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Presentation on the Topic: “Elite culture” Elite culture is the culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by fundamental closedness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency.
Origin of the term Historically, elite culture arose as the antithesis of mass culture and its meaning manifests its main meaning in comparison with the latter. The essence of elite culture was first analyzed by X. Ortega y Gasset (“Dehumanization of Art”, “Revolt of the Masses”) and K. Mannheim (“Ideology and Utopia”, “Man and Society in the Age of Transformation”, “Essay on the Sociology of Culture”) , who considered this culture as the only one capable of preserving and reproducing the basic meanings of culture and possessing a number of fundamentally important features, including a method of verbal communication - a language developed by its speakers, where special social groups - clergy, politicians, artists - use special , languages closed to the uninitiated, including Latin and Sanskrit.
Features of “Elite Culture” The subject of elitist, high culture is an individual - a free, creative person, capable of carrying out conscious activities. The creations of this culture are always personally colored and designed for personal perception, regardless of the breadth of their audience, which is why the wide distribution and millions of copies of the works of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Shakespeare not only do not reduce their significance, but, on the contrary, contribute to the widespread dissemination of spiritual values. In this sense, the subject of elite culture is a representative of the elite.
At the same time, objects of high culture that retain their form - plot, composition, musical structure, but change the mode of presentation and appear in the form of replicated products, adapted, adapted to an unusual type of functioning, as a rule, move into the category of mass culture. In this sense, we can talk about the ability of form to be a carrier of content. In the field of music, the form is fully meaningful; even its minor transformations (for example, the widespread practice of translating classical music into an electronic version of its instrumentation) lead to the destruction of the integrity of the work. In the field of fine arts, a similar result is achieved by translating an authentic image into another format - a reproduction or a digital version (even while trying to preserve the context - in a virtual museum).
Elite culture consciously and consistently opposes the culture of the majority in all its historical and typological varieties - folklore, folk culture, the official culture of a particular estate or class, the state as a whole, the cultural industry of the technocratic society of the 20th century. etc. Philosophers consider elite culture as the only one capable of preserving and reproducing the basic meanings of culture and possessing a number of fundamentally important features: Thus, elite culture is the culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by fundamental closedness, spiritual aristocracy and value-semantic self-sufficiency.
complexity, specialization, creativity, innovation; the ability to form a consciousness ready for active transformative activity and creativity in accordance with the objective laws of reality; the ability to concentrate the spiritual, intellectual and artistic experience of generations; the presence of a limited range of values recognized as true and “high”; a rigid system of norms accepted by a given stratum as mandatory and strict in the community of “initiates”; individualization of norms, values, evaluative criteria of activity, often principles and forms of behavior of members of the elite community, thereby becoming unique; the creation of a new, deliberately complicated cultural semantics, requiring special training and an immense cultural horizon from the addressee; the use of a deliberately subjective, individually creative, “defamiliarizing” interpretation of the ordinary and familiar, which brings the subject’s cultural assimilation of reality closer to a mental (sometimes artistic) experiment on it and, in the extreme, replaces the reflection of reality in elite culture with its transformation, imitation with deformation, penetration into meaning - conjecture and rethinking of the given; semantic and functional “closedness”, “narrowness”, isolation from the whole of national culture, which turns elite culture into a kind of secret, sacred, esoteric knowledge, taboo for the rest of the masses, and its bearers turn into a kind of “priests” of this knowledge, chosen ones of the gods , “servants of the muses,” “keepers of secrets and faith,” which is often played out and poeticized in elite culture.
Slide 2
Culture is a specific way of organizing and developing human life, represented in the products of material and spiritual labor, in the system of social norms and institutions, in spiritual values, in the totality of people’s relationships to nature, among themselves and to themselves. Culture characterizes the characteristics of consciousness, behavior and activity of people in specific spheres of public life. The word culture itself has come into use in European social thought since the second half of the 18th century.
