General conditions for the development of culture
?What were the conditions for the development of Russian culture?
in the 16th century compared to earlier eras?
In the 16th century Russian culture developed in a single state,
whose main task was centralization.
Decisive for the development of culture was
a single state center - Moscow.
Cultural achievements were used here
other regions of the country.
State power has increased significantly
and in the second half of the 16th century. acquired frankly
despotic character.
The Church became increasingly subordinate to secular power.
Literature
Children-mena. XVI centuryIn the Middle Ages people
read exclusively
religious books:
works of the holy fathers,
teachings, lives of saints.
In 1542 in Novgorod
by order
Archbishop Macarius
(since 1542 metropolitan)
compilation has begun
Great Chetykh-Menya.
Menaions - books intended for church services
or readings for a specific month.
Chety - that is, intended not for worship,
but only for reading.
Literature
Macarius set the task of collecting “all the books of the people,even in the Russian land are found.”
The Great Chetii-Minea were created over 20 years.
12 large volumes (over 27 thousand pages) included
lives of saints grouped by month
and all literature related to these saints:
writings of the church fathers, works of Russian church writers,
messages of metropolitans, church charters and charters,
various “spiritual” stories.
Many works read in Rus' in the 15th–16th centuries
were preserved only due to the fact that they entered the Menaion.
?
With the advent of the Great Fours
The reading range of all Russian people became the same.
What did it matter?
Literature
"The Tale in Brief"Abbreviation -
"Kazan History".
List of the 16th century
Popular in the 16th century. genre
- a military story.
He talks about the capture of Kazan
“The story in brief from the beginning
kingdom of Kazan".
The author idealizes Ivan IV:
“To be wise and brave,
and zealous and strong in body,
and light on his feet like pardus, and
he is like his grandfather in everything.”
Russian warriors are all on Kazan
breathing with the insolence of abuse and
anger, like fire."
Literature
"The Tale in Brief"from the beginning of the Kazan kingdom."
Abbreviation -
"Kazan History".
List of the 16th century
Despite the solemn
glorification of the Tsar and the Russian
troops, author of the Legend
does not hide respect,
to the Kazan people who bravely
fought with superior
enemy forces: each of them
“fighting with a hundred Ruthenians,
and two hundred and two hundred.”
The Legend tells
and that the women of Kazan
learned archery
and "spear combat"
and fought side by side
with men.
Literature
In “The Tale of the Coming of Stefan Batory to the City of Pskov”,written after the death of Ivan the Terrible,
tells about the siege of Pskov by the Polish army in 1581.
The author adheres to the traditional manner:
the Polish king is depicted as a “fierce beast”,
he is “highly proud”, and Lithuania is “proud”
while the Russian army is “Christ-loving.”
The author of the Tale does not care what the real Stefan Batory is like.
Tradition tells us to portray the enemy in a purely negative way -
This is what Batory looks like in the Tale.
?
What are the similarities and differences between “Kazan History” and
“Tales of the coming of Stefan Batory to the city of Pskov”?
Writing
Gospel handwritten from the 16th century.Half-tired.
Mordovian Museum of Local Lore,
Saransk.
In the 16th century, as before,
books were written by goose
pen using
ink and cinnabar,
as well as dissolved
gold and silver
for decorating texts.
But if before the books
wrote mainly
on parchment, then in the 16th century. –
mostly on paper
(Italian, French
and German).
Writing
Due to the developmentoffice work and abundance
texts required
simplified fluent
manner of writing.
To replace the semi-charter
cursive came.
Cursive letters had
elongation.
At first the letters consisted
mostly straight lines
but from the 2nd half of the 16th century. become
semicircular strokes predominate.
Deposit letter 1592
Words were often abbreviated
A sample of cursive writing from the late 16th century.
various
superscript icons.
The beginning of printing
Each handwritten book was a work of art.The books cost a fortune.
But this was not the main disadvantage of handwritten books.
?
Do you think they will be completely identical?
three copies of the handwritten Gospel?
No, they won’t: each of them was made by hand,
The scribe's handwriting could be different, but the main thing is
There were errors in the text, of which there were even more
the more urgent the work was.
In an ordinary book for reading, errors are not a problem,
but in a liturgical service it is blasphemy.
Moreover, in different parts of the country
Various errors have accumulated in the sacred texts.
The beginning of printing
?.
How could the differences in the books be overcome?
It was possible to achieve unification of books
only through the introduction of printing.
The first printing house was created in Moscow on the initiative of
Ivan IV and Metropolitan Macarius in 1553
?
What an important event for the life of the church and country
carried out by Macarius shortly before?
Stoglavy Cathedral in 1551, on which it was installed
a single canon of icon painting, and all locally revered saints
declared universally respected.
The beginning of printing
?What do the decisions of the Stoglavy Council have in common?
and the decision to open a printing house in Moscow?
Typography made it possible to get rid of discrepancies
in liturgical books, which in a single state
were completely intolerant.
Thus, printing was
an important centralizing measure,
as well as the establishment of a single canon of icon painting
and a single list of universally revered saints.
The first Russian books were published without imprint
(place and year of publication) and without the name of the publisher.
Therefore, the first printing house is called anonymous.
The beginning of printing
"Apostle"Ivan Fedorov.
Moscow, 1564
In 1563, with funds from the treasury in Moscow
a new printing house was founded.
It was headed by a deacon from one of the
Kremlin churches Ivan Fedorov,
most likely a native of Belarus
or Southern Poland, studied
at the University of Krakow.
His assistant was Pyotr Mstislavets.
In 1564 the “Apostle” was printed,
in 1565 - “The Teller of Hours.”
Ivan Fedorov's publications differed
the highest level of printing.
