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Basic principles of the theory of linear perspective Completed by: Marina Zamorina 303 gr. Supervisor: Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor S.I. Gudilina Everything that is purple - hyperlinksSlide 2
Perspective Objects in the reality around us are located in space, that is, some of them are located closer to us, others are further away. If, for example, you look at electric masts or telegraph poles moving away from the observer, you can see how they seem to decrease in height, although in reality they are the same size. larger picture
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The apparent decrease in the size of objects located at different distances from the viewer can also be seen in the example of houses located along the street. Thus, the further away objects are from the viewer, the smaller they appear. If you look at the same object from different places or change its position in relation to the viewer, then each time it will be visually perceived differently. Examples: Circle Book
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Circle BACK When the position of the circle changes in relation to the observer, you can see how its outlines change. In one case, the circle can be seen in the form of a regular circle (if it is located frontally), in another case - in the form of an ellipse, in the third - in the form of a straight line. It depends on what position the circle occupies in relation to the level of vision (horizon line) and to the plane of the picture. CONCLUSION
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Book BACK The change in the outline of an object depending on its position in relation to the person drawing can be traced on the book. The book can be positioned in relation to the viewer so that in one case we will see two, and in another case, three of its planes. CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION REVERSE Based on this example, we can draw the following conclusion - the appearance of an object changes depending on its location relative to the observer.
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Linear perspective The development of the theory of linear perspective as a method of depicting spatial forms on a plane was carried out by such prominent artists of the Renaissance as Pietro della Francesca, Paolo Uccello, Leon Battista Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Durer and many others. Engraving by Albrecht Durer
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One of Durer's engravings gives an idea of the principle of obtaining a perspective image, which forms the basis of the modern theory of linear perspective. Here we have the following basic elements: the object of the image, a single fixed point of view (the artist looks at the object with one eye through the pipe), a transparent plane located between the object and the eye of the observer on which the drawing is made. Show picture
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The possibility of obtaining an image on a transparent plane of an object is explained by the laws of radiation, propagation and absorption of light. Reflected rays of light coming into the eye from an object, meeting a transparent plane on their way, leave traces on it in the form of many points. If we connect these imaginary points, then we will get the outline of a visible object on this plane. Its value will be less than the actual size of the observed object. View picture
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BACK Such images should be considered as a perspective image of objects obtained by the central projection method, since all projecting rays pass through one point - the optical center of the eye (pupil). The height of this point in practice is determined by a horizontal plane passing at the level of the drawer’s eyes, which is depicted as a horizontal straight line and is called the horizon line. And the rectangular projection of the point of view onto the plane is called the main or central point.
Slide 13
Observation of nature through a transparent plane formed the basis of the term Perspective. In the theory of perspective, the transparent vertical plane through which the artist observes objects is usually called the plane of the picture or painting. Observing objects through the transparent plane of the picture, we seem to see their image on it and can even get a real drawing if we trace the contours of the object visible through this plane, as already noted above. Moreover, this drawing will meet all the rules of linear perspective.
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Perspective BACK (from the Latin Perspectus - seen through something, clearly seen) is one of the ways of depicting volumetric bodies on a plane or on some other surface in accordance with the apparent changes in their size, shape and clarity caused by their location in space and degree of distance from the observer.
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Picture plane BACK This plane is, as it were, an intermediary between the drawer and the observed object, on the one hand, between nature and the plane of the sheet of paper on which the image is built, on the other.
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In practice, things are completely different. They draw not on transparent planes, but on ordinary thick paper, and do not place a transparent plane in front of nature. A conversation about a transparent plane when drawing from life can be about the opportunity to see objects through it, taking into account the phenomena of perspective, or about an imaginary plane of a picture with a sheet of paper lying in front of the drawer as if seen on it. Questions Literature
Class: 4
Goals: consolidate previously acquired knowledge about interior design and linear perspective; develop skills in working with various art materials; instill artistic taste; use a game form of the lesson that promotes the development of imagination and fantasy.
Lesson equipment:
- for the teacher - teaching aids on linear perspective, illustrations for fairy tales depicting fairy-tale characters against the background of the interior; pedagogical drawing of the room.
- For students - an individual workbook on fine arts “Journey to the Land of Fantasy”, or A-3 paper, paints or colored pencils and markers, brushes, a glass of water.
Dictionary: Interior, linear perspective.
Lesson steps:
- Organizational moment - 2 min.
- Explanation of a new topic - 15 min.
- Practical work - 25 min.
- Lesson summary - 3 min.
I. Organizational moment.
Checking students' readiness for the lesson . Greetings.
II. Lesson topic message.
Today we will remember what perspective and interior are. Using fantasy and imagination, we will turn an ordinary interior into a fabulous one.
III. Communication of theoretical information.
So what is it perspective?
Perspective is the exact science of conveying depth and space on a plane.
There are two types of perspective – linear and aerial. Air perspective- This is a change in color as you move away.
