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Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (1818-1883)
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev came from a wealthy noble family. He was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel. The writer's father was a guards officer, an educated and kind man. After retirement he lived in the village, but died young in 1834.
Mother, Varvara Petrovna, was the owner of huge estates not only in Oryol, but also in neighboring provinces. She came from an old family of Lutovinovs and, like her ancestors, was distinguished by her cruelty towards serfs.
Little Ivan spent his childhood on his mother’s family estate, in the village of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, Oryol province. The boy had to observe his mother’s capricious and despotic treatment of the serfs and the landowner’s arbitrariness every day. This left a deep imprint on his soul, and later much of what he saw was reflected in his works. Serf nannies and uncles were the first educators of the future writer; later they were replaced by foreign tutors.
In 1827, the Turgenevs moved to Moscow. The children's education continued in a private boarding school, but later they were taught at home with the help of the best teachers. Such attention to the education of children led to the fact that already at the age of 15 Turgenev was ready to enter a higher educational institution. In 1833, he successfully passed the exams at Moscow University in the verbal department.
A year later, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan, having successfully completed his first year, transferred to the philological department of the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University. Turgenev’s favorite teacher was Pushkin’s friend Professor P.A. Pletnev, whom the young student, in his own words, revered as a demigod.
Turgenev's creative activity began during his student years. His first works (lyric poems “Evening”, “Ballad”, etc., dramatic poem “Wall”) were distinguished by romanticism and at the same time immaturity. They clearly showed the influence of the poems of Pushkin and Byron, the romantic works of popular Russian writers of the 1830s. However, the real talent of the young writer was already noticeable here, and in 1838 some of his youthful poems were published in the Sovremennik magazine.
Turgenev graduated from the university in the fall of 1837, after which he left to study philosophy in Germany. He returned to Russia in the spring of 1841, lived alternately in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and spent the summer in Spassky.
He was actively preparing for scientific work, but gradually literature became more and more important to him. For some time, Turgenev served as an official of special assignments in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but in 1845 he retired.
Works written and published in 1842-1846. (poems “Parasha”, “Landowner”, stories “Andrei Kolosov”, “Breter”, “Three Portraits”), indicate that the writer began to move away from romanticism and increasingly established himself in the positions of realism.
In the spring of 1843, Turgenev met Belinsky, and their friendship began. They became especially close in the summer of 1847, while in Salzburg, where the critic was being treated. Turgenev lived abroad since the spring of 1847 in the family of the French singer Pauline Viardot, who was a friend of the writer until his death. In Paris he witnessed the French Revolution
1848. His impressions of this event were reflected in the essays “Our People Sent!” and "The Man with Gray Glasses."
In the fall of 1850, the writer’s mother died, and he received a substantial inheritance. Turgenev wrote: “... I immediately released the servants; He transferred the peasants who wished to the quitrent, contributed in every possible way to the success of the general liberation, and at the time of ransom everywhere he gave up a fifth part...” In 1852, Gogol died.
Shocked, Turgenev wrote a note about his death for St. Petersburg Vedomosti, but censorship forbade its publication. Turgenev asked his friends to publish a note in Moskovskie Vedomosti, and before the ban came, it appeared in print.
The result was the arrest of Turgenev, followed by a link: “Send him to live in his homeland, under supervision.” However, the main reason for the arrest and exile was the dissatisfaction of officials with the Notes of a Hunter.
The writer was in exile for about a year and a half. At the end of 1853 he was allowed to leave the village, but he still remained under police surveillance. Returning to St. Petersburg, Turgenev began to work actively in the editorial office of Sovremennik. In the 1850s, such works as “The Noble Nest”, “Rudin”, “On the Eve” were created, and in early August 1860 12
19th century. He lived in the heyday of Russian culture, and his works became an adornment of Russian literature. Today, the name of the writer Turgenev is known to many, even schoolchildren, because his works are included in the compulsory school curriculum in literature.