Currently known in the world
about 70 copies. "Apostle" 1564
A third of them are in Russia.
The beginning of printing
Primer published by Ivan Fedorovin Lvov in 1574
?
Like Ivan Fedorov
ended up in Lviv?
Soon after publication
"Book of Hours"
Ivan Fedorov
and Peter Mstislavets
moved to Lithuania,
and then to Lvov.
According to one version, the reason
his departure from Moscow
was an arson
scribes, according to another
- accusation of heresy,
caused by the fact that
the first printer introduced
changes to texts,
replacing Old Church Slavonic
Russian words.
The beginning of printing
Psalter. Moscow, 1568Publication by Nevezha Timofeev
and Nikifor Tarasiev.
After departure
Ivan Fedorov
book printing in Moscow
continued.
In 1568 Nevezha Timofeev
and Nikifor Tarasiev
The Psalter was published.
In the 70s XVI century Timofeev
ran the printing house
in Alexandrova Sloboda.
In total, in the 16th century. Russians
printers published approx. 20 books.
Circulation of "The Apostle" 1597
reached 1500 copies.
Architecture
Church of the Ascensionin Kolomenskoye.
In the architecture of the 16th century.
manifested itself like never before
striving upward, towards the vertical.
His most striking expression
became the first in Rus'
stone tented temple -
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye,
built in 1532
In one chronicle message
it was said that tent churches
built "for woodwork"
those. modeled after traditional
wooden tented churches.
The decorative effect of the temple was given
combination of red and white colors.
Architecture
Church of the Ascensionin Kolomenskoye.
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
– tented pillarless temple
58 m high.
Almost half the height of the temple -
octagonal tent.
The building does not have altar apses,
thanks to which it is visually
completely subordinated to the axial
vertical movement.
The inside of the temple is small,
because difficult task
maintaining a stone tent
solved by thickening the walls
at the bottom of the building
(2/3 area).
Architecture
Not far from Kolomenskoye,behind the ravine, in the village of Dyakovo,
in 1547 by order of Ivan IV
was built
Temple of the Beheading
John the Baptist.
Around the central pillar
having the appearance of a multi-tiered tower,
located four
octagonal aisle.
So the traditional five-headed
combined here with techniques
tower-shaped, pillar-shaped
and tent architecture.
Church of the Beheading
The belfry reminds
John the Baptist in Dyakovo.
about Pskov architecture.
Architecture
Church of the Beheadingchapters of John the Baptist
in Dyakovo.
Dyakovsky Church looks like
much more magnificent, powerful
and heavy in comparison
with the Church of the Ascension.
Most historians believe
that the Dyakovsky temple appeared
predecessor
Cathedral of the Intercession, which is on the Moat,
and even believes that it was built
the same masters.
But there is another version, relating
Temple of the Beheading
John the Baptist by the 50s. XVI century
and considers it a simplified version
Intercession Cathedral.
Architecture
Church of the Intercession on the Moat.(Cathedral
St. Basil's).
Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat
was built in honor of the capture of Kazan
in 1555–1561
The architects are Barma and Postnik Yakovlev.
(According to another version, one person -
Pskov master Postnik Yakovlev
nicknamed Barma).
Nine-domed temple, around a tent
there are eight aisles:
four large ones are located
at the ends of the cross,
four more smaller ones -
along a diagonal cross.
The cathedral seems to unite into one
a whole nine churches.
Architecture
The cathedral was originally white,the domes were covered
whitewashed iron.
The current motley ("eastern")
The temple acquired its appearance in the 17th century,
At the same time, the chapter coverage changed.
Nowadays, none of the ten domes
(above the tent, eight side chapels
and bell tower) does not repeat the other.
In 1588 a chapel was added in honor of
St. Basil's (1460–1552),
who gave the temple its everyday name.
The bell tower was added in the 1670s.
Church of the Intercession on the Moat.
(Cathedral
St. Basil's).
Architecture
St. Sophia Cathedral in Vologda.In the second half of the 16th century.
traditional ones were also built
five-domed temples.
St. Sophia Cathedral in Vologda
erected 1568–1570
by order of Ivan IV
in imitation of Uspensky
Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Initially he too
was called Uspensky,
and became Sofia in 1612.
The cathedral stood unfinished for a long time due to the departure of Ivan IV
from Vologda (allegedly a stone fell on him from the vaults of the cathedral).
The cathedral was completed in 1687 under Fyodor Ivanovich.
Architecture
Vologda St. Sophia Cathedral –brick rectangular,
six-pillar five-domed
temple with three high, strong
protruding apses.
Although the Vologda Assumption Cathedral
was built in imitation
Moscow, according to plan and decor
it is closer to Novgorod
and Rostov churches.
Saint Sophia Cathedral
in Vologda.
Architecture
Assumption Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergiusthe monastery was built
in 1559–1588 with the contribution of Ivan IV.
Also clearly imitates the one who became
canonical to the Assumption Cathedral
Moscow Kremlin,
but different from it
heavy massiveness.
The finishing of the cathedral was carried out
under Fyodor Ivanovich.
Assumption Cathedral
Trinity-Sergius
monastery
Architecture
In the 16th century were being builtnot only temples, but also
fortifications.
In 1535–1538, under Helena
Glinskaya were lined up
fortifications of China Town:
2.6 km, 12 towers.
Spassky (Water) Gate
China-towns.
Hood. A.M. Vasnetsov.
Scheme of the Kitai-Gorod wall.
The name comes from "whales" -
bundles of poles used
during construction.
Architecture
In 1585–1593famous master
Fedor Savelyev (Horse)
erected fortifications
White City:
9 km of walls, 29 towers,
11 travel gates.
