can be syllabic, but only in unstressed S. due to the loss of adjacent vowels (examples above). Less common are syllabic noisy ones: cat, etc. The grammatical rule is that every Russian word has as many syllables as there are vowels in its written representation, not counting th, in most cases true, p.h. under syllabic stress in Russian. there can only be vowels, and without stress, consonants can become syllabic only due to the loss of vowel sounds, which continue to be indicated in writing by vowel letters. S. are divided into open ending in a syllabic sound: do-ma, know-yu, in Serbian. language br-do “mountain” (all syllables are open), and closed, ending in a non-syllable sound: house, give, janitor, tea-nick, German. blau "blue" (all syllables are closed). When several syllables come together in a word or phrase, the boundary between two syllables or syllable division located a) if between two syllabic sounds there is one short non-syllable sound, then before this sound: grass-va, mo-ya, etc. the first of them is open, b) if there is one long non-syllable sound, then in the middle of it: mass-sa, etc., c) if there are several consonant sounds, before this group or in the middle of it, in different languages ​​and when different sounds come together various; various often the boundary is difficult or impossible to specify.

Rhetoric: Dictionary-reference book

Syllable

(background). The smallest natural unit of speech sound production, consisting of one or more sounds. One sound in a word is syllabic (syllable-forming), the remaining SYLLABLES are non-syllabic (non-syllable-forming).

There are several theories of the syllable:

1) syllable - a combination of sounds that is pronounced with one impulse of exhaled air ( cheese– 1 push = 1 syllable; sy-ro- 2 pushes – 2 syllables; sy-ro-e 3 shocks - 3 syllables) is an aspiratory theory that does not explain all cases: alloy- 2 shocks, but one syllable);

2) a syllable is a grouping of sounds with varying degrees of sonority (the most sonorous is a syllabic sound, the remaining sounds are non-syllabic) - a sonorant theory based on acoustic criteria (it was developed by R.I. Avanesov);

3) syllable - the unity of a rise in tension and increased sonority at the beginning of a syllable and their fall at the end of a syllable - muscular theory;

4) a syllable is a wave of strength, intensity (the most intense sound of a syllable is syllabic, less strong ones are non-syllabic).

A syllable is characterized by the unity of opening or closing of the mouth. From this point of view, the following groups are distinguished:

1) open syllables (pronounced when the mouth cavity is opened, so that the top of the syllable, its syllabic-forming element, is at the end of the syllable, and most often it is a vowel: mo-lo-co);

A syllable is a minimal phonetic-phonological unit, intermediate between sound and speech tact. The “sphere of habitation of a syllable” is the speech tact. Wed: the bro-she-were all-strong in the fight. In terms of articulation, the syllable is indivisible and therefore it is considered the minimum pronunciation unit. There are different points of view on determining the essence of a syllable and establishing the principles of syllable division. Different approaches to determining a syllable depend on which aspect of speech is taken into account - articulatory or acoustic.

From an articulatory point of view, a syllable is a sound or combination of sounds that is pronounced with one expiratory impulse.

From these positions, the syllable in school textbooks is determined. This is not entirely true, because... The phonetic side of speech and its sound are not taken into account. From an acoustic point of view, the division of words into syllables is related to the degree of sonority of adjacent sounds.

Syllable theories

There are 4 syllable theories.

1) Expiratory theory: a syllable is created by one moment of exhalation, a push of exhaled air. The number of syllables in a word is the number of times the candle flame flickers when the word is pronounced. But often the flame behaves contrary to the laws of this theory (for example, with a two-syllable “ay” it will flutter once). Thus, a syllable is one expiratory impulse (Thompson, young Vasily Alekseevich Bogoroditsky).

2) Dynamic theory: syllabic sound is the strongest, most intense. This is the theory of muscle tension (Grammont, France; L.V. Shcherba, Russia). A syllable is an impulse of muscular tension. The rules of syllable division are related to the place of stress: PRAZ - DNIK.

3) Sonorant theory: in a syllable, the most sonorous sound is the syllabic. Therefore, in order of decreasing sonority, syllabic sounds most often are vowels, sonorant voiced consonants, noisy voiced consonants, and sometimes voiceless consonants (tss). Thus, a syllable is a combination of a more sonorous element with a less sonorous one (Otto Espersen, Denmark). He developed a sonority scale of 10 steps. The famous linguist R.I. Avanesov (MFS) created a scale of 3 levels:

1. least sonorous (noisy)
2. more sonorous (sonorous)
3. maximally sonorous vowels.