Slide 3
Initially, the concept of culture implied the impact of man on nature, as well as the upbringing and training of man himself. In German classical philosophy, culture is the area of human spiritual freedom. Many unique types and forms of cultural development were recognized, located in a certain historical sequence and forming a single line of human spiritual evolution. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, culture began to be seen primarily as a specific system of values, arranged according to their role in the life and organization of society. At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of “local” civilizations - closed and self-sufficient cultural organisms going through similar stages of growth, maturation and death (Spengler) became widely known. This concept is characterized by the opposition between culture and civilization, which was considered as the last stage in the development of a given society.
Slide 4
The diversity of types of culture can be considered in two aspects: diversity: culture on a human scale, emphasis on socio-cultural supersystems, internal diversity: the culture of a particular society, city, emphasis on subcultures. Within the framework of a separate society, we can distinguish: high (elite) folk (folklore) culture, which is based on different levels of education of individuals and mass culture, the formation of which was led by the active development of the media.
Slide 5
Mass culture forms a different one, what is called high, or elite. Mass culture is an indicator of many aspects of the life of society and at the same time a collective propagandist and organizer of society and moods. Within mass culture there is its own hierarchy of values and hierarchy of persons. A balanced rating system and, on the contrary, scandalous brawls, a fight for a place at the throne. Mass culture is a part of general culture, separated from elite culture only by a large number of consumers and social demand.
Slide 6
The masses are the embodiment of herdism, uniformity, and stereotypes” D. Bell
American sociologist
Slide 7
Mozart's music in the Philharmonic Hall remains a phenomenon of elite culture, while the same melody in a simplified version, sounding like a mobile phone ringing signal, is a phenomenon of mass culture. So, in relation to the subject of creativity - perception, we can distinguish folk culture, elite and mass.
Slide 8
Elitism and mass character have equal relation to both cultural phenomena. In mass culture itself, one can distinguish, for example, a spontaneously emerging culture under the influence of a mass of external factors: a totalitarian culture, imposed on the masses by one or another totalitarian regime and supported in every possible way by it. The art of socialist realism is one of the main varieties of such art. It is also possible to focus on the functioning and modification of traditional forms of art and the emergence of new ones. The latter include photography, cinema, television, video, various types of electronic arts, computer art and their various interconnections and combinations.
Slide 9
A specific feature of the twentieth century. There was a spread of popular culture, mainly due to the developing means of mass communication. The purpose of mass culture What is mass culture needed for? In order to implement the principle of complementarity, when a lack of information in one communication channel is replaced by an excess of it in another. This is how mass culture is contrasted with fundamental culture. Mass culture is characterized by anti-modernism and anti-avant-gardeism. If modernism and the avant-garde strive for a sophisticated writing technique, then mass culture operates with an extremely simple technique, worked out by the previous culture. If modernism and the avant-garde are dominated by an attitude towards the new as the main condition for their existence, then mass culture is traditional and conservative, as it is addressed to a huge readership, viewing and listening audience.
Slide 10
Mass culture emerged in the twentieth century. not only due to the development of technology, which has led to such a huge number of sources of information, but also due to the development and strengthening of political democracies. It is known that the most developed mass culture is in the most developed democratic society - in America with its Hollywood, this symbol of the omnipotence of mass culture. But the opposite is also important - in totalitarian societies it is practically absent, there is no division of culture into mass and elite. All culture is declared to be mass, and in fact all culture is elitist. It sounds paradoxical, but it is true.
Slide 11
Mass culture emerged in the twentieth century. not only due to the development of technology, which has led to such a huge number of sources of information, but also due to the development and strengthening of political democracies.
It is known that the most developed mass culture is in the most developed democratic society - in America with its Hollywood, this symbol of the omnipotence of mass culture. But the opposite is also important - in totalitarian societies it is practically absent, there is no division of culture into mass and elite. All culture is declared to be mass, and in fact all culture is elitist. It sounds paradoxical, but it is true.
