P. A. Mukhanov (1)
The word Siberia means the now immeasurable Space from the Ural ridge to the shores of the Eastern Ocean. The Siberian Kingdom was once the name given to a small Tatar possession, whose capital, Isker, was located on the Irtysh River, which flows into the Ob. In the half of the 16th century, this kingdom depended on Russia. In 1569, Tsar Kuchum was _accepted under the arm_ of Ivan the Terrible and obliged to pay tribute. Meanwhile, the Siberian Tatars and the Ostyaks and Vogulichs subject to them sometimes invaded the Perm regions. This forced the Russian government to pay attention to providing these Ukrainians with fortified places and increasing the population in them. The rich merchants Stroganovs at that time received possession of vast deserts on the borders of Perm: they were given the right to populate and cultivate them. Summoning the freemen, these active landowners turned to the Cossacks, who, not recognizing any supreme power over themselves, robbed industrialists and merchant caravans on the Volga. In the summer of 1579, 540 of these daredevils came to the banks of the Kama; They had five leaders, the main one was called Ermak Timofeev. The Stroganovs joined them with 300 people of various monks, supplied them with gunpowder, lead and other supplies and sent them beyond the Ural Mountains (in 1581). Over the next year, the Cossacks defeated the Tatars in many battles, took Isker, captured Kuchumov’s nephew,
Tsarevich Mametkul, and dominated Siberia for about three years. Meanwhile, their number gradually decreased: many died from oversight. The overthrown Kuchum fled to the Kyrgyz steppes and plotted ways to exterminate the Cossacks. One dark night (August 5, 1584), with heavy rain, he launched an unexpected attack: the Cossacks defended themselves courageously, but could not stand for long; they had to yield to the force and suddenness of the blow. Having no means of salvation other than flight, Ermak rushed into the Irtysh, intending to swim to the other side, and died in the waves. Chroniclers present this Cossack hero as strong-bodied, dignified and broad-shouldered, he was of average height, had a flat face, quick eyes, a black beard, dark and curly hair. Several years after this, Siberia was abandoned by the Russians; then the royal troops came and took possession of it again. During the 17th century, the continuous conquests of various daring leaders brought the borders of the Russian state to the shores of the Eastern Ocean.
The storm roared, the rain made noise,
Lightning flew in the darkness,
The thunder roared incessantly,
And the winds raged in the wilds...
Breathing passion for glory,
In a harsh and gloomy country,
On the wild bank of the Irtysh
Ermak sat, overcome with thought.
Companions of his labors,
10 Victories and thunderous glory,
Among the pitched tents
They slept carelessly near the oak grove.
“Oh, sleep, sleep,” the hero thought,
Friends, under the roaring storm;
At dawn my voice will be heard,
Calling for glory or death
You need rest; sweet Dreams
And in a storm he will calm the brave;
In dreams he will remind you of glory
20 And the strength of the warriors will double.
Who did not spare his life
In robberies, mining for gold,
Will he think about her?
Dying for holy Rus'?
Washed away with your own and the enemy's blood
All the crimes of a violent life
And deserved it for the victories
Blessings of the Fatherland, -
Death cannot be scary to us;
30 We have completed our work:
Siberia was conquered by the king,
And we did not live idly in the world!”
But his fate is fatal
Already sitting next to the hero
And looked with regret
Looking at the victim with a curious look.
The storm roared, the rain made noise,
Lightning flew in the darkness,
The thunder roared incessantly,
40 And the winds raged in the wilds.
The Irtysh boiled in steep banks,
Gray waves rose,
And they scattered with a roar in the arahs,
Biya o breg, Cossack boats.
With the leader, peace in the arms of sleep
The brave squad ate;
With Kuchum there is only one storm
I didn’t sleep on their destruction!
Fearing to enter into battle with the hero,
50 Kuchum to the tents, like a despised thief,
Sneaked along a secret path,
Tatars are surrounded by crowds.
Swords flashed in their hands -
And the valley became bloody,
And the formidable one fell in battle,
Without drawing your swords, squad...
Ermak woke up from his sleep
And, death in vain, rushes into the waves,
The soul is full of courage,
60 But the canoe is far from the shore!
Irtysh is more worried -
Ermak is straining all his strength
And with your powerful hand
It cuts through the gray trees...
Floating... the shuttle is already close -
But power gave way to fate,
And, boiling more terribly, the river
The hero was noisily consumed.
Having deprived the hero of his strength
70 Fight the furious wave,
Heavy armor - a gift from the king (2)
Became the cause of his death.
< br />The storm roared... suddenly the moon
The boiling Irtysh has become silver,
And the corpse, spewed out by the wave,
The copper armor lit up.