Linear perspective– this is a construction taking into account the rules and laws, the closer, the larger; As you move away, objects get smaller. Linear perspective is divided into frontal And corner(slide No. 2)
Now let's move on to the interior . What is called an interior? Interior called the internal view of the room as a whole or its individual parts. This also includes furniture, decorative items and much more involved in the design. Word "interior" translated from French as “inside.” The interior has three dimensions: height, width, depth. The interior is especially common in painting and graphics, as well as in theater painting.
In these paintings, the interior is a background that solves complex problems and helps reveal the content. The compositions are convincing because the artists took into account all the features of interior design:
The first shot is large and clear.
2. Lines going into depth converge at one point, which is located on the horizon line.
3. Vertical lines shorten in distance, but remain vertical and parallel to each other.
To draw an interior, it is important to know the horizon line and the vanishing point, because from here the task of conveying the depth of the space in the room arises. This is why we use linear perspective. (slide number 3)
What's happened skyline?
In nature, if it is not covered by houses, it is clearly visible. Where is she in the room?
The horizon line is an imaginary line, and it is always at our eye level, no matter where we are.
The interior is divided into: front and corner. The frontal interior is when we see three walls: left, central and right, as well as the floor and ceiling.
Parallel lines will eventually converge into one point right away.
In the compositional solution of the painting, the artist can change the height of the horizon line and the main point of the painting (to the left or right of the center of the painting). If the point of view is in the center of the picture, the image is called central frontal perspective. If the point of view is located to the right or left of the center of the picture, the image is called side frontal perspective.
What is a frontal perspective of an interior? A perspective image of an interior in which one of the walls is located parallel to the picture plane is called frontal perspective.
In order to find out the interior of which fairy-tale character we will draw, guess the riddle that our school student Sofia Zavyalova came up with: (slide No. 7)
Old sorceress
He lives in a hut in the forest,
The hut is not simple,
But it's a pity that it doesn't fly.
Hut on two legs
And he walks along the edge of the forest.
And the old lady is happy,
Living in such a hut!
(Baba Yaga)
That's right, guys! Today we will draw the interior of the hut on chicken legs in which Baba Yaga lives.
IV. Pedagogical drawing.
1.Building a room using a horizon line and one vanishing point.
2. Characteristic features of a wooden hut (drawing of log walls, wooden floor and ceiling)
V. Independent work of students.
Here are antique and modern interior items (table, chair, bench, stool, mirror, bed, carpet, stove, mortar and broom, chest, cuckoo clock). Place them correctly in the hut of a fairy-tale character, giving the interior an antique or modern look. You can come up with and add your own items, as well as draw the main character in the interior.
Students complete the assignment on perspective in the interior “Visiting a Fairy Tale” in their workbook “Journey to the Land of Fantasy” or on a sheet of A-3 paper, using pencils, markers or paints of your choice.
VI. Lesson summary.
Exhibition and evaluation of student work.
Homework: Draw your room on a large piece of paper. Arrange objects correctly using linear perspective.
I wish you success!
List of used literature and didactic material.
1. Arnina N.L. “Lessons in beauty.”
2. Kuzin V.S. “Fine art and methods of teaching it at school.” Moscow “Agar” 1998.
3. Vygotsky L.S. “Imagination and creativity in childhood,” psychological essay.
4. Subbotina L. Yu. Development of children’s imagination. A popular guide for parents and teachers / Artist Kurov V.N. - Yaroslavl: "Academy of Development", 1997. - 240 pp., ill. - /Series: “We study and play together”/.
5. Elkonin D.B. “Psychology of the game.” M.: Pedagogy, 1978.
6. Russian folk tales.
Landscape Compare two landscapes. Garden in a pond. Ancient Egypt. 2 thousand BC Shchedrin S. View from the grotto. 1827 Landscape IMAGE OF SPACE IN A LANDSCAPE. Rules for constructing perspective Lesson objectives: Landscape - conveying space in the landscape; - development of imagination; - nurturing aesthetic feelings for nature and respect for it. The main elements of a landscape: Landscape - earth's surface - vegetation - buildings - bodies of water (lakes, seas, rivers) - fauna - people - clouds, rain 1. Name the types (motifs) of the landscape. Landscape 2. Determine what character each landscape has. Reproductions of paintings are on the board. Types of art: Painting Savrasov A. Sukharevskaya Tower Graphics I. Shishkin. Forest Wall Painting. Ancient Egypt Etruscan master. Two dancers painting. Around 400 BC God of wine Bacchus at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. Fresco. 1st century AD Archangel Michael. Icon. Russia. Joachim Patinir. Flight to Egypt. 1515-1524 P. Bruegel the Elder “Hunters in the Snow”. Netherlands. 16th century Leon Battista Alberti “Perspective is nothing more than observing the terrain through transparent glass, on the surface of which the objects lying behind it are drawn.” The artist imagines the picture plane as transparent, and everything that is depicted on it is located behind this plane. The horizon line is an imaginary straight line, conventionally located in space at the eye level of the observer. Vanishing lines are lines that form the edges of an object's shape and show the object's position in perspective. Vanishing point is the point at which the vanishing lines join. Horizon line Vanishing point Linear perspective is a change in the scale of an image on a plane. Rules of linear perspective: Objects going into the distance decrease in size Parallel lines converge at the vanishing point on the horizon line (the line of our eyes) View of Bolshaya Nemetskaya Street. M. I. Makhaeva. 