Slide 12
Mass culture, being one of the most striking manifestations of the socio-cultural existence of modern developed communities, remains a relatively little-understood phenomenon from the point of view of the general theory of culture. Interesting theoretical foundations for studying the social functions of culture. In accordance with the concept, two areas can be distinguished in the morphological structure of culture: everyday culture, mastered by a person in the process of his general socialization in his living environment (primarily in the processes of upbringing and general education), and specialized culture, the development of which requires special (professional) education. Mass culture occupies an intermediate position between these two areas with the function of translating cultural meanings from specialized culture to ordinary human consciousness. Since the decomposition of primitive society, the beginning of the division of labor, social stratification in human groups and the formation of the first urban civilizations, a corresponding differentiation of culture arose, determined by the difference in the social functions of different groups of people associated with their way of life, material means and social benefits, as well as the emerging ideology and symbols of social prestige. These differentiated segments of the general culture came to be called social subcultures.
Slide 13
The third social subculture is elite. This word usually means special sophistication, complexity and high quality of cultural products. Its main function is the production of social order (in the form of law, power, structures of social organization of society and legitimate violence in the interests of maintaining this organization), as well as the ideology that justifies this order (in the forms of religion, social philosophy and political thought). The elite subculture is distinguished by: a very high level of specialization; the highest level of social aspirations of the individual (love of power, wealth and fame is considered the “normal” psychology of any elite).
Slide 14
The main manifestations and directions of mass culture of our time Among the main manifestations and directions of mass culture of our time, the following can be distinguished: the industry of “childhood subcultures”, pursuing the goals of explicit or camouflaged standardization of the content and forms of raising children, introducing into their consciousness the skills of social and personal culture that lay the basic principles of values officially promoted in a given society; a mass comprehensive school, closely connected with the attitudes of the “subculture of childhood”, introducing students to the fundamentals of scientific knowledge, philosophical and religious ideas about the world around them, to the historical sociocultural experience of the collective life of people, to the value orientations accepted in the community. media that broadcast current relevant information to the general population, “explain” to the average person the meaning of ongoing events, judgments and actions of figures from various specialized spheres of social practice and interpret this information in the “necessary” perspective for the client engaging this media, i.e. actually manipulating people's consciousness and shaping public opinion on certain problems in the interests of their customer.
Slide 15
a system of national (state) ideology and propaganda, “patriotic” education, controlling and shaping the political and ideological orientations of the population and its individual groups, manipulating the consciousness of people in the interests of the ruling elites. mass political movements (party and youth organizations, manifestations, demonstrations, propaganda and election campaigns.), initiated by the ruling or opposition elites with the aim of involving broad sections of the population in political actions. mass social mythology (national chauvinism and hysterical “patriotism”, social demagogy, populism, extrasensory perception, “spy mania”, “witch hunt”), simplifying the complex system of human value orientations and the variety of shades of worldview to elementary dual oppositions (“ours – not ours” "), replacing the analysis of complex multifactorial cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena and events with appeals to simple and, as a rule, fantastic explanations (world conspiracy, the machinations of foreign intelligence services, "drummers", aliens)
Slide 16
reflections, from efforts to rationally explain the problems that concern them, gives vent to emotions in their most infantile manifestation; entertainment leisure industry, including mass artistic culture), mass staged entertainment performances (from sports and circus to erotic), professional sports (as a spectacle for fans), structures for organized entertainment leisure (relevant types of clubs, discos, dance floors and etc.) and other types of mass shows. the industry of recreational leisure, physical rehabilitation of a person and correction of his bodily image, which, in addition to the objectively necessary physical recreation of the human body; the industry of intellectual and aesthetic leisure, introducing people to popular science knowledge, scientific and artistic amateurism, developing general “humanitarian erudition” among the population, updating views on the triumph of enlightenment and humanity.