White stone walls
were lined with bricks
and plastered.
Myasnitsky Gate of the White City.
Hood. A.M. Vasnetsov.
?
Why White City
was that what it was called?
Architecture
Built in 1591wood-earth
Skorodom fortress:
15 km of walls, 50 towers,
incl. 34 travel cards.
Serpukhovskaya and
Kaluga Tower
were stone.
This is how the ring road developed
layout of Moscow.
Moscow plan drawn up
Matthaus Merian (1638).
The White City is highlighted in yellow.
It surrounds the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod.
Around it is Zemlyanoy City.
Architecture
Smolensk Kremlin.Corner tower.
Arch. Fedor Kon.
In 1596–1600
Fedor Kon
built
fortifications of Smolensk:
6.5 km of walls, 38 towers
at a distance of 150–160 m
from each other.
Contemporaries believed
the fortress is impregnable.
In 1609–1611 Smolensk
beat for more than two years
attacks by Polish troops,
and for the last time the fortress
defended against the assault
in 1812
Painting
Apocalypse.Opening of the fifth seal.
South wall fresco
Annunciation Cathedral
Moscow Kremlin.
Monumental art of the 16th century.
represented, in particular, by frescoes
Annunciation Cathedral
Moscow Kremlin.
Cathedral murals
completed in the middle of the 16th century,
after the Moscow fire of 1547
Arrangement of compositions,
especially the gospel cycle,
drawing, rhythm transmission, background,
color – all this connects the frescoes
Annunciation Cathedral
with paintings from the early 16th century,
with the era of Dionysius.
Painting
Apocalypse.The bliss of the righteous in paradise.
South wall fresco
Annunciation Cathedral
Moscow Kremlin.
At the same time the frescoes
Annunciation Cathedral
noticeably different from murals
era of Dionysius.
They are overloaded with details
their compositions are multi-layered,
architectural forms are fractional.
There are many Russian saints on the frescoes
- princes and church leaders.
This is how the idea came to fruition
God's chosenness of Moscow
state and origin
Moscow sovereigns
from the Roman Caesars.
Painting
Icon "Church Militant".Mid-16th century Tretyakov Gallery.
The icon was painted to commemorate the capture of Kazan.
The warriors are heading from the burning city to the “Mountain Zion.”
The two outer columns are the heavenly army (in halos).
Ahead (in the circle of the celestial sphere) is Archangel Michael.
Painting
In front of the middle (earthly) column is a king.In the center of the column is presumably Vladimir Monomakh,
or Emperor Constantine Monomakh.
Behind are three horsemen, presumably
Vladimir the Saint with his sons Boris and Gleb.
Painting
?What are the features of the “Church Militant” icon?
The icon is dedicated to a current political event.
It glorifies the state and the monarch,
but interprets their victory as a victory of Orthodoxy.
The icon depicts uncanonized
historical characters and even living people
(Permission to write them on icons
adopted the Stoglav Cathedral in 1551).
The icon is extremely overloaded with characters and details.
?
With what literary work is it ideological?
does the “Church Militant” icon echo?
With "The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir".
Painting
In the second half of the 16th century.in iconography it becomes
The motif of the Last Judgment is popular.
At the Second Coming of Christ
will judge the living and the dead,
and the righteous will be
awarded heavenly bliss,
and the sinners are finally
cast into hell.
?
Last Judgment.
Second half of the 16th century.
From the collection of A.V. Morozova.
Tretyakov Gallery
Why in the second
half of the 16th century icon painters
especially often contacted
to this story?
Painting
Nikita the warrior.Icon of Stroganovskaya
schools.
Procopius Chirin.
At the end of the 16th century. there was a special
direction of icon painting,
focused attention
on painting technique.
It is called "Stroganov"
school" named after the merchants
Stroganovs, who told him
patronized.
The main task of the masters
Stroganov school
became an image
refined external beauty,
grace of figures and vestments.
Inner world of characters
fades into the background.
Painting
On the development of Russian painting in the 16th century. negativethe strict regulation established by the church affected.
The Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551 introduced facial icon paintings
stencils for depicting saints and entire compositions.
Compliance with the canons had to be monitored
special elders from among the “deliberate masters”.
Icon painters were instructed to write
"from ancient models, but from self-thinking
They did not describe the Deities with their guesses.”
The Council of 1554 divided painting into “everyday writing”
(biblical and gospel stories) and “letter to parables”
(compositions on the themes of parables, lives, liturgy).
Other subjects were not allowed.
And yet completely stop development
fine art was impossible.
Applied arts
Tsar Cannon.Master A. Chokhov.
Contrary to what is known
misconception
The Tsar Cannon could fire!
In the 16th century got a new one
development of weapons business.
Russian masters learned
cast huge guns
(“zatinny squeaks”).
They were given names:
Lion, Bear, Onager...
In 1586, the cannon master
Andrey Chokhov cast
Tsar Cannon weighing 40 tons,
with a barrel bore of 89 cm!
The cannon was decorated with a lion
head and rich ornament,
as well as the figure of Tsar Feodor
on horseback.
Applied arts
Reached high skill in the 16th century.artistic sewing, especially
making church vestments.
The craftsmen skillfully selected colors,
created complex ornaments
and compositions.
By the end of the 16th century. sewing began to be decorated
precious stones.
Felony mantle.
Fragment.
Contribution of the book P. Shchenyateva
in Trinity-Sergiev
monastery.
