Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Troitsky-Golenishchevo. Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Troitsky-Golenishchevo Trinity Church in Golenishchevo

Palamarchuk P. G. Forty forty. T. 4: Outskirts of Moscow. Heteroslavism and heterodoxy. M., 1995, p. 89-92

Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in the village of Troitsky-Golenishchevo on the Setun River

Mosfilmovskaya st., 18

"The village has been owned by Moscow metropolitans since the 14th century."

“The village of Trinity-Golenichevo is the former estate of Moscow metropolitans and Patriarchs; now it belongs to the department of state property; it was the favorite residence of St. Metropolitan Cyprian the Serb (1390-1406). Here the learned metropolitan wrote the life of his predecessor, High Hierarch Peter, here he translated “The Helmsman” and other church books from Greek into Slavic, laid the foundation for the Russian chronicle and the "Books of Degree". Having ascended the throne in 1380 after St. Alexis Metropolitan, St. Cyprian was forced after some time to leave him due to troubles with the Grand Duke ". Demetrius Donskoy and make a trip to Constantinople. Then in 1390 he was again summoned to Moscow by Donskoy's son. But at that time he spent more time in the village of Golenishchevo, where he died in 1406."

Completed under Metropolitan Macarius during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the “State Book of the Royal Genealogy” tells the story of the life of St. Metropolitan Cyprian: “Live lovingly and serenely, and seize the time of silence, and for this reason, often staying in his village of Metropolitan on Golenishchev, where the place is empty and serene, silent and calm from any confusion, between the two rivers Setun and Ramenki, where then there was a forest of both sexes, where there was a church in the name of the Holy Three Saints, Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, John Chrysostom, and staying there Bishops and priests set up, where they wrote books with their own hands, and many Holy books from the Greek language into the Russian language transpose, and leave enough scripture for our benefit, and write the life of the Great Wonderworker Peter, Metropolitan of All Russia, and decorate it with praises, and practice pure prayer there, and in reading the divine scriptures and in the memory of death, always having in mind the terrible judgment of Christ and torment a sinner, but a righteous man enjoys good things. And in such virtuous corrections, living a holy life pleasing to God, achieving great old age, and in the same village of Golenishchev she fell ill, and lay ill for several days. Four days before his death, he wrote a wonderful farewell letter, forgiving and blessing all the Orthodox, and also demanding and asking forgiveness and blessings from everyone, which is true wisdom and humility. For this reason, do this, so that through humility all sins are resolved, and all are realized for good. And this commandment was given by the Bishop and the guardian there, saying: “When you put me in the grave, then read this letter over me in the hearing of the people,” and so it was. And with such humility and with much thanksgiving, I reposed before God in the summer of 6914 of the month of September on the 15th day.”

The honor of compiling the first half of the Degree Book itself is also attributed to St. Metropolitan Cyprian, the main part - Met. Afanasy.

"The main church of the Trinity was built before 1644, and in 1644, apparently, the refectory and bell tower were built. Side chapels: martyr Agapia" "northern and St. Metropolitan Jonah - southern."

“Now the northern aisle is also dedicated to St. Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' and the Holy Martyrs and Confessors of Russia.”

"The church was built in 1644-1645 by masters A. Konstantinov and L. Ushakov."

“The church was built in 1644-1646 in the summer residence of the metropolitans according to the “drawing” of A. Konstantinov (the builder of the Terem Palace in the Kremlin). The plan is almost identical to the church in Medvedkovo: the main temple at the apse level has two chapels on the sides and is surrounded on the west and south gallery. Refectory and bell tower of the 19th century."

“The bell tower and individual parts of the low, one-story refectory belong to the second half of the 19th century.”

"The original bell tower and refectory were built in 1660."

“The temple was built in 1644. There were chandeliers and portals inside. Not a trace remained of the stone metropolitan chambers in the 19th century.

The temple, according to the decree and drawing of the sovereign's apprentice - Antipa Konstantinov, was worked by stonework apprentice Larion Mikhailov Ushakov. In 1860, the ancient hipped bell tower was dismantled - it stood on the northwest corner of the building. Then, at the chapel of St. Agapia a refectory was made from the north, and a new high hipped bell tower was built from the west. Ancient icons were in the right side chapel and partly in the main iconostasis."

“In the 17th century, in Troitsky-Golenischev, opposite the western side of the church, there was a palace of the Patriarchs, fenced with a stone wall with towers. On the southern side of the temple there was the Patriarchal Garden. From the church and the priest’s meadow, ponds with fish extended for 3 miles. This monastery was visited several times Sovereigns: At present (1867 - P.P.), as a monument of antiquity, only one visible temple in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity remains in the village, built in 1644. Since then, it has been rebuilt and renovated more than once. . the church was burned and, together with the northern aisle, turned into a stable. Therefore, its iconostasis is new, but the icons, for the most part, are ancient, renewed ones - they were then preserved by the icon painter who was engaged in their renovation. In the southern aisle in the name of St. Jonah Metropolitan, which survived from fire in 1812, in the iconostasis there is a remarkable antique image of St. Jonah with deeds, written in the early 17th century: among the deeds was the healing of the daughter of Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich and the healing of the unbelieving boyar Vasily from the Kutuzov family, which were later appropriated to themselves the nickname of the Golenishchevs, which is the same name for this village. Under the refectory and the northern aisle there are cellars where, as they say, the bodies of the deceased are buried."

"The temple was renovated in 1898-1902."

The temple was closed in 1939. Antimensions of the side chapels. Agapia and Met. Jonah was transferred to the nearest active Trinity Church in Vorobyovo, where the altar of Sts., attached to the main one, was subsequently consecrated. Agapia and Jonah. The iconostasis was taken by S. Eisenstein for the filming of the film “Ivan the Terrible”, after which it disappeared.