A syllable is built according to the principle of a wave of ascending sonority.

4) Open syllable theory(L.V. Bondarko, PFS) – the connection in the “consonant + vowel” group is closer than in the “vowel + consonant” group. G/SSG. All syllables are open, i.e. must end in vowels. Exceptions are final syllables - the syllable can close with J.

In Soviet times, Shcherba's dynamic theory dominated. In modern Russian linguistics, the sonorant theory of the syllable, based on acoustic criteria, is most recognized. In relation to the Russian language, it was developed by R.I. Avanesov.

Syllable formation according to Avanesov's sonorant theory

Speech sounds are characterized by varying degrees of sonority (sonority). The most sonorant sounds in any language are vowel sounds, then on a descending scale are the actual sonorant consonants, followed by noisy voiced sounds and, finally, noisy voiceless ones. A syllable, according to this understanding, is a combination of a more sonorous element with a less sonorous one. In the most typical case, this is a combination of a vowel forming the vertex (the core of a syllable) with consonants adjacent to it on the periphery, for example, go-lo-va, sti-hi, country-na, art-tist, o-ze-ro, ra -evil.

Based on this, a syllable is defined as a combination of sounds with varying degrees of sonority.

Sonority- This is the audibility of sounds at a distance. A syllable has one most sonorous sound. It is syllabic, or syllabic. Less sonorous, non-syllabic, or non-syllabic sounds are grouped around the syllabic sound.

Vowels are the most sonorous in the Russian language, and they are syllabic. Syllabics can also be sonorants, but in Russian speech this happens rarely and only in fluent speech: [ru-bl"], [zhy-zn"], [r"i-tm], [ka-zn"]. This happens because for the formation of a syllable, it is not the absolute sonority of the syllable that is important, but only its sonority in relation to other nearby sounds.

Sonority can be conventionally designated by numbers: vowels - 4, sonorant - 3, noisy voiced -2, noisy voiceless - 1.

[l "i e sa]́, [^d"iń]
3 4 14 4 2 43

Types of syllables in Russian

According to their structure, syllables are:
1) open if they end in vowels;
2) closed if they end in consonants;
3) covered if they begin with consonants;
4) naked if they begin with vowels.

Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them.

Open called a syllable ending with a syllabic sound: va-ta.
Closed a syllable ending with a non-syllable sound is called: there, bark.
Undisguised A syllable starting with a vowel is called a-orta.
Covered up a syllable that begins with a consonant is called: ba-ton.
A syllable can consist of one vowel, being naked and open (o-ze-ro, o-rel, o-ho-ta, u-li-tka).

The study of the problem of the syllable in languages ​​of the phonemic structure, which includes the Russian language, presents special difficulties due to the fact that the syllable here does not correlate with any significant units and is identified only on the basis of phonetic characteristics (cf. the discrepancy between syllabic and morphological boundaries in examples such as no-ga and nog-a, yellow and yellow, zay-du and za-yd-u).

Basic rules of syllable division

Syllable- the minimum unit of pronunciation of speech sounds into which you can divide your speech by pauses. The word in speech is divided not into sounds, but into syllables. In speech, it is syllables that are recognized and pronounced.

From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable.

Syllable division- the boundary between syllables following each other in a speech chain.

Existing definitions of a syllable provide different reasons for determining the location of the syllabic boundary. The most common are two theories of syllable division. Both of them are based on the fact that the Russian language is characterized by a tendency towards open syllables, and the differences between them are due to an understanding of the factors that control syllable division.

The first theory is Avanesov's theory is based on the understanding of a syllable as a wave of sonority and can be formulated in the form of a number of rules: with the sequence SGSSGSG (S - consonant, G - vowel), the syllable division passes between the vowel and the next consonant (mo-lo-ko, po-mo-gu, etc.) d.).

When between vowels there is a combination of two or more consonants - SGSSG, SGSSSG, etc., then with the general tendency to form an open syllable, the law of ascending sonority must be taken into account, according to which in Russian. In a language, in any non-initial syllable of a word, sonority (sonority) necessarily increases from the beginning of the syllable to its apex - the vowel.

Based on its own sonority, Avanesov distinguishes three large groups - vowels, sonants and noisy consonants, so that in a non-initial syllable the sequences “sonant + noisy consonant” are prohibited: division into the syllables su + mka is impossible (in the second syllable the law of ascending sonority is violated, because m is more sonorant than k), it is necessary to divide the bag, but the cat (both consonants are noisy and do not differ in sonority, so their combination in one syllable does not prevent the tendency to form open syllables).