1751. Ink, pen Change in the height of the horizon line - low horizon line - horizon line at the level of human height - high horizon line N. Roerich. Presenter View of Naples. S. Shchedrin. 1827 Sylvester Shchedrin. Veranda entwined with grapes, 1828 Golden autumn. V.D. Polenov Aerial perspective - changing an object in color and tone. The air is rarely perfectly transparent: smoke, dust, and water vapor often create a haze that changes the color of objects in the distance. Rules of aerial perspective: Near objects should be depicted three-dimensionally, and distant objects should be depicted flatly. All nearby objects should be depicted in detail, and distant objects should be depicted in general terms. Near objects should be depicted as brightly colored, and distant objects as pale. Draw the contours of nearby objects sharper, and those of distant objects softer. Near objects should be depicted as multi-colored, and distant objects as single-colored. Procedure for working on a landscape: When starting to do independent work, first choose a theme for the landscape. First of all, define the plane of the earth and sky in the landscape. Then check the position of the horizon line. In relation to it, determine the place of the main elements of the composition. Long shot - 3rd shot Medium shot - 2nd shot Closer shot - 1st shot I. Levitan. On the lake Stages of completing a landscape: 1. 2. 3. 1. Drawing with a pencil 2. Applying the main color spots 3. Working out details, generalization Gymnastics for the eyes Exercise 1. Close your eyes and let them rest. Exercise 2. Look alternately up and down, left and right several times. Exercise 3. Close your eyes several times and open your eyes again. Exercise 4. Blink your eyes often. Exercise 5. Look out the window - first at an object located in close proximity, then look into the distance. Conclusion: To convey space in a landscape, you need to know the rules of perspective. Linear perspective - changing the scale of an image on a plane. Aerial perspective is the change in color and tone of an object.
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Slide captions:
Vanishing Points Basics of Linear Perspective
Introduction. Frontal perspective. Angular perspective. Three-point perspective. Conclusion. Plan
In fine art, an object whose shape is based on a rectangular parallelepiped has 1, 2 or 3 vanishing points, depending on its location relative to the view of the observer and the plane of the picture
One (main) vanishing point is used in frontal perspective, when the planes forming the frame of the object are located either parallel to the plane of the plane, or perpendicular to it, that is, the object is located “directly” in relation to the view of the observer. Frontal perspective
In this situation, lines parallel to the picture plane remain parallel, and lines perpendicular to it converge at one point on the horizon line. This point is called the main vanishing point. Main vanishing point
P Frontal perspective of a cube
Frontal perspective of the room
Street perspective
The object's position relative to the horizon may vary.
Oblique (angular) perspective Angular perspective of an object occurs when the object is located on a horizontal plane, but rotated relative to the plane of the picture.
Oblique (angular) perspective In oblique perspective, only the vertical lines remain parallel, while the rest converge towards the horizon. The result is two bundles of lines converging at the corresponding two vanishing points.
Here, a different position of the object relative to the horizon line is also possible.
Vanishing points are located on the horizon line. The distance between them depends on the distance from the observer to the plane of the picture. The further away the observer is, the further away the vanishing points are.
The perception of objects depends on the distance between vanishing points
1. If you place distant vanishing points close enough to each other, you get the feeling that objects are threatening you - the impression is rather dramatic. 2. A more "normal" appearance is created if one of the vanishing points (or both) extends beyond the boundaries of the drawing. 3. The further the vanishing points diverge to the sides, the less visible distortion the viewer will see in the finished drawing. Explanation for the previous slide
Angular perspective of the interior
Street corner perspective
In real drawing, there are usually mixed options: some objects are located frontally, others at different angles
In such situations, various auxiliary vanishing points are used for a specific object
Three vanishing points This perspective is used when the object is not only at an angle to the observer, but also on an inclined surface relative to the direction of the observer's gaze (or the observer's gaze is at an angle to the surface of the earth).
Often a third vanishing point is needed to depict high-rise buildings from below or from a “bird’s eye view.”
This perspective is called three-point perspective. In English, when the third vanishing point is at the top, the term Worm's Eye perspective is used. Worm's Eye (literally) is the look of a worm. Compare: in Russian there is a term “frog perspective”, meaning an image with a very low horizon line, when objects “rise” above the observer.
In fine art, an object whose shape is based on a rectangular parallelepiped has 1, 2 or 3 vanishing points, depending on its location relative to the viewer's view and the plane of the picture. In frontal and angular perspective, the vanishing points lie on the horizon line; in three-point perspective, one of the points is at the top or bottom of the picture (usually outside it). When depicting various objects, mixed options are usually encountered: some objects are located frontally, others at different angles. In such situations, various auxiliary vanishing points are used for a specific object. Let's sum it up
Thank you for your attention!
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