In 1966, according to M.L. Bogoyavlensky, the church housed a warehouse for raw materials and finished products of the 3rd cardboard factory of the Administration of Special Enterprises Employing the Labor of Disabled People. The temple had a dirty, abandoned appearance. Scaffolding stood over it and repairs began. In 1970, the scaffolding was no longer there, but the hipped dome over the church was never covered with iron. There was a fence around it, and there was a checkpoint on the east side.

At the end of the 1970s. the warehouse was removed from the temple, the building was empty - a decent tenant could not be found. There was one old watchman sitting in the entrance. Then the temple was taken over by the Gosteleradio warehouse, which in 1987 also included moving from the street. Dzerzhinsky 26 music library of the former radio committee, formerly Radio Comintern, with a valuable collection of manuscripts.

The village of Troitskoye-Golenichevo itself was completely demolished. The ancient church fence was destroyed. The church building is under state protection under number 379. Below was the Holy Spring of Ionin, now cleared. In 1990, the question of returning the temple to believers was raised - the community was registered and a rector, Fr. Sergiy Pravdolyubov. We were just waiting for the archive to move. In January 1991, believers were still forced to hold prayer services under the walls of their temple.

Alexandrovsky, No. 62.

Zakharov M.P. Guide to the outskirts of Moscow. M., 1867.

Ilyin M., Moiseeva T. Moscow and Moscow region. M., 1979. P. 463.

Ilyin M. Moscow. M., 1963. P. 168 (in the second edition of 1970, part of the text about the temple was published).

Monuments of estate art. M., 1928. P. 89.

Synodal reference book.

Aleksandrovsky's manuscript No. 75 and part of "The Surroundings".

Kholmogorov V. and G. Historical materials about churches and villages of the XVI-XVIII centuries. M., 1886. Issue. 3. Country tithe. P. 300.

Kuznetsov N. N. Priest. Trinity Church in Golenishchevo // Proceedings of the commission for the inspection and study of monuments of church antiquity of Moscow and the Moscow diocese. M., 1907. T. 1. P. 1-14; 2 photos.

Martynov. Moscow region antiquity. M., 1889 (engraving with a view of the temple).

Krasovsky Mikh. Essay on the history of the Moscow period of ancient Russian church architecture... M., 1911. pp. 199-203.

Degree book of the royal genealogy... M., 1775. Part 1. pp. 558-559 (further on pp. 559-562 the text of the most farewell “Certificate” of Metropolitan Cyprian).

Troitskoye-Golenishchevo
Near Mosfilmovskaya Street, located at the confluence of two rivers - Setun and Ramenka, there was once a rich patriarchal village of Troitskoye-Golenishchevo. There is only one church left from it, which can be reached inside the block near house No. 18 on Mosfilmovskaya Street. There, in the depths of the building, there is a church in the name of the Life-Giving Trinity - a slender and somewhat austere composition, the basis of which is the hipped shapes of two aisles and the main church, erected on a massive quadrangle base with zakomari. These forms are echoed by the hipped roof of the later bell tower.

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The village became famous in Russian history for being the seat of one of our most educated hierarchs, Metropolitan Cyprian. He loved these places, not far from Moscow and at the same time calm, covered with dense, centuries-old forests. The exact location of the Cyprian country palace is unknown, but there is a chronicle mention that it stood at the confluence of the Ramenka and the Setun, that is, approximately where the chapel is now located at the Golden Keys residential complex, which is located at the Kamennaya Dam bus stop on Minskaya street.

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The name of the stop is all that remains of the village of the same name. The news that Metropolitan Cyprian lived here is contained in the “Degree Book of the Royal Genealogy”: “Staying in his village on Golenishchevo, between two rivers, Setun and Ramenki, where there were then both sexes a lot of forest, and where there is the Church of St. Basil the Great , Gregory the Theologian, John Chrysostom, and stayed there, setting up Bishops and Priests, and writing books with his own hand, and translating many holy books from Greek into Russian, and leaving enough scripture for our benefit, and the great Wonderworker, Metropolitan of All Russia , life written."

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Here he built himself a palace and his own “oprichna” church nearby, consecrated in the name of the Three Saints. Here he “loves to come often and spend time in the work of book writing, because the place is quiet and serene and calm.” Here Metropolitan Cyprian “and having fallen ill, lay there for several days and died.”
He died on September 16, 1406, from here he was escorted “honestly by the whole city” to the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin, where he was buried. Four days before his death, Cyprian wrote a letter “unknown and strange, like a farewell,” which he asked to be read at his burial: “Even as the venerable Bishop Gregory of Rostov did, I read it publicly, so that it may be heard in the ears of all the people. And I always honor him, then I move many of those present to tears.” In his suicide letter, Cyprian said that the main thing in life is to leave behind a spiritual legacy to teach people.

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According to Zabelin, “back when the true value of science and literature, the true price of human spiritual activity was deeply understood (on the shores of the remote Setunya”).
And after Metropolitan Cyprian, these places continued to be the favorite residence of Moscow metropolitans. So, in 1474, Metropolitan Gerontius built the Church of St. John the Evangelist down the Setun River and the courtyards “he built the towers and the cellars and the glaciers and arranged everything.”

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It is known that at the beginning of the 17th century there was already a wooden Trinity Church with a chapel of St. Leonty the Wonderworker, which was soon replaced by a stone building that exists without any special changes to this day: “March 19 (1644) by decree of the great lord St. Joseph, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia and by agreement, which was taken in the current March 152, 16 day, stone work for the apprentice Larion Mikhailov Ushakov, what should he do in the patriarchal village of Troitsky with a stone church from the borders, and should he build that church according to the decree and according to the drawing of the sovereign's apprentice Anton Kostyaninov, what was his drawing for that church building, according to the agreement for the stone church the first deposit money of one hundred rubles was given.”