Ivan Turgenev was born in the Oryol province of the Russian Empire, in the glorious city of Orel in October 1818. His father was a hereditary nobleman, served as an officer in the Russian army. Mother came from a family of wealthy landowners.
The Turgenev family estate is Spasskoye-Lutovino. It was here that the future famous Russian writer spent his entire childhood. On the estate, Ivan’s upbringing was mainly carried out by various teachers and tutors, both local and foreign.
In 1827 the family moved to Moscow. Here the boy is sent to a boarding school, where he undergoes training for about two years. In subsequent years, Ivan Turgenev studied at home, listening to lessons from private teachers.
At the age of 15, in 1833, Ivan Sergeevich entered Moscow University. A year later he will continue his studies in the capital of the Russian Empire, at St. Petersburg University. In 1836, studies at the university will be completed.
Two years later, Ivan Turgenev will travel to Berlin, Germany, where he will listen to lectures by famous professors on philosophy and philology. He spent a year and a half in Germany, and during this time he managed to meet Stankevich and Bakunin. Acquaintance with two famous cultural figures left a big imprint on the further development of the biography of Ivan Sergeevich.
In 1841, Turgenev returned to the Russian Empire. Living in Moscow, he is preparing for his master's exams. Here he met Khomyakov, Gogol and Aksakov, and later met Herzen.
In 1843, Ivan Sergeevich entered the public service. His new place of work was the “special office” under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. He did not work in the civil service for long, only two years. But during this time he managed to make friends with Belinsky and other members of the circle of the famous publicist and writer.
After leaving the civil service, Turgenev went abroad for some time. Shortly before his departure, his essay “Khor and Kalinich” was published in Russia. Having returned, he begins to work at the Sovremennik magazine.
In 1852, a book was published - a collection of Turgenev’s works with the title “Notes of a Hunter”. In addition to the works included in the collection by him, there are such works (stories, plays, novels) as: “Bachelor”, “A Month in the Country”, “Freeloader”, “Provincial Woman”.
In the same year Nikolai Gogol dies. The sad event made a strong impression on Ivan Turgenev. He writes an obituary, which was banned by censorship. He was arrested for freethinking and imprisoned for a month.
Afterwards, Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to the family estate in the Oryol province. A year later he was allowed to return to the capital. During the time spent in exile in the Oryol province, Turgenev wrote his most famous work - the story “Mumu”. In subsequent years he would write: “Rudin”, “The Noble Nest”, “Fathers and Sons”, “On the Eve”.
Subsequently, in the writer’s life there was a break with the Sovremennik magazine and with Herzen. Turgenev considered Herzen's revolutionary, socialist ideas unviable. Ivan Sergeevich, one of many writers who, at the beginning of their creative career, were critical of the tsarist power, and their minds were shrouded in revolutionary romance.
When Turgenev’s personality was fully established, Ivan Sergeevich abandoned his thoughts and partnership with personalities like Herzen. Pushkin and Dostoevsky, for example, had similar experiences.
Beginning in 1863, Ivan Turgenev lived and worked abroad. In the next decade of the 19th century, he again remembered the ideas of his youth and sympathized with the Narodnaya Volya movement. At the end of the decade he came to his homeland, where he was solemnly welcomed. Soon Ivan Sergeevich became seriously ill, and died in August 1883. Turgenev with his creativity left a big mark on the development of Russian culture and literature.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian writer, poet, publicist and translator. He created his own artistic system, which influenced the poetics of the novel in the second half of the 19th century.
Brief biography of Turgenev
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on November 9, 1818 in Orel. He was brought up in an old noble family and was the second son of his parents.
His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, served in the army and retired with the rank of colonel of a cuirassier regiment. Mother, Varvara Petrovna, came from a wealthy noble family.
It is worth noting that this marriage was not happy, since Turgenev’s father married for convenience, and not for love.