R.I. Avanesov’s rules are simple, but some of the starting points are controversial: firstly, the opposition of initial syllables to non-initial syllables is not very justified, because It is traditionally believed that combinations possible at the beginning of a word are also possible at the beginning of a syllable within a word. In the initial syllables, combinations of sonants with noisy ones occur - ice floe, rusty, mercury, etc. The very division of sounds into three groups according to sonority does not take into account the real sonority - in the “allowed syllable” -shka (ko-shka) is actually a consonant [ w] is more sonorous than [k], so here too the law of ascending sonority is violated.

The second theory of syllable division, formulated by L. V. Shcherba, takes into account the influence of stress on syllable division. Understanding a syllable as a unit characterized by a single impulse of muscular tension, Shcherba believes that the syllable division passes at the place of the least muscular tension, and in the sequence SGSSG it depends on the place of the stressed vowel: if the first vowel is stressed, then the consonant that follows it is strong-initial and is adjacent to this vowel, forming a closed syllable (shap-ka, cat-ka); if the second vowel is stressed, then both consonants go to it due to the effect of the tendency to form open syllables (ka-pkan, ko-shmar). Sonants, however, are adjacent to the preceding vowel, even if it is unstressed (and this also brings together the theories of Avanesov and Shcher6a).

However, to date there are no sufficiently clear definitions of the phonetic essence of the “muscular tension impulse” that underlies Shcherbov’s theory of syllable division.

Law of Ascending Sonority

The division into syllables generally obeys the law of ascending sonority, common to the modern Russian language, or the law of the open syllable, according to which the sounds in a syllable are arranged from less sonorous to more sonorous. Therefore, the boundary between syllables most often passes after the vowel before the consonant.

The law of ascending sonority is always observed in non-initial words. In this regard, the following patterns are observed in the distribution of consonants between vowels:

1. A consonant between vowels is always included in the following syllable: [р^-к"е-́тъ], [хъ-р^-шо]́, [кв"ие-ти]́, [с^-ру-́къ].

2. Combinations of noisy consonants between vowels refer to the following syllable: [b"i-́tv", [zv"i e-zda]́, [p"e-́ch"k].

3. Combinations of noisy consonants with sonorant ones also extend to the subsequent syllable: [r"i-́fmъ], [tra–́ vmъ], [brave-́bryį], [wa-́fl"i], [greedyį].

4. Combinations of sonorant consonants between vowels relate to the subsequent syllable: [v^-lna], [po-mn"u], [k^-rman]. In this case, syllable division options are possible: one sonorant consonant can go to the previous syllable : [v^l – on]́, [remember"].

5. When combining sonorous consonants with a noisy one between vowels, the sonorant
goes back to the previous syllable: [^р–ба]́, [poĺ–къ], [н “ел”–з”а]́, [к^н-ти]́.

6. Two homogeneous consonants between vowels go to the next syllable: [va-́нъ̅], [ka-́съ̅], [dro-́ж٬̅и].

7. When [ĵ] is combined with subsequent noisy and sonorant consonants, [ĵ] goes to the previous syllable: [ch"aį́-къ], [в^į-на]́, .

Thus, from the examples it is clear that the final syllable in the Russian language turns out to be open in most cases; It is closed when it ends in a sonorant.

The law of ascending sonority can be illustrated in the words below, if sonority is conventionally designated by numbers: 3 - vowels, 2 - sonorant consonants, 1 - noisy consonants.

Water:
1-3/1-3;
boat:
2-3/1-1-3;
oil:
2-3/1-2-3;
wave:
1-3-2/2-3.

In the examples given, the basic law of syllable division is implemented at the beginning of a non-initial syllable.

The initial and final syllables in the Russian language are built according to the same principle of increasing sonority. For example: summer: 2-3/1-3; glass: 1-3/1-2-3.

When combining significant words, the syllable division is usually preserved in the form that is characteristic of each word included in the phrase: us Turkey - us-Tur-tsi-i; nasturtiums (flowers) - na-stur-tsi-i.

A particular pattern of syllable separation at the junction of morphemes is the impossibility of pronouncing, firstly, more than two identical consonants between vowels and, secondly, identical consonants before the third (other) consonant within one syllable. This is more often observed at the junction of a root and a suffix and less often at the junction of a prefix and a root or a preposition and a word. For example: odessite [o/de/sit]; art [i/sku/stvo]; part [ra/become/xia]; from the wall [ste/ny], therefore more often - [so/ste/ny].