Sources of illustrations
Slide number 3.http://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/medium.php?col=1&manuscript=663&pagefile=663-0006
Slide No. 5-6. http://historydoc.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2012721
Slide number 8. http://www.mrkm.ru/?cat=part1&sub=9
Slide number 9. http://molod.eduhmao.ru/info/1/3790/34553/
Slide number 13. http://prav-kniga2010.narod.ru/apostol-1564.htm
Slide number 14. http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000029/st019.shtml
Slide number 15.
http://www.protoart.ru/ru/main/news/antic/news_current.shtml?2006/02/200602139642.html
Slide number 16. http://www.blagovest-info.ru/index.php?ss=2&s=7&id=11599
Slide number 17. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/jurnal/523.htm
Slide number 18. http://www.shults.ru/okrainy_files/p0000162.jpg.htm
Slide number 19. http://www.petrovskij.com/photo/index.php?razdel_id=17
Slide number 20. http://www.rusiz.ru/journals/rizniza5/24
Slide number 21. http://www.foto-decor.ru/next_165p0f356.html
Slide number 22. http://www.temples.ru/private/f000040/vol_usp_2b.jpg
Sources of illustrations
Slide number 23. http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/3112/prodg.9a/0_33ce8_ffdd5766_XLSlide number 24. http://www.temples.ru/show_picture.php?PictureID=11169
Slide number 25.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0 %B4#.D0.A3.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BF.D0.
BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.9A.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.B3.D0.BE.D1.80. D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B0
Slide number 26.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vasnetsov_u_Myasnit
skih_vorot_Belogo_goroda_1926.jpg
Slide number 27.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%
D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4
Sources of illustrations
Slide number 28. http://dic.academic.ru/pictures/wiki/files/83/SmolenskKreml.jpgSlides No. 29–30. http://sites.google.com/site/lubitelkultury/Home-5-32/--3
Slides No. 31–32.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:ChurchMilitant.jpg
Slide number 34. http://www.xxc.ru/orthodox/pastor/pominovenie/sud/others/sud_tr.htm
Slide number 35. http://svet-nesu.ru/l_036.htm
Slide number 37.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roi_des_canons_Kremlin_Moscou.JPG
Slide number 38. http://www.emc.komi.com/04/003/06/001.htm
1 of 12
Presentation on the topic: Russian culture of the 16th century
Slide no. 1
Slide description:
Russian culture of the 16th century. There is nothing better, more beautiful than your dear homeland. Look back at our ancestors, at the heroes of past days. Remember them with a kind word - Glory to them, the stern fighters, Glory to our side, Glory to Russian antiquity! N. Konchalovskaya
Slide no. 2
Slide description:
Features of the development of Russian culture in the 16th century. The development of culture in Russia in the 16th century, as at all times, was not only determined by the social, economic, and political development of society, but was itself the most important component of historical development as a whole. Culture is not an isolated facet of social life, but one of its manifestations. leniations, closely connected by completely different ones. The level and nature of the development of culture depends on the general level of socio-economic development of society, and to a certain extent on previous traditions and the accumulation of cultural heritage. The turn of the 15th - 16th centuries is a turning point in history. ical development of Russian lands. Phenomena characteristic of this time had a direct impact on the spiritual life of Russia, on the development of its culture, and predetermined the nature and direction of the historical and cultural process.
Slide no. 3
Slide description:
Russian culture of the 16th century. Typography. Around 1553 - the first printing house in Russia, but the names of the printers are not known. 1563 - 1564 - the clerk of one of the Kremlin churches, Ivan Fedorov, and his assistant, Pyotr Mstislavets, printed the first book with imprint data (“Apostle”) at the Printing Yard. By the end of the 16th century. printing houses worked not only on Nikolskaya Street (now 25-Oktyabrya), but also in Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. But the printed book did not supplant the handwritten one, since mainly liturgical books were printed.
Slide no. 4
Slide description:
The Legend of the Princes of Vladimir" is a work that emphasized the idea of succession of power of the Moscow sovereigns from the Byzantine emperors. Correspondence of Prince A.M. Kurbsky with Ivan the Terrible. Talented and political opponents waged a fierce dispute about the ways and methods of centralization, about the relationship between the monarch and his subjects - Kurbsky and Ivan IV. 1564 - Ivan IV received a message from Prince Kurbsky from abroad (Lithuania), accusing him of tyranny. Regulation of Russian life. "Domstroy" by priest Sylvester (close associate of Ivan IV), which is translated into modern Russian means “housekeeping.” This book contains both instructions of a church nature and advice on raising children and a wife.
Slide no. 5
Slide description:
16th century architecture Throughout the century, the construction of Moscow fortifications continued. Under Glinskaya, the walls of Kitay-Gorod were built in Moscow, protecting the central part of the settlement. End of the 16th century - “city affairs master” Fyodor Savelyevich Kon erected a ring of fortifications of the “White City” about 9.5 km long with 27 towers (running along the line of the current boulevard ring). The horse also built the Kremlin in Smolensk, and the walls of the Simonov Monastery in Moscow and the Pafnutiev Monastery (in Borovsk) are attributed to him. The last years of the 16th century saw the creation of the last outer line of Moscow's fortifications - "Skorodoma" (a wooden wall along an earthen rampart). "Skorodom" passed along the line of the current Garden Ring. Second third of the 16th century. - the spherical style penetrates into stone architecture from wood. A masterpiece of this style is the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye (within Moscow). 1554 - 1561 - architect Postnik Yakovlev and Barma built the Cathedral of the Intercession on Red Square, which is on the moat, in honor of the capture of Kazan.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
RUSSIAN CULTURE OF THE 16TH CENTURY Development by history teacher Bukharina I.V. MAOU "Secondary school No. 18 with in-depth study of the English language" of the Vakhitovsky district of Kazan
2 slide
Slide description:
CONTENTS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY; NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE; SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE; 4. CONTROVERSY OF IVAN THE GROZNY AND ANDREY KURBSKY; "DOMOSTROY"; “GREAT CHILDREN-MINEI”; CONCEPT “MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME”; CHURCH DISPUTES. THE NON-COVENANTS AND THE JOSITHILANES; CHURCH DISPUTES. HERESIES; TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE; ARCHITECTURE; ICONOPTION; CONCLUSIONS.