Childhood and youth
When Ivan was 12 years old, his father decided to leave the family, leaving his wife and three children. By that time, the youngest son Seryozha had died of epilepsy.
Ivan Turgenev in his youth, 1838 As a result, the upbringing of both boys, Nikolai and Ivan, fell on the shoulders of the mother. By nature, she was an overly strict woman with a bad character.
This is largely due to the fact that she was abused as a child, both by her mother and her stepfather, who often beat her. As a result, the girl had to run away from home to her uncle.
Soon Turgenev's mother married for the second time. Despite the fact that she was strict with her sons, she managed to instill in them good qualities and manners.
She was a literate woman and spoke with all family members exclusively in French.
She also maintained friendly relations with writers and Mikhail Zagoskin. It is not surprising that she wanted to give her sons a good education.
Both boys were taught by some of the best teachers in Europe, on whom she spared no expense.
Turgenev's education
During the winter holidays, he went to Italy, which charmed the future writer with its beauty and unique architecture.
Returning to Russia in 1841, Ivan Sergeevich successfully passed the exams and received a master's degree in philosophy at St. Petersburg University.
After 2 years, he was entrusted with a position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which could completely change his biography.
However, interest in writing took precedence over the benefits of an official position.
Creative biography of Turgenev
When a famous critic read it (see), he appreciated the talent of the aspiring writer and even wanted to meet him. As a result, they became good friends.
Later, Ivan Sergeevich had the honor of meeting Nikolai Nekrasov (see), with whom he also developed a good relationship.
Turgenev's next works were “Andrei Kolosov”, “Three Portraits” and “Breter”.
He claimed that his name was not worthy of mention in society, and also called him a “lackey writer.” Musin-Pushkin immediately wrote a report to Tsar Nicholas 1, describing the incident in detail.
Due to his frequent trips abroad, Turgenev was under suspicion, since there he communicated with the disgraced Belinsky and. And now, because of the obituary, his situation has worsened even more.
It was then that problems began in Turgenev’s biography. He was detained and imprisoned for a month, after which he was under house arrest for another 3 years without the right to travel abroad.
Works of Turgenev
At the end of his imprisonment, he published the book “Notes of a Hunter,” which contained such stories as “Bezhin Meadow,” “Biryuk,” and “Singers.” Censorship saw serfdom in the works, but this did not lead to any serious consequences.
Turgenev wrote for both adults and children. Once, after spending some time in the village, he composed the famous story “Mumu”, which gained wide popularity in society.
There, from his pen, such novels as “The Noble Nest”, “On the Eve” and “Fathers and Sons” came out. The last work caused a real sensation in society, since Ivan Sergeevich was able to masterfully convey the problem of relationships between fathers and children.
At the end of the 50s, he visited several European countries, where he continued his writing activities. In 1857, he wrote the famous story “Asya,” which was subsequently translated into many languages.
According to some biographers, the prototype of the main character was his illegitimate daughter Polina Brewer.
Turgenev's lifestyle drew criticism from many of his colleagues. They condemned him for spending most of his time abroad, while considering himself a patriot of Russia.
Employees of the Sovremennik magazine. Top row L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich; bottom row, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, . Photo by S. L. Levitsky, February 15, 1856 For example, he was in serious confrontation with, and. Despite this, Ivan Sergeevich’s talent as a novelist was recognized by many famous writers.
Among them were the Goncourt brothers, Emile Zola and Gustave Flaubert, who later became his close friend.
In 1879, 61-year-old Turgenev arrived in St. Petersburg. He was very warmly received by the younger generation, although the authorities still viewed him with suspicion.
That same year, the novelist went to Britain, where he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.
When Ivan Sergeevich learned that the opening of a monument to Alexander Pushkin would take place in Moscow, he also attended this solemn event.
Personal life
The only love in Turgenev’s biography was the singer Polina Viardot. The girl did not have beauty, but rather, on the contrary, disgusted many men.