Slide 17
Genres of mass culture A necessary property of mass culture products must be entertaining in order for it to be a commercial success, so that it is bought and the money spent on it makes a profit. Entertaining is determined by the strict structural conditions of the text. Plot and stylistic texture of mass culture products. may be primitive from the point of view of an elitist fundamental culture, but it should not be poorly made, but on the contrary, in its primitiveness it should be perfect - only in this case will it be guaranteed readership and, therefore, commercial success.. Mass literature needs a clear a plot with intrigue and twists and turns and, most importantly, a clear division into genres.
Slide 18
We can say that genres of mass culture must have a rigid syntax - an internal structure, but at the same time they may be semantically poor, they may lack deep meaning. Texts of mass literature and cinema are constructed in the same way. Why is this necessary? This is necessary so that the genre can be recognized immediately; and the expectation must not be violated. The viewer should not be disappointed. Comedy should not spoil a detective story, and the plot of a thriller should be exciting and dangerous. This is why stories within popular genres are so often repeated. Repeatability is a property of myth - this is the deep relationship between mass and elite culture. Actors are identified with characters in the minds of the viewer. A hero who dies in one film seems to be resurrected in another, just as archaic mythological gods died and were resurrected. After all, movie stars are the gods of modern mass consciousness. A variety of mass culture texts are cult texts. Their main feature is that they penetrate so deeply into the mass consciousness that they produce intertexts, but not in themselves, but in the surrounding reality. Thus, the most famous cult texts of Soviet cinema - “Chapaev”, “Adjutant of His Excellency”, “Seventeen Moments of Spring” - provoked endless quotes in the mass consciousness and formed anecdotes about Chapaev and Petka, about Stirlitz. That is, cult texts of mass culture. form a special intertextual reality around themselves. After all, it cannot be said that jokes about Chapaev and Stirlitz are part of the internal structure of these texts themselves. They are part of the structure of life itself, linguistic, elements of the everyday life of language. An elite culture, which in its internal structure is built in a complex and sophisticated way, cannot influence extra-textual reality in such a way. True, it happens that some modernist or avant-garde technique is mastered by fundamental culture to such an extent that it becomes a cliche. Then it can be used by texts of popular culture. As an example, we can cite the famous Soviet cinema posters, where the huge face of the main character of the film was depicted in the foreground, and in the background little people were killing someone or simply flickering around. This change, a distortion of proportions, is a stamp of surrealism. But the mass consciousness perceives it as realistic, although everyone knows that there is no head without a body, and that such space is, in essence, absurd.
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Elite culture
Completed by: 9th grade student B
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 23
Novikova Yana
Checked by: Doroshenko I.A.
Elite culture - a set of individual creations that are created by well-known representatives of the privileged part of society or on its order by professional creators.
Motto : “Art for art’s sake”
Origin
Historically, elite culture arose as the antithesis of mass culture and its meaning manifests its main meaning in comparison with the latter.
(Production: Evgeny Onegin)
Signs of an elite culture
- Created by professionals
- Designed for a narrow circle of experts
- Difficult to perceive and assimilate
- Complex in form and content
- No commercial gain is pursued
- Is a way of self-expression
Most works elite culture initially are avant-garde or experimental in nature. They use artistic means that will become understandable to the mass consciousness several decades later.
Examples of elite culture
- Films of Federico Fellini
- Books by Franz Kafka
- Paintings by Pablo Picasso
- Organ music
Films of Federico Fellini
Federico Fellini- Italian film director. Winner of five Oscars and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.
Books by Franz Kafka
Franz Kafka- one of the outstanding German-speaking writers of the 20th century, most of whose works were published posthumously.
Paintings by Pablo Picasso
Pablo Picasso-The founder of cubism, in which a three-dimensional body was drawn in an original manner as a series of planes combined together. Picasso worked a lot as a graphic artist, sculptor, ceramist, etc.
Organ music
Organ music - music intended to be performed on a solo organ or accompanied by any other musical instruments.
Sources
- wikipedia.org
- kakprosto.ru
- yandex.ru/images