3 slide
Slide description:
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY: Formation of a unified Russian state, Liberation of the country from Tatar-Mongol domination, Completion of the formation of the Russian nationality. THEY NOT JUST HAVE AN IMPACT, BUT ALSO DETERMINED THE CONTENT AND DIRECTION OF THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL PROCESS.
4 slide
Slide description:
NEW PHENOMENA IN RUSSIAN CULTURE. BOOK PRINTING IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PHENOMENON OF THE CULTURE OF RUSSIA IN THE 16th CENTURY “APOSTLE” 1564 IN 1564 THE “APOSTLE” WAS PRINTED BY THE DEACON OF ONE OF THE MOSCOW CHURCHES IVAN FEDOROV AND HIS ASSISTANT PETER MSTISLAVETS - PER VA RUSSIAN BOOK WITH IMPRINT DATA.
5 slide
Slide description:
THE FONT AND SCREENSLARS OF THE “APOSTLE” WERE INCOMPATIBLE WITH WESTERN SAMPLES. LIKE ANY INNOVATION, BOOK PRINTING WAS MEETED IN MOSCOW WITH FEAR AND MISUNDERSTANDING. BOOK PRINTERS BEGAN TO BE ACCUSED OF WITCHCRAFT. FYODOROV AND MSTISLAVETS WENT TO THE RECHI POSTPOLITAYA, WHERE THEY CONTINUED PRINTING RUSSIAN BOOKS IN LVIV. HERE WAS THE FIRST RUSSIAN GRAMMAR BOOK RELEASED. PRINTING HAS NOT FROZEN IN MOSCOW. NIKIFOR TARASIEV, ANDRONIK TIMOFEEV-NEVEZHA AND OTHERS WORKED AT THE PRINTING YARD. MONUMENT TO IVAN FYODOROV IN MOSCOW
6 slide
Slide description:
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE THE 16TH CENTURY PROVIDED BRIGHT WORKS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT CONNECTED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRALIZED STATE, THE STRENGTHENING OF THE ROYAL POWER, THE FORMATION OF A NEW SOCIAL CLASS – THE NOBILITY. IN THE LATE 1540 – EARLY 1550s, IVAN PERESVETOV WRITES HIS PETILATIONS TO TSAR IVAN THE TERRIBLE. HE DEVELOPES IN THEM THE IDEA OF A STRONG ROYAL POWER, WHICH SHOULD RESIST THE “LAZY AND CARELESS” BOYARS, BASED ON RELIABLE “WARRIORS” - THE NOBLERY. NOT EVERYTHING IS CLEAR ABOUT IVAN PERESVETOV’S PERSONALITY. AT THE TIME IT WAS EVEN SUGGESTED THAT IVAN THE TERRIBLE HIMSELF STANDED BEHIND THIS NAME. THE STATEMENTS OF THIS PUBLICIST VERY EQUAL WITH THE IDEAS OF THE TSAR. IN HIS UNDERSTANDING, TO RULE “BY THE TRUTH” MEANS TO COMPARE THE “WARRIORS” AND CRUELLY PUNISH ALL THOSE WHO CROSS THE ROYAL WILL. SOME THOUGHTS OF IVAN PERESVETOV TURNED OUT TO BE CONSISTENT WITH THE PRACTICE OF OPRICHNA.
7 slide
Slide description:
IN THE 1560S, ISSUES OF THE GOVERNMENT OF Rus' ARE IN THE CENTER OF ATTENTION OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREI KURBSKY, WHO FLEED TO LITHUANIA. IN THEIR CORRESPONDENCE THEY PROMOTE 2 OPTIONS FOR THE DEVICE: CONTROVERSY OF IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND ANDREY KURBSKY IVAN THE TERRIBLE: THE IDEAL IS A DESPOTIC MONARCHY; THE KING IS ABSOLUTE POWER, SUBJECTS ARE UNCONDITIONAL SUBMISSION. PRINCE ANDREY KURBSKY: THE IDEAL IS A LEGAL STATE, A REPRESENTATIVE MONARCHY.
8 slide
Slide description:
“DOMOSTROY” A BRIGHT AND PECULIAR MONUMENT OF LITERATURE IS “DOMOSTORY”, WRITTEN BY SYLVESTER, A MEMBER OF THE ELECTED RADA, THIS BOOK, DEDICATED TO THE ART OF “KEEPING A HOUSE”, IN ADDITION TO THE RICH HOUSEHOLD MATERIAL, IS INTERESTING AND ITS BASIC WE SLEW: ORDER IN THE HOUSE, ACCORDING TO SYLVESTER, IS POSSIBLE ONLY WITH ABSOLUTE THE POWER OF THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY, WHO KEEPS OTHER HOUSEHOLDS IN FEAR AND TREMENDING. “LET THE WIFE FEAR HER HUSBAND...” “An unspoiled child is a poorly brought up child...” “HOW TO PRESERVE FUR...” “HOW TO SMOKE STURGER...” “THE WIPE DOESN’T TORTURE, BUT TEACHES...”