She was stooped and had rough features. Her mouth was disproportionately large, and her eyes were protruding from their sockets. Heinrich Heine even compared it to a landscape that was “at once monstrous and exotic.”
Turgenev and Viardot But when Viardot began to sing, she immediately captivated the audience. It was in this image that Turgenev saw Polina, and immediately fell in love with her. All the girls with whom he had close relationships before meeting the singer immediately ceased to interest him.
However, there was a problem - the writer’s beloved was married. Nevertheless, Turgenev did not deviate from his goal and did everything possible to see Viardot more often.
As a result, he managed to move into the house where Polina and her husband Louis lived. The singer’s husband turned a blind eye to the relationship between the “guest” and his wife.
A number of biographers believe that the reason for this was the considerable sums that the Russian master left in his mistress’s house. Also, some researchers believe that the real father of Paul, the child of Polina and Louis, is Ivan Turgenev.
The writer's mother was against her son's relationship with Viardot. She hoped that Ivan would leave her and finally find a suitable mate.
It is interesting that in his youth Turgenev had a fleeting affair with a seamstress Avdotya. As a result of their relationship, a daughter, Pelageya, was born, whom he recognized only 15 years later.
Varvara Petrovna (Turgenev's mother) treated her granddaughter very coldly because of her peasant origin. But Ivan Sergeevich himself loved the girl very much, and even agreed to take her into his home after living together with Viardot.
The love idyll with Polina did not last long. This was largely explained by Turgenev’s three-year house arrest, because of which the lovers could not see each other.
After breaking up, the writer began dating young Olga, who was 18 years younger than him. However, Viardot still did not leave his heart.
Not wanting to ruin the young girl’s life, he confessed to her that he still loved only Polina.
Portrait of Turgenev performed Ivan Sergeevich’s next hobby was the 30-year-old actress Maria Savina. At that time, Turgenev was 61 years old.
When the couple went to, Savina saw a large number of Viardot’s things in the writer’s house and guessed that she would never be able to achieve the same love for herself.
As a result, they never got married, although they maintained friendly relations until the writer’s death.
Death
In 1882 Turgenev became seriously ill. After examination, doctors diagnosed him with spinal bone cancer. The disease was very difficult and was accompanied by constant pain.
In 1883, he underwent surgery in Paris, but it did not produce any results. The only joy for him was that in the last days of his life, his beloved woman, Viardot, was next to him.
After his death, she inherited all of Turgenev's property.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died on August 22, 1883 at the age of 64. His body was transported from Paris to St. Petersburg, where it was buried in the Volkov cemetery.
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The future Russian writer - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - poet, playwright, translator, publicist, who made an invaluable contribution to Russian literature of the 19th century, was born in 1818, in the Oryol province, in the city of Orel.From his mother's diary it is known that this event occurred at noon, at 12 o'clock, which was Monday. The same diary records that the boy was born with a height of 12 vershoks, that is, 53 centimeters. A week later the child was christened.
Ivan
Ivan Turgenev spent his childhood on the family estate of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. The family moved there shortly after his birth. Here he lived until he was nine years old. The estate had a beautiful garden and a pond in which there was a sufficient amount of different fish. In the garden one could listen to the singing of a nightingale, the whistling of a thrush, and the predictions of a cuckoo. This is a photograph of the estate that belonged to the mother of the future writer. Now this building houses a museum.
From the diaries of Turgenev’s mother it is known that the child was very capable and inquisitive. True, the woman never expressed her feelings and positive emotions. Her grown children could not remember a single bright memory associated with their mother.
There were funny incidents in the boy's life.
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Case 1
One day, Ivan’s mother was visited by His Serene Highness Princess Golenishcheva-Kutuzova-Smolenskaya. The guest was not young, she was well over sixty.
The children, as is customary in decent families, were brought in to introduce themselves. The older and younger brothers showed good manners. They kissed the hand and walked away, and the middle child declared publicly: “You look very much like a monkey.”