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The plan of the church is almost identical to the church in Medvedkovo: the main temple at the apse level has two aisles on the sides and is surrounded on the west and south by a gallery. In 1660, a refectory and a bell tower were built. In 1812, the church was burned and, together with the northern aisle, turned into a stable.

In the southern aisle in the name of St. Jonah the Metropolitan, which survived the fire, in the iconostasis there was a remarkable ancient image of St. Jonah with his acts, painted at the beginning of the 17th century; Among the deeds - the healing of the daughter of Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich and the healing of the unbelieving boyar Vasily from the Kutuzov family, who subsequently appropriated the nickname Golenishchev, which is the same name for this village. Under the refectory and the northern aisle there are cellars where, as they say, the bodies of the deceased are buried. The temple was renovated in 1898-1902.

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According to the recollections of old-timers, St. Cyprian was especially revered in the church and parish. Patriarch Tikhon served here in 1921, Metropolitan Tryphon twice in 1922, and Metropolitan Peter (Polyansky) in 1923.
The temple was closed in 1939. The antimensions of the chapels of the Holy Martyr Agapius and Metropolitan Jonah were moved to the nearest active Trinity Church in Vorobyovo, where the altar of Sts. Agapius and Jonah, attached to the main one, was subsequently consecrated.

The iconostasis was taken by S. Eisenstein for the filming of the film “Ivan the Terrible”, after which it disappeared. In 1966, according to M.L. Bogoyavlensky, in the temple there was a warehouse for raw materials and finished products of the 3rd cardboard factory of the Administration of Special Enterprises Employing the Labor of Disabled People. The temple had a dirty, abandoned appearance. Scaffolding stood over it and repairs began. In 1970, the scaffolding was no longer there, but the hipped dome over the church was never covered with iron.

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There was a fence around it, and there was a checkpoint on the east side. At the end of the 70s, the warehouse was removed from the temple, the building was empty - a decent tenant could not be found. There was one old watchman sitting in the entrance. Then the temple was taken over by the Gosteleradio warehouse in 1987. which also included those who moved from the street. Dzerzhinsky 26 music library of the former radio committee, formerly Radio Comintern, with a valuable collection of manuscripts.

In 1990, the question of returning the temple to believers was raised - the community was registered and a rector, Fr. Sergiy Pravdolyubov. We were just waiting for the archive to move. In January 1991 Believers were still forced to hold prayer services under the walls of their temple. On January 7, 1992, on Christmas Day, the service was already inside the church.

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After the destruction of the Patriarchate, the village was given to the treasury and donated by Peter II to his favorite Prince Ivan Dolgorukov, but after the unexpected death of Peter, the time of the Dolgoruki was over, they lost everything they had: their property was confiscated, Troitskoye-Golenishchevo again went to the treasury and from that time it was managed by the department of the College of Economy. According to the inventory of 1752, there was “a palace, and in it there were stone chambers in one apartment with a hallway porch on four pillars, with a hipped roof, a black cathedral chamber, an embassy chamber, where the ambassador’s elder lived, a state chamber. Above the above-mentioned stone chambers, wooden ones two apartments were the cells of the Holy Patriarch."

The palace was surrounded by stone walls with corner towers. On the south side of the temple there was the Patriarchal Garden. From the church and the priest’s meadow, ponds with fish extended for 3 miles. This monastery was visited several times by the Sovereigns.
During the plague epidemic in 1771, a quarantine was set up in the already old patriarchal palace “for doubtful people who lived in the same room as the infected.” In the 18th century, factories penetrated the village: in the middle of the century, the Synod gave part of the land to the owner of the linen factory, Vasily Churashev, “as long as the factory will stand on that land.” Judging by the confessional church records in 1800, near the village there was a brick factory called Ust-Setunsky, and around it was the Ustinskaya Slobodka.

However, the factory saw greater development in the next century: in 1876, Dosuzhev’s cloth finishing establishment and the Baidakovs’ brick factory were listed here.
Before the reform of 1861, the residents of Troitsky-Golenischev were state peasants, and after the reform the village developed rapidly: according to information from 1852, there were 90 households with 340 residents, in 1869 - 131 houses with 700 residents. Closer to the Moscow River, on its high bank, was the settlement of Potylikha or, as it was sometimes called, Batylikha.

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In 1869, there were 17 households with 73 residents and three factories - two shawl factories and one cloth factory. In 1927, film pavilions began to be built in the settlement, which became the basis of the largest studio in Russia, Mosfilm.
The village of Troitskoye-Golenichevo itself was completely demolished. The ancient church fence was destroyed. The church building is under state protection under number 379. Below was the Holy Spring of Ionin, now cleared.

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Information from the site

That year the temple was closed, the iconostasis was taken by director S. Eisenstein for the filming of the film “Ivan the Terrible”, and never returned to the temple. Where he disappeared is unknown. The antimensions of the chapels were moved to the neighboring Trinity Church in Vorobyovo, where a separate altar of Agapius and Jonah was established.

At various times, the church housed a rural club, a Comintern radio station, then a cardboard factory, a factory of decorative secular candles, and, finally, a warehouse and music library of the USSR State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company.

In the 1970s There was no longer a warehouse in the temple, the building was empty and gradually fell into final decay. Later the temple was leased to the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company.

That year, the process of handing over the temple to believers began, and on January 7, the first service was held there.

The Ionian Spring, located below the temple, on the river side, was cleared again. The church building has been almost completely restored.

Over the course of a year and a half, through the labors and donations of parishioners, a baptismal chapel was built near the Trinity Church. At the end of November of the year, the first sacraments of Baptism were performed there. Now everyone can receive Holy Baptism by immersing their heads in water three times.

Temple architecture

The current Trinity Church was built according to the “drawing” of Antipa Konstantinov, who also built the Terem Palace in the Kremlin. Larion Mikhailovich Ushakov was taken as his assistant.