Slide 9
Slide description:
“THE GREAT CHARTS-MINEA” “THE GREAT CHARTS-MINEA” WERE COMPILED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF METROPOLITAN MAKARIUS. THEY INCLUDE THE LIVES OF THE SAINTS, ORGANIZED BY MONTH IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE DAY OF MEMORY OF EACH SAINT, AS WELL AS MANY FAMOUS “SOULFUL” WORKS, PROCESSED IN THE SPIRIT OF THE GLORIFICATION OF MOSCOW Rus' AS THE MAIN CENTER CENTER OF ORTHODOXY. THE TWELVE-VOLUME “MINEA CHARTS” WERE A SINGLE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHURCH LITERATURE OF THE 16TH CENTURY.
10 slide
Slide description:
“CHETI-MINEI” AND “HOUSE-STORY” WERE READ BY MAINLY WEALTHY COUNTRY AND SERVANT PEOPLE. BOYARS AND EDUCATED CHILDREN OF BOYARS, DECISERS WERE PASSIONATE IN GREEK, BYZANTINE AND OTHER TRANSLATED WORKS, THE WORKS OF MAXIMUS THE GREEK AND OTHER AUTHORS. MAXIM THE GREEK
11 slide
Slide description:
“MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME” AT THE END OF THE 15th CENTURY, THE POLITICAL THEORY OF THE RUSSIAN STATE BEGINS TO BE FORMED. IT WAS BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF “MOSCOW – THE THIRD ROME”. ITS AUTHOR WAS THE PSKOV MONK PHILOPHEUS, WHO BELIEVED THAT THE FIRST ROME PERISHED UNDER THE BLOCKS OF THE BARBARIANS BECAUSE OF THE PRESERVATION OF PAGANITY, THE SECOND ROME – CONSTANTINOPLE – FALLED UNDER THE BLOCKS OF THE MUSLIMS BECAUSE OF SINS AND DEVIATIONS FROM THE ORTHODOX FAITH MOSCOW, AFTER THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE BECAME THE THIRD ROME, AND THE FOURTH WILL NOT HAPPEN. MONK PHILOTHEY
12 slide
Slide description:
CHURCH DISPUTES. IN THE 16TH CENTURY, RUSSIAN THINKERS ENTERED THE AGE OF CHURCH AND PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTIONS. In 1502 -1504 GG. THE STRUGGLE OF THE NON-COVENANTS AND THE JOSEPHLANES ARISED UP. THE IDEOLOGIST OF THE NON-COVENANTS WAS THE FOUNDER OF THE MONASTERY ON THE SORKA NILE RIVER (SORSKY), WHO BELIEVED THAT IT WAS NECESSARY TO INCREASE THE AUTHORIZATION OF THE CHURCH BY STRICTLY FOLLOWING THE RULES AND RITUALS AND ASCETIIC WAY OF LIFE. NEAL CONDEMNED THE CHURCH'S ACQUISITION OF WEALTH, INCLUDING THE OWNERSHIP OF LAND (SUPPORTERS OF SORSK WERE CALLED "NON-ACQUISITORS"). NILE SORSKY
Slide 13
Slide description:
THE NON-COVENANTS WERE RESISTED BY THE JOSEPHLANES - SUPPORTERS OF THE IGUMENE OF THE MOSCOW VOLOTSKY MONASTERY JOSEPH, WHO INSISTED ON THE NEED FOR THE CHURCH TO HAVE GREAT MATERIAL RESOURCES. IN 1503, AT THE CHURCH COUNTER ON THE INITIATIVE OF IVAN III, THE QUESTION OF THE CHURCH'S REFUSAL OF LAND OWNERSHIP WAS RAISED. AT THIS MOMENT, THE JOSEPHLANES SUPPORTED THE ARRANGE PRINCE IN THEIR STRUGGLE AGAINST THE GREAT DUKAL AUTHORITY, AND THIS BECAME FOR Ivan III ANOTHER REASON TO SUPPORT THE NON-COVENANTS. LATER, UNDER VASILI III, THE NON-COVENANTS RESISTED THE TSAR’S DIVORCE FROM SOLOMONIA SABUROVA AND SUBJECTED TO DISGRACE. THE GREAT DUKAL AUTHORITY TURNED FROM SUPPORTING THE NON-COVENANTS TO A POLICY OF GRANTING BROAD PRIVILEGES TO THE CHURCH. JOSEPH-VOLOTSKY MONASTERY OF JOSEPH OF VOLOTSKY
Slide 14
Slide description:
THE VICTORY OF THE JOSEPHLANES IN MANY DETERMINED THE FURTHER POLICY OF THE CHURCH IN REGARD TO THE ROYAL POWER. THE CHURCH IS MORE AND MORE PERSISTENTLY SUPPORTING THE IDEA OF AUTOCRASH.
15 slide
Slide description:
CHURCH DISPUTES. HERESES DIRECTED AGAINST THE OFFICIAL CHURCH CONTINUED TO DEVELOP HERESES AMONG EDUCATED PEOPLE IN THE 16TH CENTURY. IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 16TH CENTURY, THE VIEWS OF THE SERVICE MAN MATVEY BASHKIN SPREAD IN MOSCOW. HE WAS DISGUSTED BY THE SERMON OF THE OFFICIAL CHURCH, WHICH JUSTIFIED THE MODERN ORDER AS GIVEN BY GOD. “CHRIST CALLS ALL BROTHERS,” MATTVEY NOTED, “AND WE KEEP SLAVES.” HE TORE UP THE BOND RECORDS AND LET HIS SLAVES FREE. BASHKIN CELEBRATES REASON AND BOOK TEACHING, CRITICALLY INTERPRETED BIBLE TEXTS, AND REJECTED ORTHODOX RITES AND SACRAMENTS. THE FUGITIVE SLAVE THEODOSIY OBOSY, WHO TOOK A MONK, WENT EVEN FURTHER, DECLARING THAT CHRISTIANS SHOULD NOT HAVE AUTHORITIES, AND THEREFORE CALLED NOT TO PAY TAXES AND NOT TO OBEY THE FEUDAL LORD.