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Case 2
The fabulist and poet Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev visited the family. Since little Ivan knew several of his fables by heart, he began to read them.
And when the elderly man melted with emotion, the child came up to him and said: “Your fables are good, but Krylov’s is much better.”
☛
Case 3
When Ivan was four years old, the family went on a trip to Europe.
At the Bern Zoo, a baby crawled over a barrier and almost fell into a pit with bears. The child was helped by the dexterity of his father, who managed to grab his offspring by the leg literally at the last second.
In the family there was a Torah for children and the strictest attention was paid to education. It is known that children constantly changed tutors who were native speakers of French and German. In addition, the family spoke French constantly, which was common among the nobility of the 19th century. They even prayed in French.
Ivan Sergeevich did not consider his childhood happy. For any offense, children were punished most severely. His mother's constant mood swings once upset the boy so much that he decided to run away from home.
It is known that the mother, having become indignant because of some denunciation of the hanger-on, began to flog the boy without explaining the reason for the punishment. The child cried and asked for an explanation, but the mother only said: “You know why!”
When night fell, Ivan decided to run away from home. While the boy was sneaking around the huge house, his German teacher managed to notice him. He was an elderly man, smart enough not to make a fuss, and sensitive enough to ask the child about the reasons for such a decision.
In the morning, the kind old man asked to go into the lady’s room and talked with her for quite a long time behind closed doors. This conversation brought some sense to the obstinate hostess. She left behind her harsh parenting methods.
The writer did not hesitate to admit as an adult that he was always afraid of his mother like fire. Her chaos spread throughout the entire house. There was not a day when any of the household or servants missed her.
The most pleasant thing that little Ivan had in the house were books. From the age of eight, he rummaged through treasured closets. Sometimes the child was so captivated by this or that book that even at night the impressions did not go away and they drew a lot of vague images.
It is known that it was not only his parents who instilled a love for the Russian language and literature in young Ivan. Among other servants in the house there was one serf valet, who influenced the formation of the future writer’s attitude towards language. This valet would later become a prototype in one of Turgenev’s stories.
Turgenev's father
Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev took part in raising children very indirectly. It was as if he did not allow children near him. But he never punished or shouted.The adult Ivan Sergeevich said that his father had an incomprehensible influence on him, and the relationship itself between father and son was strange.
Ivan did not love his father easily. His father seemed to him the model of a man.
Sergei Nikolaevich was very proud of his ancestry, on his father’s side, which went back to 1440. He spoke with special honor about his ancestors, who denounced False Dmitry and had relations with the Decembrists.
Sergei Nikolaevich himself was a real handsome man, distinguished by his grace and sophisticated mind.
He began to fight at a very young age. He was seriously wounded during the Battle of Borodino. He was awarded the St. George Cross.
At the time of his acquaintance with Varvara Petrovna, the man was in a difficult financial situation and married for convenience.
The miracle did not happen. The marriage was not happy. Sergei Nikolaevich never felt the closeness of his wife’s soul, nor did he become a friend to his children. He completely relied on his wife to raise him.
The adult Ivan Sergeevich wrote in his reasoning that, apparently, the thought of family happiness did not even occur to his father.
Turgenev's mother
Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva, née Lutovinova, was a very unique woman.She did not know how, and did not seem to have the need, to express her love towards children.
It’s clear why this happened immediately as soon as you find out her personal story of growing up.
Her maternal great-grandfather, Ivan Andreevich Lutovinov, had three sons: Alexei, Ivan and Peter. Only one Peter was married and his estate bordered the estate of his brother Ivan. They were both zealous owners.
Pyotr Ivanovich was an experienced gardener and loved his job. But unfortunately, he died early, and Varvara Petrovna’s mother remarried. Soon the mother also died and the girl remained in the complete power of her stepfather.