A syllable usually has a peak (core) and a periphery. As a core, i.e. The syllabic sound is usually a vowel, and the periphery consists of a non-syllabic sound or several such sounds, usually represented by consonants. Peripheral vowels are non-syllabic. But syllables may not have a vowel, for example, in the patronymic Ivanovna or in the interjections “ks-ks”, “tsss”.

Consonants can be syllabic if they are sonants or occur between two consonants. Such syllables are very common in the Czech language: prst “finger” (cf. Old Russian finger), trh “market” (cf. Russian bargaining).

Rules for syllable division in Russian

1) the combination of noisy consonants goes to the subsequent syllable:
SH + SH O - OCTOBER

2) The combination of noisy and sonorant also goes to the non-initial syllable:
Sh + S RI - FMA

3) The combination of sonorants goes to a non-initial syllable:
C + C PO – FULL

4) The combination of sonorant and noisy is divided in half:
W // S CORK

5) The combination of J followed by a sonorant is divided in half:
J // WITH VOY - ON

Word hyphenation rules

The question arises: does division into syllables always coincide with the rule of word transfer in the Russian language?

It turns out not. The rules for word hyphenation are as follows:

1. Words are transferred into syllables: city, to-va-risch, joy (not possible: joy).

2. You cannot leave one letter on a line and transfer it to another: clear (you can’t: ya-sny), lightning (you can’t: lightning-ya).

3. When consonants coincide, the division into syllables is free: ve-sna, ve-na; sister, sister, sister.

4. The letters b, b, j cannot be separated from the previous letters: fighters, big, podezd.

5. When hyphenating words with prefixes, you cannot transfer the consonant at the end of the prefix if the same consonant follows: pod-khod (cannot: po-podhod), untie (cannot: untie).

6. If after the consonant prefix there is a letter Y, you cannot transfer the part of the word starting with Y: ras-iskat (cannot: ras-iskat).

7. You should not leave at the end of the line the initial part of the root that does not form a syllable: send (cannot: send), remove (cannot: remove), five-gram (cannot: five-gram).

8. You cannot leave at the end of a line or transfer to another two identical consonants standing between vowels: zhuzh-zhat (you can’t: zhu-zhat), mass-sa (you can’t: ma-sa), kon-ny (you can’t: k-ny ).

* This rule does not apply to double consonants - initial roots: co-burnt, po-quarrel, new-introduction.

If a word can be translated in different ways, you should prefer a translation that does not break up the significant parts of the word: cool is preferable to cool, crazy is preferable to crazy.

9. When transferring words with a one-syllable prefix to a consonant before a vowel (except ы), it is advisable not to break the prefix by transfer; however, transfer is also possible in accordance with the rule just given, crazy and insane; irresponsible and irresponsible; disappointed and disappointed; no-emergency and 6e-emergency.

Note. If the prefix is ​​followed by the letter s, then it is not allowed to move the part of the word starting with s.

Linguists distinguish such a concept as syllables. Language learners need to be able to correctly determine their boundaries in words and distinguish them by type. Let's look at the most basic types of syllables, as well as the rules of division.

Syllables - what are they?

There are different approaches to defining this concept. From a phonetic point of view, a syllable is one sound or group of sounds accompanied by an expiratory impulse. A word always has exactly as many syllables as there are vowels. We can say that a syllable is the minimum pronunciation unit.

The syllabic (or syllabic-forming sound) is a vowel. A consonant, accordingly, is considered non-syllabic.

Types of syllables

Syllables are also classified into open and closed. Closed syllables end in a consonant, and open syllables end in a vowel. In the Russian language there is a tendency towards open syllables.

Also, if a syllable begins with a vowel sound, it is open, and if it begins with a consonant, it is covered.

Syllables are also distinguished according to their acoustic structure:

• ascending, where from a less sonorous (voiceless consonant) comes both a sonorant consonant and/or a vowel (pa-pa).
• descending, where, in contrast to ascending, the syllable begins with a vowel, and then comes sonorant consonants and/or voiceless (um).
• ascending-descending, where you get something like a “slide”, in which the consonants first go according to the degree of sonority, then the top is a vowel sound, and then there is a “descent” down, starting with the most sonorous consonants (ping-pong).
• even syllables - one vowel, that is, unclosed and open syllables are even and consist of only one vowel (a).

Stressed and unstressed syllables

A stressed syllable is a syllable whose vowel is stressed, that is, the vowel is in a strong position. Unstressed syllables are not stressed.