In plan, the church is quite close to the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in Medvedkovo - two chapels are adjacent on both sides at the level of the apse, and on the west and south the main volume is surrounded by a gallery. The symmetrical aisles are smaller copies of the main volume - they are also crowned with tents, although with a slightly different decor, and have separate apses. The southern aisle is dedicated to Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, the northern - to St. Martyr Agapius. The domes crowning the central tent and chapels are small, placed on narrow elegant drums, decorated with a barely noticeable openwork row of kokoshniks. Kokoshniki surround the chapel tents. There is no such decoration around the main tent: it is placed on a simpler octagon, and the quadrangle of the lower tier of the temple ends with keel-shaped zakomaras. The tents of the aisles and the main volume are also different. The central tent is smooth, lined with iron, and the side tents are decorated with rows of false dormer openings, giving them greater openwork and elegance than the main one. Unique for those times were the triangular pediments above the apses of the aisles.

Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Troitsky-Golenishchevo

The area on the banks of the Setun River, where the village of Golenishchevo was once located, belonged to Russian metropolitans and patriarchs from the mid-14th to the beginning of the 18th century. Under Saint Alexis, who was Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus' from 1354 to 1378, metropolitan or “paradise” gardens were built here. At the beginning of the 15th century, the village became the favorite summer residence of Metropolitan Cyprian (1390-1406). He built a wooden “oprichnina” church in Golenishchevo in the name of three saints: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom. This church was wooden and was located on Trekhsviatskaya Hill. Metropolitan Jonah (1448-1461) especially loved to visit Golenishchev, who did a lot for its improvement. In 1474, Metropolitan Gerontius (1473-1489) ordered a wooden church to be erected here in the name of the holy Apostle John the Theologian: “... in the summer of 6782, the Right Reverend Gerontius, Metropolitan of All Rus', down the Setun River in the same Golenishchevsky land, near the Alekseev Miracle Worker Garden, built a church of St. John The theologian and the courtyard were cleared away from the towers and from the cellars and from the glaciers and arranged everything.”

The date of construction of the first Trinity Church on the site of the Church of St. John the Evangelist has not currently been established. The wooden church in the name of the Holy Trinity was first mentioned in 1627. By this time, the village was already called Trinity-Golenishchevo: “... the great sovereign, His Holiness Patriarch Philaret Nikitich of Moscow and all Russia, the patrimony of Trinity-Golenishchevo, and in the village the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, and in the chapel of Leonty of Rostov, wooden dumplings, and in the church there are images and candles , and books, and bells on the bell tower, and every church building of the sovereign patriarchal...".

Less than twenty years later, the wooden church was moved to the village of Trinity Seltsy, and in its place the construction of a magnificent stone temple began. In order for construction to proceed without delays, Metropolitan Filaret Nikitich ordered the construction of three kilns for firing bricks from local clay near the Vorobyovy Gory nearby. By his decree, this brick was supplied to the construction site by the “Patriarchal Savvinsky Sloboda peasant Leonty Kostrikin.”

The work was carried out from 1644 to 1646 according to the design of the Moscow architect Antipa Konstantinov, whose teacher was his stepfather, an apprentice stone worker, Lavrentiy Semenovich Vozoulin. The construction work was directly supervised by the masonry apprentice Larion Mikhailovich Ushakov. On March 16, 1644, according to the custom of that time, a “contract agreement” was concluded with him that “he should build a stone church in the patriarchal village of Trinity with side chapels except the roof, and build that church according to the decree and drawing of the apprentice Anton (?) Konstantinov, what he gave his drawing for that church building. He was paid 500 rubles for the work, and he was paid 20 rubles for the church stone work, which, in addition to the agreement, he did the bell tower.” From this record it is clear that the temple was built immediately according to a single plan, contrary to the popular belief about the later construction of the side chapels, and about the dating of the bell tower to 1660. Finishing work continued until 1649, when on October 23 the church was solemnly consecrated, which was attended by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his court. A year later, the estate briefly became the property of the Nizhny Novgorod governor, the Tsar’s armorer Grigory Gavrilovich Pushkin “for his ambassadorial service.”

Over the next half century, no changes occurred in the appearance of the Trinity Church, and the inventory of 1701 gives us a fairly accurate idea of ​​its appearance: “The Trinity Church is a stone tented church with two chapels on both sides - Metropolitan Jonah and the martyr Agapius... above the porch (in the refectory) The church has a stone tented bell tower, and there are five bells on it, and the largest weight is 25 poods, and the weight of four bells is not written...”

The Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Troitsky-Golenishchevo is one of the most beautiful (and few surviving) examples of multi-tent churches, the heyday of construction of which occurred in the first half of the 17th century. The most famous examples of such churches date back to a later time - these are the Church of the Resurrection in Gonchary (1649), the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Putinki (1649-1652), the Icon of the Mother of God Hodegetria in Vyazma (1650s), etc. . An important feature of their architecture can be called the decorative use of tents: all three tents crown the main cube of the temple with an elegant decorative finial. An exception is the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Alekseevsky Monastery of Uglich, better known as “Wonderful” (1628), in the design of which each of the tents still has a constructive meaning - it is installed on a base in the form of a small octagon. It can be assumed that it became one of the prototypes of the Trinity Church.

Antipa Konstantinov used this motif during the construction of the three-tented temples of the Deposition of the Robe (erected by him in 1641 over the Golden Gate in Vladimir) and the Transfiguration of the Savior in the Alekseevsky Monastery in Moscow (1634), where he worked together with Trefil Sharutin. We can judge this temple only from a drawing from the mid-19th century, where the third tent is invisible. It should be noted that Trefil Sharutin came from a family of talented architects of the city of Kashin. It is hardly accidental that another of its representatives, Ivan Sharutin (son of Mark Sharutin), in 1652-1654 erected a belfry topped with three tents (of a more decorative type) in the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery near Zvenigorod.