My stepfather did not have a good disposition. He kept little Varya in strict obedience and often punished her. At some point, the growing girl simply hated the oppressive stepfather. One day she climbed out the window and simply ran away to her uncle in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo.
The uncle sheltered his niece. Paid for her education. Although he was very strange, and many considered him crazy, Varvara Petrovna lived with him until his death. My uncle died suddenly, choking on a cherry pit. The girl inherited a large fortune. At that time she was 26 years old.
The persecution and insults to which she was subjected in her youth hardened her character. She couldn't become anyone else.
In her estate everything was like in a small kingdom. A flag with a coat of arms fluttered over the roof of the house. She had a minister of the court, a minister of post, her own police and courtroom. A master's office was organized in the house. In it, Varvara Petrovna established a throne for herself. Sitting in the throne, she listened to reports, reports on the work performed, and dictated her orders.
Life was boring. The girl understood that she was already considered an old maid and there were fewer and fewer hopes of building her nest. She also understood that she was born ugly.
When in 1815 a young twenty-two-year-old lieutenant Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev came to Spasskoye as a repairman, that is, a buyer of horses for military purposes, they met, which later grew into a stronger alliance.
Born on October 28 (November 9, n.s.) 1818 in Orel into a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, is from the wealthy landowner family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev spent his childhood on the family estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. He grew up under the care of “tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, home-grown uncles and serf nannies.”
In 1827 the family moved to Moscow; At first, Turgenev studied in private boarding schools and with good home teachers, then, in 1833, he entered the literature department of Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to the history and philology department of St. Petersburg University. One of the strongest impressions of his early youth (1833), falling in love with Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who was experiencing an affair with Turgenev’s father at that time, was reflected in the story “First Love” (1860).
During his student years, Turgenev began to write. His first poetic experiments were translations, short poems, lyric poems and the drama “The Wall” (1834), written in the then fashionable romantic spirit. Among Turgenev’s university professors, Pletnev stood out, one of Pushkin’s close friends, “a mentor of the old century... not a scientist, but in his own way, wise.” Having become acquainted with Turgenev’s first works, Pletnev explained to the young student their immaturity, but singled out and published 2 of the most successful poems, encouraging the student to continue his studies in literature.
November 1837 - Turgenev officially finishes his studies and receives a diploma from the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University for the title of candidate.
In 1838-1840 Turgenev continued his education abroad (at the University of Berlin he studied philosophy, history and ancient languages). During his free time from lectures, Turgenev traveled. During more than two years of his stay abroad, Turgenev was able to travel all over Germany, visit France, Holland and even live in Italy. The disaster of the steamship “Nicholas I”, on which Turgenev sailed, will be described by him in the essay “Fire at Sea” (1883; in French).
In 1841 Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev returned to his homeland and began preparing for his master's exams. It was at this time that Turgenev met such great people as Gogol and Asakov. Having met Bakunin back in Berlin, in Russia he visits their Premukhino estate and becomes friends with this family: soon an affair with T. A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with the connection with the seamstress A. E. Ivanova (in 1842 she will give birth to Turgenev’s daughter Pelageya) .
In 1842 he successfully passed his master's exams, hoping to get a position as a professor at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nicholas government, philosophy departments were abolished in Russian universities, and he did not succeed in becoming a professor.
But Turgenev had already lost his passion for professional learning; he is becoming more and more attracted to literary activities. He published short poems in Otechestvennye Zapiski, and in the spring of 1843 he published the poem “Parasha” as a separate book under the letters T. L. (Turgenev-Lutovinov).
In 1843 he entered the service as an official of the “special office” of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In May 1845 I.S. Turgenev resigns. By this time, the writer’s mother, irritated by his inability to serve and his incomprehensible personal life, completely deprives Turgenev of material support, the writer lives in debt and from hand to mouth, while maintaining the appearance of well-being.