And unstressed syllables, in turn, are divided into two types in relation to the stressed syllable: unstressed and pre-stressed. It is not difficult to guess that pre-stressed syllables come before the stressed syllable, and post-stressed syllables, respectively, come after them. They are also divided into pre-stressed/post-stressed syllables of different order in relation to the stressed syllable. The first pre-stress or post-stress is closest to the one being struck, the second in order is behind the first post-stress and pre-stress, and so on.

Let's take for example the word che-re-do-va-ni-e, where all syllables, it is worth noting, are open. The fourth syllable -va- will be stressed, the first pre-stressed syllable will be -do-, the second - -re-, the third - che-. But the first post-accent will be -ni-, the second - -e.

How to divide a word into syllables?

All words can be divided into syllables. In different languages, division can occur in different ways. But how is division carried out in the Russian language? What are the nuances of the rule?

In general, the division follows general principles:

• There are as many vowels as there are syllables. If a word has one vowel sound, then it is one syllable, since vowels are syllabic. For example, these are the words: cat, whale, that, current, which consist of one syllable.
• A syllable can only be a vowel sound. For example, the word “this” is divided into syllables as e-that.
• Open syllables end in vowels, closed syllables end in consonants. Examples of openness: mo-lo-ko, de-le-ni-e, ko-ro-va. Closed syllables are found, as a rule, at the end of a word or at the junction of consonants (com-pot, mole, give). In the Russian language, as already mentioned, there is a tendency towards open syllables.
• If a word contains the letter "th", then it goes to the previous syllable. For example, my-ka.
• At the junction of two vowels, a division occurs in the middle, because there cannot be two vowels in one syllable. In this case, it turns out that the first syllable is open, and the second is open (ha-os).
• All sonorants (m, n, l, p) at the junction of consonants before voiceless ones usually “stick” to the sounds preceding them, forming a syllable.

Theories of syllabification

However, there is no clear framework for what exactly a syllable is and where its boundaries lie. The main thing is the presence of a vowel, but the definition of boundaries can occur in different ways. There are several basic theories of syllable division.

• Sonority theory, which is based on the principle of the wave of sonority of a syllable. It was developed by the Danish scientist Otto Jespersen, and for the Russian language he continued the idea of ​​R.I. Avanesov. He identified four degrees of sonority, starting with more sonorous ones and ending with non-sonorous ones. Vowels are at the top, followed by sonorant ones in the second degree, voiced noisy ones in the third degree, and completely voiceless consonants in fourth place. That is, a syllable is a combination of a vowel with less and even non-sonorous ones.
• The expiratory theory (exhalation) implies that a syllable is one expiratory impulse. How many shocks, so many syllables. However, the disadvantage of this theory is the uncertainty of the syllable boundary at the junction of consonants. In this theory, you can use a candle to understand how many syllables (air bursts) there are in a word.
• The theory of “muscular tension” carries the idea that a syllable combines levels of maximum and minimum muscular tension (i.e. tension of the speech organs). The syllable boundary will be sounds of minimal muscular tension.

Now that you know the rules for dividing words into syllables, you will not have problems with word hyphenation.

syllable

syllable, plural syllables, syllables, m. 1. A sound or combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one exhalation (linguistic). Open syllable (ending in a vowel). Closed syllable (ending with a consonant). Divide words into syllables. 2 units only Style, manner of writing or speaking, expressing your thoughts. High-flown syllable. The article is written in an excellent style. - Let me, Pyotr Ivanovich, I’ll tell you: - Eh, no, let me: you don’t even have such a style. Gogol. The verses are accompanied by a high syllable. Vyazemsky.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

syllable

Ah, plural -i, -ov, m. A sound or combination of sounds pronounced with one impulse of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. Read syllable by syllable. Shock s. Open s. (ending in a vowel sound). Closed village (ending in a consonant).

adj. syllabic, -aya, -oe. Syllabic writing (in which syllables are represented by signs, not sounds). Syllabic sounds (syllable-forming).

syllable

A, m. Same as style (in 3 values). Write in a good style. High s.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

syllable

m. A sound or combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one impulse of exhaled air (in linguistics).

m. Method, manner of expressing thoughts; style.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

syllable

a minimal pronunciation unit of speech, consisting of one or more sounds that form a close phonetic unity. An open syllable ends with a vowel and a closed consonant with sounds.