The tent shape in different versions was especially loved by Antipa Konstantinov's son Vozoulin. He used it already in his first work - the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Nizhny Novgorod (1628-1631). The young master completed its construction independently after the death of his stepfather. In 1644, he “was at the Cannon Yard doing barn stone work and other stone work” (here we mean foundry barns). According to a 17th-century drawing, they were crowned with two tetrahedral tents with vents for the exhaust gas outlet. In 1645 and 1648, the architect completed his work with the construction of two hipped gate churches (St. Euthymius and the Assumption) in the Ascension Pechersky Monastery in Nizhny Novgorod.

The octagonal tents of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Trinity-Golenishchevo, like those of the “Wonderful” Church and the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the Alekseevsky Monastery, are not a decorative device, but a constructive completion of each of the three volumes: the temple itself and its two chapels adjacent to the corners the main volume from the east, on either side of the apse. The fourth tent complements and complicates the composition - a high bell tower, originally located at the north-western corner of the church. The temple is surrounded by a low gallery from the south, east and west. Examples of a similar arrangement of two symmetrical aisles of a tent-roofed church first appeared in Russian architecture at the end of the 16th century. Among them are the churches of the Nativity of Christ in Besedy (1590s), Epiphany in the village of Krasnoye (1592), Our Lady of Smolensk in Kushalino (1592), the Transfiguration in the village of Ostrov (1590s) and others. However, in all cases, the side chapels are much inferior in height to the main temple and have an end in the form of a dome. The equal role of all three independent volumes and tents in the composition of the temple in Russian architecture was first used by Antipa Konstantinov.

The temple and chapels have an “octagon on a quadrangle” design. The quadrangle is somewhat elongated along the north-south axis and is significantly higher than the octagon. The details of the decorative design of the temple itself and the side chapels differ quite noticeably. The central tent opens inward, which creates the effect of special grandeur of the temple space. In its appearance it is very close to the tent of the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Nizhny Novgorod. The multidisciplinary kokoshniks characteristic of the architect, which decorate the quadrangle of the Nizhny Novgorod Cathedral (and later became a distinctive feature of the architecture of Nizhny Novgorod), in Troitsky-Golenishchev are made not semicircular, but keel-shaped and resemble the kokoshniks of the Uglisk Assumption Church. The walls of the quadrangle have a three-part design and are decorated with highlighted blades. Each face of the octagon is decorated with profiled panels. The octagon is separated from the tent by a wide cornice in the form of large battlements, similar to the cornice of the octagon of the Archangel Cathedral of Nizhny Novgorod. In general, the decor of the temple itself gives the impression of restrained nobility due to the balance of plastic forms.

The decorative decoration of the aisles was decided somewhat differently. According to researchers, only Larion Ushakov was involved in their construction. He completed the walls of the quadrangles with pediments, and decorated each side of the octagons with a pair of small kokoshniks, under which runs a cornice of the same design as on the temple itself. Tall lucar windows give the aisle tents a special elegance and plasticity. The master had already used the same windows and pediments before, for example, during the construction of the Terem Palace in the Moscow Kremlin, in which he participated in 1635-1636 together with Antipa Konstantinov, Bazhen Ogurtsov and Trefil Sharutin (in addition, a similar motif adorns a small tented church of the Life-Giving Trinity, erected in 1650 by Ivan Markovich Sharutin over the entrance to the courtyard of the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery). However, the decor of the side chapels still gives the impression of some fragmentation in comparison with the plasticity of the central volume of the temple.

What the original appearance of the ancient bell tower was is now no longer possible to find out, because it and the western porch were rebuilt in the 19th century. This is evidenced by the church's metric, compiled in 1887: “In 1860, the rear part of the western vestibule was remodeled, extending it to the space occupied by the old bell tower. In the same year, the entrance porch of the western vestibule of the Trinity Church was broken off, and in its place a long corridor was built connecting the western vestibule with the new bell tower.” A new bell tower was erected to the west of the temple. At the same time, a refectory was built near the northern aisle of the martyr Agapius. M.V. Krasovsky placed the original bell tower of the Trinity Church on a par with the bell towers of the Moscow churches of Theodore the Studite at the Nikitsky Gate, Florus and Laurus on Myasnitskaya and the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Putinki. He paid tribute to the elegance of its architecture and A.A. Martynov.

The bell tower of 1860 contained a selection of seven bells. A lengthy inscription on the gospel message read: “This bell was poured at the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in the village of Trinity, Golenishchevo, also near Moscow, during the reign of Emperor Alexander II, in the presence of His Eminence Innocent, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna, with the blessing of His Eminence Leonid, Bishop of Dmitrov, Vicar of Moscow, under the priest Pavel Georgievich Orlovsky, with the zeal and support of parishioners and the church warden, hereditary honorary citizen Alexander Efimovich, Mr. Baidakov and good donors. March 15, 1876. Lit at the N.D. plant Finnish in Moscow. Weight 208 poods 10 pounds.”

On the polyeln bell, the second in weight, there was also an interesting inscription: “This bell was cast on March 1785, the 31st day of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in the village of Trinity, Golenishchevo, also, through the diligence of priest Timofey Ivanov, together with the parish people, weighing 101 pounds and 8 pounds. Lit in Moscow at the plant of Nikifor Kabanin (right - Kalinin)." On the third, everyday bell, we were able to read the following text: “Summer ZRPE (7185, i.e. 1677) by decree of the great Mr. Joachim, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus', this bell was exchanged for an old broken bell in the Moscow district in the house village of Troitskoye Golenishchevo to the church Life-Giving Trinity. KE weighs (25) pounds.” The fourth bell weighed 13, the fifth - 8 poods, the sixth and seventh bells weighed one pood each. The fate of these bells is unknown. Now the bell tower houses a selection of new bells that were raised there in 1993.