16 slide
Slide description:
HAVING APPEARED BEFORE THE CHURCH COUNCIL IN 1553, MATVEY BASHKIN BRAVELY DEFENDED HIS “TRUE CHRISTIANITY.” AFTER THE TORTURE, HE REFUSED HIM, WAS ANATHEMATED AND EXPORTED TO JOSEPH-VOLKOLAMSK MONASTERY. THEODOSIY OBEY WAS TREATED TO THE CHURCH COURT, BUT MANAGED TO ESCAPE TO LITHUANIA. ALL THE HERESES OF THE 14th - 16th CENTURIES CAUSED FERMENT IN THE MINDS OF THE CITY, BUT THEY ALMOST DID NOT AFFECT THE MAIN RESIDENT OF RUSSIA - THE PEASANT, THEREFORE THEY DID NOT RESULT, AS IN EUROPE, INTO A WIDE REFORMATION MOVEMENT.
Slide 17
Slide description:
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE BY THE 15th – 16th CENTURIES IN RUSSIA THE LEVEL OF TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE INCREASED NOTICELY. RUSSIAN MASTERS MADE COPPER AND BRONZE GUNS, IRON TOOLS. MASTER ANDREY CHOKHOV (CHEKHOV) FROM 1568 TO 1632 MANUFACTURED MANY CANNONS WITH CALIBERS FROM 92 TO 470 MM, LENGTH UP TO 6 M, WEIGHT FROM 1.2 TO 7.2 T. IN 1586 HE CASTED THE TSING CANNON FOR THE KREMLIN. LENGTH 5.34 M, CALIBER 890 MM, BARREL WEIGHT 40 T. TRUE, THIS GUN WAS NEVER FIRED. SINCE 1590, RUSSIAN MASTERS BEGAN TO MAKE CANnon ON CARRIAGES, WHICH INCREASED THEIR MOBILITY.
18 slide
Slide description:
ARCHITECTURE THE MOST BRIGHT STYLE OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THIS TIME IS THE TENT STYLE. IN IT, STONE CHURCHES ARE ENRICHED WITH ELEMENTS OF WOODEN STRUCTURES, IN PARTICULAR, WITH A PREVIOUSLY UNSEEN STRUCTURE OF THE TOP OF THE CHURCH IN THE FORM OF A TENT.
Slide 19
Slide description:
THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN KOLOMENSKOYE A MASTERPIECE AND THE EARLIEST EXAMPLE OF THE TENT STYLE WAS THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN THE VILLAGE OF KOLOMENSKOYE NEAR MOSCOW..
20 slide
Slide description:
THE CATHEDRAL OF THE INTEGRATION ON THE MOAT THE TOP OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 16th CENTURY IS THE CATHEDRAL OF THE INTEGRATION ON THE MOAT, DEDICATED TO THE CAPTURE OF KAZAN (BETTER KNOWN AS St. Basil's Cathedral - IN HONOR OF THE FAMOUS MOSCOW Holy Fool, WHO ALWAYS SLEEPED THE NIGHT IN THE ROOM FROM ITS APARTMENTS). BUILT BY RUSSIAN MASTERS BARMA AND POSTNIK YAKOVLEV, THE CATHEDRAL CONSISTS OF 8 UNSYMMETRICAL DIFFERENT SIZE PILLAR-SHAPED TEMPLES SURroundING THE CHURCH OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE VIRGIN IN THE CENTER WITH A HIGH TENT CAPED WITH A SMALL OH POPPY. ITS COMPOSITION CONTAINS THE IMPORTANT IDEA OF UNITED DIFFERENT LANDS AROUND MOSCOW..
21 slides
https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
The architecture of the work of architects - representatives of the Italian Renaissance, in fact, the entire architecture of the 16th century is marked by the increasing assimilation of the features of Italian architecture - the tented style - instead of a domed drum, a high tower in the form of a tent, at the very top there is a small dome
Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin architect Aleviz Novy
Ivan the Great Bell Tower architect Bon Fryazin
Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral)
Decorative decoration of the church - patterning
Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
architect Fedor Kon walls of the White City in Moscow fortress walls in Smolensk
Iconography is the depiction of theological concepts in visible images; complex plot; complication of the conceptual apparatus of icon painting; the desire to reflect many specific events and ideas in one work
fresco mosaic
Four-part icon, 1547
Andrey Rublev Trinity
Dionysius Our Lady Hodegetria Frescoes from the Ferapontov Monastery
Preview:
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
The presentation was prepared by a teacher of history and social studies, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 3, Komsomolsk-on-Amur Safonova Olga Vyacheslavovna Culture of Russia of the 16th century
Miniature
Book printing around 1553 - the initial stage of the development of Russian book printing; in 1563 the printing house of Ivan Fedorov was opened
Literature No records of oral and poetic folk art from this time have survived. But folk songs and games are mentioned in some literary works, documents, for example Stoglav, cathedral messages, etc. The events of that era are reflected in fairy tales. The genre of historical song is flourishing
Folklore. Fairy tales In “The Tale of Borma-Yaryzhka” its hero, a simple Russian man, obtains signs of royal dignity for Tsar Ivan the Terrible in Babylon-city. A similar plot developed in “The Tale of the Kingdom of Babylon,” but it deals with regalia for the Byzantine emperor.