Belinsky's influence largely determined the formation of Turgenev's social and creative position; Belinsky helped him take the path of realism. But this path turns out to be difficult at first. Young Turgenev tries himself in a variety of genres: lyrical poems alternate with critical articles, following “Parasha” the poetic poems “Conversation” (1844) and “Andrey” (1845) appear. From romanticism, Turgenev turned to the ironic and morally descriptive poems “The Landowner” and the prose “Andrei Kolosov” in 1844, “Three Portraits” in 1846, “Breter” in 1847.
1847 - Turgenev brought Nekrasov to Sovremennik his story “Khor and Kalinich,” to which Nekrasov subtitled “From the Notes of a Hunter.” This story began Turgenev's literary activity. In the same year, Turgenev took Belinsky to Germany for treatment. Belinsky dies in Germany in 1848.
In 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time: his love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour in St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Turgenev lived in close contact with Viardot’s family for 38 years.
I.S. Turgenev wrote several plays: “The Freeloader” 1848, “The Bachelor” 1849, “A Month in the Country” 1850, “Provincial Girl” 1850.
In 1850, the writer returned to Russia and worked as an author and critic at Sovremennik. In 1852, the essays were published as a separate book called “Notes of a Hunter.” Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, Turgenev published an obituary, which was prohibited by censorship. For this he was arrested for a month and then deported to his estate without the right to leave the Oryol province. In 1853, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.
During his arrest and exile, he created the stories “Mumu” (1852) and “The Inn” (1852) on a “peasant” theme. However, he was increasingly occupied by the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the stories “The Diary of an Extra Man” (1850), “Yakov Pasynkov” (1855), “Correspondence” (1856) are dedicated.
In 1856, Turgenev received permission to travel abroad and went to Europe, where he would live for almost two years. In 1858, Turgenev returned to Russia. There is controversy about his stories, literary critics give opposite assessments of Turgenev’s works. After his return, Ivan Sergeevich publishes the story “Asya”, around which the controversy of famous critics unfolds. In the same year the novel “The Noble Nest” was published, and in 1860 the novel “On the Eve” was published.
After “On the Eve” and N. A. Dobrolyubov’s article dedicated to the novel, “When will the real day come?” (1860) Turgenev breaks up with the radicalized Sovremennik (in particular, with N.A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility persisted until the end).
In the summer of 1861 there was a quarrel with L.N. Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878).
In February 1862, Turgenev published the novel “Fathers and Sons,” in which he tried to show Russian society the tragic nature of the growing conflicts. The stupidity and helplessness of all classes in the face of a social crisis threatens to develop into confusion and chaos.
Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, which published all of his subsequent major works.
In the 60s, he published a short story “Ghosts” (1864) and a sketch “Enough” (1865), which conveyed sad thoughts about the ephemerality of all human values. He lived in Paris and Baden-Baden for almost 20 years, being interested in everything that happened in Russia.
1863 - 1871 - Turgenev and Viardot live in Baden, after the end of the Franco-Prussian War they move to Paris. At this time, Turgenev became friends with G. Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant. Gradually, Ivan Sergeevich takes on the function of an intermediary between Russian and Western European literature.
The writer met the social upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, associated with the Narodniks’ attempts to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided financial assistance in the publication of the collection “Forward.” His long-standing interest in folk themes was reawakened, he returned to the “Notes of a Hunter,” supplementing them with new essays, and wrote the stories “Punin and Baburin” (1874), “The Clock” (1875), etc. As a result of living abroad, the largest volume from Turgenev’s novels - “Nov” (1877).
Turgenev's worldwide recognition was expressed in the fact that he, together with Victor Hugo, was elected co-chairman of the First International Congress of Writers, which took place in 1878 in Paris. In 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. In his later years, Turgenev wrote his famous “poems in prose,” which presented almost all the motifs of his work.
In 1883 On August 22, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died. This sad event happened in Bougival. Thanks to the will drawn up, Turgenev’s body was transported and buried in Russia, in St. Petersburg.