Significant changes in the position of the temple occurred after the death of Patriarch Andrian in 1700. The village of Troitskoye-Golenishchevo with a church and a small summer patriarchal palace came under national administration, and then it was “assigned” to the management of the synodal administration. In 1729-1730 it belonged to the favorite of Emperor Peter II - Ivan Alekseevich Dolgorukov, then it came under the jurisdiction of the College of Economy. The temple suffered greatly in 1812. The soldiers of Napoleon's army set up a stable in it, then during a fire all the ancient paintings and iconostasis were destroyed; only a few icons, which had previously been given to the master “for renovation,” were preserved. The tents, crosses and bell tower were severely damaged. In 1815, the church itself and the chapel of St. Jonah were restored and re-consecrated, but the temple remained unpainted even at the end of the 19th century. Only in 1898-1902 did work begin on recreating its decoration.

In the twentieth century, the Trinity Church shared the fate of many Russian churches. In 1939 it was closed, and two antimensions were moved to the Trinity Church on Sparrow Hills. The iconostasis, which was preserved in the church, was taken out by S.M. in 1941. Eisenstein for the filming of the film “Ivan the Terrible”. His further fate is unknown. In 1966, the temple housed a warehouse for raw materials and finished products of the third cardboard factory of the Office of Special Enterprises. At this time the church was in a very deplorable state. In the 1970s, after the warehouse was removed, it stood empty until it was given back to the warehouse, but for the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company. In 1987, a music library was located here, which had a valuable collection of manuscripts. The Trinity Church was returned to the Orthodox Church only in 1991 - on January 8, the first prayer service was held near it. A little later, services began - in the lower tier of the bell tower. Restoration work continued for five years. Now in the northern aisle of the martyr Agapius the throne of St. Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' and the holy martyrs, martyrs and confessors of Russia.

Bibliography:

Zakharov M.P. Guide to the outskirts of Moscow. M., 1867

John Kuznetsov, priest. Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Trinity-Golenishchevo // Proceedings of the commission for the inspection and study of monuments of church antiquity in Moscow and the Moscow diocese. M., 1904. T.I. S.: 1-14

Kholmogorovs V. and G. Historical materials about churches and villages of the 16th-17th centuries. M., 1886. Issue. III. Zagorodskaya tithe of the Moscow district. S.: 301

Monuments of estate art. M., 1928. S.:89

Batalov A.L. Moscow stone architecture of the late 16th century. M., 1996. S.: 133-135, 311

Filatov N.F. Nizhny Novgorod architects of the 17th and early 20th centuries. Gorky, 1980. S.: 21, 22, 25-26, 29, 30

Ilyin M.A., Moiseeva T. Moscow and Moscow region. M., 1979. S.: 463

Metrics of the Moscow Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, in Golenishchev. 1887 From the materials of the Archaeological Commission // Historical archive. 2009. No. 5. P.: 143-161. Metrics prepared for printing by A.F. Bondarenko based on materials from the IIMK archive (F.1, op. 2, 1911, d. 257).

Forty forty. M., 2003. T.4. S.: 202-205

Krasovsky M.V. Essay on the history of the Moscow period of ancient Russian architecture. M., 1911. S.: 237

Martynov A.A. Russian antiquity in monuments of church and civil architecture. M., 1848. T.2.

Grabar I.E. History of Russian art. T.2. M., 1911. S.: 84

Moscow and its environs. M., 1885. S.: 425

The village of Golenishchevo, located in the Setun camp of the Moscow district, at the end of the 16th century. belonged to the metropolitan house. In this village there was a church in the name of the Three Saints Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom, built by Metropolitan Cyprian. At the beginning of the XVII century. Golenishchevo was called after the Trinity Church, when the Church of the Holy Trinity was built in the village is unknown.

The scribe books of 1627 say: “the great sovereign, His Holiness Patriarch Philaret Nikitich of Moscow and All Russia, the patrimony of the village of Trinity Golenishchevo, and in the village there is the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, and in the chapel of Leonty the Wonderworker of Rostov, it is made of wood, kletsk, and in the church there are images and candles, and books, and on the bell tower there are bells and every church building of the sovereign patriarchal...” In the expense books of the Patriarchal State Order for 1626-27. It is written: “December 2, in the sovereign patriarchal village of Trinity, a cross was made for the church, soldered with copper and gilded; for gold and copper the icon painter Sava Teplyakov received 6 altyn 6 money.”

Under Patriarch Joseph in 1644, a stone church in the name of the Holy Trinity with chapels and a patriarchal stone house were built in the village of Troitsky-Golenishchevo; and the wooden church from Golenishchevo was moved to the patriarchal village of Trinity-Seltsy. The materials necessary for the construction of a stone church in the village of Troitsky-Golenishchevo began to be prepared, as can be seen from the expenditure books of the Patriarchal Treasury Order, from 1643.

According to the census books of 1646, in the village of Troitsky-Golenishchevo there were 11 peasant, novoprivoz and bobyl households, 44 households that were transported from the patriarchal estates of Kostroma, Vladimir and Belozersky districts, in addition, blacksmiths lived in the village as “neighbors” of their houses those who didn't have. In 1678, in the same village there were 22 peasant households, and after a pestilence, Belarusians from various Polish cities were called up from the outside and settled as business workers.

In the census books of 1701, the church in the village of Troitsky-Golenishchevo is described as follows: “the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity is a stone tented church, with two aisles, and on that church and on two aisles and on the bell tower there are iron crosses, and on that church there is priest Antip Andreev and deacon Savva Stepanov They showed holy icons and all kinds of church utensils in the altar and in the church... On the right side of the western doors, the patriarch's place is upholstered in cherry cloth, the elbows are upholstered in cherry velvet, and there is a dyed green cover on it. Above the patriarchal place, the image of the Savior is painted on paint... in the meal, eight large Deesis icons are painted on paint. In that church, both in the chapels and in the altars in the windows, there are 18 white mica windows, and 18 iron bars, those churches have three iron doors, and the real altar has three iron shutters at the windows. A real church has a bell tower on the refectory, and on the bell tower there are five bells, in the large weight of the signature there are 25 pounds, but in the four bells the weight is not written and there is nothing to weigh; and the real church is covered with chapels, a refectory, and a porch, all with planks...”