Folklore. Proverbs Proverbs and songs, sayings and riddles, words and teachings reflect living folk speech, apt and sharp. These are, for example, the proverbs that Tsar the Terrible included in his message to the elders of the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery: “The king favors, but the huntsman does not favor,” “give free rein to the king, and to the other and to the huntsman.”
“Facebook Chronicle” - a story about Russian history from the time of the first princes to the reign of Ivan the Terrible
“Domostroy” - home economics (reflections on raising children and family life, household advice)
Correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Prince A.M. Kurbsky A. M. Kurbsky accused the tsar of cruelty and despotism; about the responsibility of the sovereign to the people, Ivan the Terrible defended his autocratic rights; The king should not serve the people, but the people should serve the king. “You are free to reward your slaves, but you are also free to execute them.”
Great Chetii-Minea, Metropolitan Macarius chets - books for reading menaion - collections where works are arranged according to the days when they are recommended to be read Great Cheti-Menaion - collection where the lives of the saints were arranged in order of the days on which their memory was celebrated
Science and technology The heyday of foundry - Andrei Chokhov's foundry school Tsar Cannon
Inventions - boyar slave Nikita made large wooden wings
Medicine - doctors (healers), the first pharmacy for the royal family, pharmacy order
Used materials from Internet resources http:// www.russianculture.ru/fulle.asp?id=9 http://ru.wikipedia.org 5af8fc56bb0d.jpg Mitr_Makarij.jpg http://libhistory.ru/img/248527__29.jpg http://historydoc.edu.ru/attach.asp%3Fa_no%3D2123 http://bibliotekar.ru/rus/97.files/image003.jpg http://days.pravoslavie.ru/Images/ib3080.jpg http ://i046.radikal.ru/0810/05/b5dcca7bf669.jpg Smolensk fortress wall | Collection of Peter's monuments http://www.moscowvision.ru/img/sk91.jpg http://www.moscowvision.ru/img/sk321.jpg http://www.avialine.com/img/repphotos/repphoto_8267_1577.jpg moskov-tsarstvo.livejournal.com
The 16th century for the history of the Russian state is a period of formation of the national self-awareness of the people who threw off the yoke of foreign conquerors.
A horde of Mongol-Tatars swept across Russian soil in a fiery flurry, sweeping away everything in its path. Most of them had to be restored anew, and the Orthodox Church was the spiritual guide and social ideal during this period.
Moscow, which was the center of the Moscow State, proclaimed St. Sergius of Radonezh and Prince Dmitry Donskoy as its spiritual symbols.
Since 1547, Ivan IV the Terrible was crowned king, and the Moscow kingdom began to be called the Russian state, the ideal of which was an unlimited monarchy, supported by the church. All political changes affected the cultural development of the country.
16th century painting
Painting of the 16th century is represented by icons and frescoes of the outstanding Russian artist Dionysius. His creations reflect the humanistic ideas that filled the work of his great predecessor Andrei Rublev. The images of his icons do not frighten, do not threaten punishment, but console, understand, forgive and heal the wounded soul.
frescoes of Dionysius in the Ferapontov Monastery photo
Together with his sons, Dionysius created frescoes for the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in the Ferapontov Monastery. Pure, light, bright, but at the same time delicate colors illustrate the hymns of the Byzantine Roman the Sweet Singer, reproducing scenes of the Annunciation, the Last Judgment, and Unction. It was Dionysius who first began to write a white background in Russian icons, which gave them extraordinary transparency.
By conveying the movements and gestures of the characters, Dionysius was able to achieve emotional excitement in the Orthodox flock. Dionysius' son Theodosius, after his father's death, painted the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. In Russian painting of the 16th century, secular themes from Russian and world history appear.
icon Parable of the lame and the blind man photo
The plots of some icons, for example, “The Parable of the Lame and the Blind Man”, “The Vision of Eulogia” illustrate parable stories. Icon paintings deviate so much from the established canons that in 1551 the Stoglavy Church Council made a special decision and established a kind of standard for the depiction of saints in icon painting.
Architecture, architecture of the 16th century
The 16th century is rightfully considered the period of serf architecture. The burned and destroyed fortress walls of cities and cathedrals in Nizhny Novgorod, Serpukhov, Kolomna, and Pskov are being rebuilt. Solovetsky, Trinity-Sergius and other monasteries are being built. Moscow itself is being rebuilt - Kitay-gorod, White and Zemlyanoy cities are being built.
Bell tower of Ivan the Great photo
In the village of Kolomenskoye, a pillar-shaped tented temple is being erected - the Church of the Ascension, and in Moscow the Church of Ivan the Great. One of the most outstanding monuments of Russian architecture of the 16th century is an architectural structure that is symbolic for modern Russia - the Intercession Cathedral in Moscow, better known as St. Basil's Cathedral. It was erected in honor of the capture of Kazan by Postnik Yakovlev, nicknamed Barma. What gives it extraordinary elegance are kokoshniks of various sizes and shapes, fancy domes, and an extraordinary wealth of decorative parts.
Typography
The 16th century is memorable for Russian culture for the greatest event - the emergence of its own printing. It is known that the first printing house existed already in 1553, but the names of its masters have not reached us. But the name of Ivan Fedorov, a deacon of the Moscow church and his assistant Peter Mstislavets, who printed the first book “Apostle” with imprints in the Printing Yard on Nikolskaya Street, is known for certain.
book Apostle photo
The book of the Apostle is one of the parts of the Bible. The print quality was simply excellent. Ivan Fedorov was not only an excellent typographer, but also edited translated books, carrying out not only interlinear, but also literary translation. The printing house worked not only in Moscow, but also in Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda.
In Lvov, Fedorov printed the first Russian primer. But there are still many handwritten books being published with many magnificent hand-made miniatures.