Syllable

the minimum pronunciation (articulatory) unit of speech, consisting of one or more sounds that form a close phonetic unity based on a single expiratory impulse (or, according to representatives of some S. theories, on the basis of a single impulse of muscular tension, or modulation ≈ narrowing and expansion ≈ pharyngeal tube, degree of sonority and order of sounds). There are three components in S.'s composition: the beginning (attack), apex (core), and end (indentation). Simple vowels (“ma-ma”), in a number of languages ​​sonorant consonants (Czech, prst ≈ “finger”), and occasionally noisy consonants (French psst! ≈ “ts!”) form the top of the S. (see Diphthong). The beginning and end of S. are represented by one or a group of consonants; in some languages, S. may consist of one vertex (“o-ni”). A consonant is called closed when the final component is ≈ consonant; open ≈ with a final component ≈ vowel; undisguised ≈ with an initial vowel; covered ≈ with an initial consonant. The most common structure of a consonant is a consonant and a vowel (known to all languages ​​of the world). Syllable division often does not coincide with the division into morphemes, for example, in the word “handle” there are two S. (“ru-chka”), but three morphemes (“ru-k-a”). In some (so-called syllabic) languages, morphemes, as a rule, are monosyllabic and the boundaries of the syllable and the morpheme coincide (for example, in the Chinese language). In such languages, the positions of the beginning of the word and the end of the word are opposed in the structure of the word (the latter is distinguished by a limited set of sounds allowed in it).

V. A. Vinogradov.

Wikipedia

Syllable

Syllable- this is a minimal phonetic-phonological unit, characterized by the greatest acoustic-articulatory unity of its components, that is, the sounds included in it. The syllable has no connection with the formation and expression of semantic relationships. This is a purely pronunciation unit. In a syllable, sounds of varying degrees of sonority are grouped, the most sonorous are syllabic, the rest are non-syllabic.

When defining the concept of a syllable from the point of view of the science of language, two approaches differ. From the educational point of view, or, otherwise, physiologically, a syllable is interpreted as a sound or a combination of sounds, when pronounced, the human speech apparatus generates one continuous push of exhaled air. In turn, in acoustic terms, or from the side of sonority, a syllable can be understood as such a segment of speech within which one sound stands out in comparison with others located in close proximity to it, with the greatest degree of sonority.

Examples of the use of the word syllable in literature.

This book, purported to be the autobiography of a gentleman who came to manhood in the reign of Queen Anne, is printed in an ancient type and written in an ancient style. syllable.

And the Aramean understood it very well, for he was the author of the document, which Starodrevov invariably kept on his desk and sometimes, in moments of doubt, re-read it, admiring both the style and beauty syllable.

“Well,” said Athenodorus in the same gentle voice, “if you cannot think of anything else and are now blind to the beauties of Hesiod’s syllable, Hesiod can wait until tomorrow.

Livy in the pleasure I get from reading his books, which Athenodorus recommended to me as an example of excellent syllable.

This openness, by the way, is indicated by the fact that the poem is crowned with a female rhyme, that is, an unstressed syllable.

But in languages ​​that came out of Latin, the loss of too short words was the most common occurrence - unstressed syllables weakened so much that words became slurred.

As if everything is correct: each line has four stresses, and between the stresses there are as many unstressed ones as you like syllables.

In November 1986, in Delhi, Gorbachev and Gandhi signed a solemn agreement syllable Declaration on a nuclear-free and non-violent world, seriously believing that they were laying the first stone in its foundation, and not yet knowing that, contrary to their hopes, the club of nuclear powers would be replenished, including at the expense of India itself, and one of the authors of the declaration - Rajeev will become a victim of terrorist violence.

The captain, who kindly showed it to me, with the Gostiny Dvor glibness usual on the Volga, praised all sorts of amenities of his ship and, listing a number of upcoming pleasures, tried to make it clear that he knows how to speak to more or less high-ranking people on occasion. syllable.

That we really use metrical language in order to correlate the expenditure of our cognitive abilities with the strength of the expected ones syllables, - this is clear from the fact that bad versioning unpleasantly affects us.

The - symbol connecting chords indicates that these chords quickly replace each other - as a rule, when singing one syllable or adjacent syllables.

Like a Hevea tree exuding rubber, the ventricle continuously poured out phonemes and syllables, which then spread over the head.

And even Thomas Young, who achieved outstanding results in deciphering the demotic text precisely because he read it phonetically, contradicting himself, when deciphering the name of Ptolemy, again arbitrarily decomposed the signs into letters, syllables and double syllables.