Near the church there is a stone courtyard of the patriarch; two gardens with apple trees, pears, cherries, red currants; stable and cattle yard; in the village of Troitskoye there are 53 peasant households, with 183 people, and 10 Bobyl households, with 28 people. In 1711 and 1728, by order of the synodal palace order, the church in the village of Troitsky was covered with new planks.

The priests and ministers of the Trinity Church were given rubies from the Patriarchal government order: “5 rubles per year for the priest, 8 quarters of rye with half octopus, oats too; deacon 4 rubles, rye and oats 4 quarters each; sexton 2 rubles. 3 altyn 2 money, rye and oats 4 quarters each; mallow 60 altyn, rye and oats 3 quarters each.”

After the death of Patriarch Adrian and with the abolition of the patriarchate, the patriarchal estates entered the general state administration. In 1729, the village of Troitskoye-Golenishchevo was granted by Emperor Peter II to Prince Ivan Alekseevich Dolgorukov, from whom in 1731 it was taken over and assigned to the department of the College of Economy.

Kholmogorov V.I., Kholmogorov G.I. “Historical materials for compiling church chronicles of the Moscow diocese.” Issue 3, Zagorodskaya tithe. 1881

Now Golenishchevo is part of Moscow, but during the time of the Moscow patriarchs, the confluence of the Ramenka and Setun rivers was a rather remote Moscow region. The first mention of the village dates back to the Middle Ages and they are associated with the names of Saints Alexy and Cyprian, Moscow metropolitans. As the chronicle testifies, in the 14th century a garden was laid out on the local land, and there were cells and cages. Saint Cyprian loved Golenishchevo very much, choosing this particular village as a place of rest. It was in Golenishchevo that Metropolitan Cyprian spent his leisure time translating church books from Greek into Slavic. It was in Golenishchevo that the saint wrote the life of Metropolitan Peter: “The books were written with his own hand, since the place was quiet and silent and secret from all sorts of crowds (The bustle and noise of city life).” By order of the holy metropolitan, an oprichnina church was built on these lands in the name of the Three Hierarchs (oprichnaya, that is, built by the metropolitan for himself). It was made of wood and probably stood on a hill, which to this day is called Tryokhsvyatskaya. The successors of Metropolitan Cyprian also loved Golenishchevo. Metropolitan Jonah, who served at the Moscow see in 1449-1461, especially liked these places.

In the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity, which will be built two centuries later, a chapel will be built in the name of Metropolitan Jonah. And the spring that flows in the ravine next to the temple will also be called Ioninsky. The chronicle says: “In the summer of 6782 (1474), the Right Reverend Gerontius, Metropolitan of All Rus', down the Setun River, on the same Golenishchev land, near the Alekseev Garden of the Miracle Worker erected the Church of John the Theologian and laid out the courtyard with glaciers and arranged everything.” Later, instead of the St. John the Theologian Church, the wooden Trinity Church was built. The exact time of its construction is lost in the darkness of years, but it is known that by 1627 this church already existed, and the village at that time was called Troitskoye-Golenichevo. The Church of the Life-Giving Trinity was built in 1644-1645, during the period when the Russian Tsardom as a state entity regained its former stability. The time of troubles was already over, and quite a lot of time remained before the coming reforms - both before the religious reform of Patriarch Nikon, which entailed a split in the Russian Church, and before the reforms of Tsar Peter I. This remark is important, since after the mentioned reforms the approach to church construction.

The temple in Trinity-Golenischev is an example of architecture that was widespread in Rus' since the beginning of the 16th century. This is the so-called tent-type temple. The project was developed by Antip Konstantinov-Vozoulin, a master of hipped-roof architecture of this period. In P. G. Palamarchuk’s book “Forty Forties” it is said that “the temple, according to the decree and drawing of the sovereign’s apprentice, Antipa Konstantinov, was worked by the masonry apprentice Larion Mikhailov Ushakov.” Antip Konstantinov was the son of a mason, and after the death of his father he was adopted by Lavrentiy Vozoulin, also a mason. Being a very young man, about twenty years old, Konstantinov was already noted by the tsar as a skilled architect. For example, he participated in the construction of the Three-Tented Transfiguration Church in the Alekseevsky Monastery, the Terem Palace and the superstructure of the Trinity Tower of the Moscow Kremlin, and the Church of the Savior on the Senya in Rostov the Great. And Larion Ushakov is known for the fact that in 1635-1636 he took part in the construction of the Terem Palace for Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich. After the completion of the construction of the Trinity Church in the mid-17th century, a stone patriarchal courtyard was erected near it. The surroundings of Golenishchev were rich in clay, so three kilns for making bricks were built near Vorobyovy Kruts...

The patriarchal courtyard at the church was arranged very richly and thoroughly. Its description, compiled in 1701, has been preserved. That's what it was there: a red porch and a vestibule, behind them were the chambers - the tablecloth room, the noble room, the singing room, the village elder's room, the government room - all only on the first floor. Then there was a staircase to the second floor, where the patriarchal mansions were built, preceded by an entrance hall. There was a dining room, a chamber of the cross, the patriarch’s cell and a back porch. At the top, above the second floor, there was a tower with a prayer corner and an upper cell, and above all this was an attic. Near the patriarch's house there was built a clerk's hut with a vestibule and an upper tower, a cookhouse, a bakery, a bathhouse, a barn, a stable and a stall, a drying shed and a cellar. Behind the stone fence of the patriarch's courtyard, two fruit orchards with apple trees, cherries, pears, and currant bushes were laid out. Behind the gardens there are ponds from which fish were served to the table of the patriarchs. In 1649, “in the village of Troitsky (the village is already named after the name of the church), Sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich deigned to eat with Patriarch Joseph.” There were rich hunting grounds around the village, and the king loved to hunt in these places. Golenishchevo continued to be the residence of all patriarchs in the pre-Synodal period, and since 1700 this village has come under the jurisdiction of the Holy Synod. In 1729-1730 there was a short period when the village belonged to the favorite of Emperor Peter III, Ivan Alekseevich Dolgorukov, after his exile to Berezov, all the property from the disgraced Dolgorukovs was taken away in favor of the treasury, and the village of Golenishchevo returned to the jurisdiction of the Synod. In the 18th century, factory production was established in Golenishchev. Part of the land already belonged to the linen manufacturer Vasily Churashev.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, the village was captured by the troops of Emperor Napoleon. The temple was desecrated, not avoiding the fate of other Russian churches. French soldiers placed a stable in it. The ancient iconostasis was destroyed in a fire, but some icons survived. After the expulsion of the French from Moscow, one of the chapels (Agapievsky, winter) was re-consecrated, and in 1815 the other two were also re-consecrated. In the middle of the 19th century, it was decided to expand the winter Agapie chapel and its vestibule. In 1860 this intention was realized. The old tented bell tower, adjacent to the western wall of the Agapievsky chapel, was broken, and in its place a new one was built, opposite the western gate of the temple. And the space between the new bell tower and the porch was connected by a covered corridor. In 1899, general oven heating was installed in the church. The temple existed like this until 1935.

In 1936, director Sergei Eisenstein shot the film “Bezhin Meadow,” a brilliant Eisenstein film whose theme was the mythology of the new Soviet era. The main character - Styopka Samokhin, a pioneer, the son of a kulak - dies at the hands of his father. The father takes revenge on his son for the conspiracy against the collective farm that he uncovered. The prototype of the hero was Pavlik Morozov. One of the central scenes of the film is the scene in the temple, filmed right here, in the Golenishchevskaya Church. The peasants are destroying the temple, destroying the shrines. Here are children, youth, mature people, and old people - all of them, in one impulse, mock faith. One of the characters - a huge peasant, like the biblical Samson - powerfully demolishes the royal doors with both hands, destroying the iconostasis, and behind him comes a crowd desecrating the altar. This is how the shrines of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in the patriarchal village of Golenishchevo fell, and this fall was captured almost documented in the remaining footage, cut off by film editors in 1937 from the film, which was supposed to be destroyed. Ultimately, the empty temple was rented by the USSR State Television and Radio for a warehouse and music library. The fall seemed irreversible. But the temple did not perish. It was returned to believers in 1991 and the first prayer service took place near its walls on January 8, 1991. There was work to be done to clean the temple, restore the ceilings, and restore the bell tower. Services here began only in 1992. Repair and restoration work has been carried out since the mid-1990s. The Ionninsky spring was cleared from the river side. And in 1999, a wooden baptismal chapel was added, which was consecrated in the name of St. Cyprian. Nowadays, the festive ringing from the bell tower of the temple spreads far around and reaches the Novodevichy Convent and Poklonnaya Gora.

From the magazine "Orthodox Temples. Travel to Holy Places." Issue No. 289, 2018

Address: Mosfilmovskaya, 18A, metro Park Pobedy 1.6 km
How to get there: From the Kievskaya metro station, trolleybuses No. 7, 17, 34, bus No. 119 (final stop on the station square, near the clock tower) to the Troitskoye-Golenichevo stop (9th from the Station). You can go to the same stop by trolleybus number 34 from the Universitet or Yugo-Zapadnaya metro stations.

The church in Trinity-Golenishchevo is an example of a tented stone church. Tent-type churches began to be built in Rus' at the beginning of the 16th century. and were banned during the church reform of Patriarch Nikon in 1653.
The Orthodox church was built in 1644-1645. according to the design of Antipa Konstantinov in the ancient patriarchal village of Golenishchevo (after construction, renamed Trinity-Golenishchevo) on the Setun River on the site of the Church of St. John the Evangelist, built in the 15th century.
The village of Golenishchevo, first mentioned in 1406, was the country summer residence of St. Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kyiv. In 1474, Metropolitan Gerontius built the Church of St. John the Evangelist. In the 17th century There was already a wooden Trinity Church with a side chapel of St. Leontius.
In 1644-1645 Larion Ushakov, according to the design of the Nizhny Novgorod architect Antipa Konstantinov, erected a stone temple in its place. The side aisles were built somewhat later. The bell tower and refectory were built in 1660. In 1860, the bell tower was rebuilt and moved somewhat, and the chapel of the martyr Agapius was extended with a new refectory.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, the village was captured by Napoleonic troops, and the church housed a stable. The ancient iconostasis was destroyed in the fire, but some icons survived due to the fact that shortly before the events they were transferred for renovation.
During Soviet times, the temple was closed in 1939, the iconostasis was taken into use by Sergei Eisenstein for the filming of the film “Ivan the Terrible”, after which he did not return to the temple.
A warehouse for raw materials and finished products of the 3rd cardboard factory was placed in the temple, then it was leased to the USSR State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, and for some time the temple was used to receive waste paper and glass containers. Divine services were resumed in 1992. In the 1990s. the church was restored, the iron on the central tent was restored, and the Ioninsky Spring from the river side was cleared.
In 1999, a wooden baptismal chapel in honor of St. Cyprian was added to the refectory part of the temple.

Gate of Trinity Church	Trinity Church
Trinity Church	Trinity Church
Wooden chapel-baptism in honor of St. Cyprian	Chapel of Cyprian
Vintage tombstones
	Remains of the valley of the Kipyatka River - the right tributary of the Setun. The length is about 2 km, enclosed in an underground sewer. The name is associated with the word “boil” and reflects the nature of the river’s flow: it flowed down from the Sparrow Hills in a rapid stream.