The clouds were rushing, the rain was noisy,
And the lightning still flashed,
And the thunder still roared in the distance,
80 And the winds raged in the wilds.
RI, 1822, No. 14. January 17, without dedication, with notes. publisher: “The work of a young poet, still little known, but who will soon become close to the old and famous. IN<оейков>" Rebake in C, 1822, No. 4 and in “North. Flowers for 1825" (in the article by P. A. Pletnev). Presented in VO on November 28, 1821, this thought, as worthy of “special respect,” was the basis for renaming Ryleev from collaborating members to full members of the Society (see M., p. 195). The historical basis of the Duma is materials about the death of Ermak as presented by Karamzin (I, vol. 9, chapter 6). The Duma became widespread and became a folk song.
1 Mukhanov Pavel Alexandrovich (1798-1871) - Decembrist, historian, friend
Ryleev, at whose request until January 1825 he participated in the preparation for the publication of “Dum”.
Heavy armor - a gift from the king - the armor mentioned by Ryleev was presented by Ivan IV to Ermak after his victory over Kuchum on the banks of the Irtysh, at Cape Podchuvash (1582).
Plan
Introduction
The Duma “The Death of Ermak” is based on real historical events.
Main part
Ermak is overcome with thought:
a) reflections on your life and the lives of your comrades;
b) Ermak does not condemn his comrades who went over to serve the king.
Ermak is opposed to Kuchum.
Death of Ermak.
Conclusion
The author, admiring Ermak’s heroism, does not agree that he accepted a gift from the king. Ryleev sees this as the reason for the hero’s death.
Duma K.F. Ryleev’s “The Death of Ermak” is based on real historical events.
Cossack Ermak Timofeevich played an important role in the annexation of Siberia to Russia during the era of Ivan the Terrible. He defeated the army of Khan Kuchum, but Kuchum himself fled to the steppe. At night, he unexpectedly attacked Ermak’s camp, the Cossacks fought courageously, but they had to “give in to the force and surprise of the blow.” They were forced to flee, but there was only one way to salvation: swimming across the Irtysh. According to legend, there was a thunderstorm and a storm, and Ermak died in the waves of a stormy river.
K.F. Ryleev depicts exactly this situation in his thought - a terrible, stormy night:
The storm roared, the rain made noise,
Lightning flew in the darkness,
The thunder roared continuously,
And the winds raged in the wilds...
The author shows how “Ermak sat on the wild bank of the Irtysh, enveloped in thought,” while his warriors slept. Ermak thinks about his life and his comrades, whether it was right. Many of his Cossacks are desperate people, former criminals who went into the service of the tsar. But Ermak, and with him the author, does not condemn them, but, on the contrary, admires them. He believes that “all the crimes of a violent life” were washed away with the blood of their enemies, and now these people do not spare their lives for a higher goal - “for Holy Rus'.”
“... Death cannot be scary for us;
We have done our job:
Siberia was conquered by the king,
And we did not live idly in the world!”
Ermak still does not know that a terrible death awaits the heroes ahead: the attack of Kuchum. Kuchum is contrasted with the brave and courageous Cossack as a low and vile man - he attacks on the sly.
Fearing to enter into battle with the hero,
Kuchum to the tents like a despicable thief,
Sneaked along a secret path...
In a terrible battle, Ermak’s squad fell, “without drawing their swords.” Ermak swims along the raging river, straining his strength, but “strength has given way to rock.” The author believes that the reason for Ermak’s death was the “heavy shell - a gift from the king.” The hero died, exchanging his freedom for faithful service to the autocracy. For the Decembrist Ryleev, the problem of personal freedom is especially important; serving the Tsar and serving Russia are not the same thing for him. Admiring Ermak’s heroism and his service for the good of Russia, he does not agree that the hero accepted an expensive gift from the Tsar and sees this as one of the reasons for his death.
Ryleev's reputation as a poet is ambiguous. Among his contemporaries there were many people who did not rate his poetry very highly. You need to understand that his reputation is determined not only by his writing abilities, but also by his civic position. For many, Ryleev was a man of enormous merit, a hero and a righteous man, due to the fact that he became one of the participants in the Decembrist movement.
Ryleev was the first Russian poet to be executed for his beliefs and social activities. He lived only 30 years. During this short period he managed to do a lot. Like many Russian nobles, the poet served. Ryleev would have come from a small-scale family, his father looked after someone else's estate and was under the authority of a larger landowner. First, Ryleev served in military affairs, and later in civilian affairs, as an assessor in the Civil Chamber, and at the end of his life he served in the Russian-American Company.
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Ryleev and duels The institution of dueling played a huge role in Russian noble life. Many writers fought duels, many were seconds. In addition to such famous duels as those in which Pushkin and Lermontov were killed, there are many others in the history of Russian literature, famous and dramatic (Fig. 1). Rice. 1. A.A Naumov. Duel of Pushkin with Dantes Ryleev also took part in duels, and some of them are very famous. One of these famous duels was the duel between Chernov and Novosiltsev, in which Ryleev was a second. Chernov was a friend of Ryleev, a poor nobleman, and Novosiltsev was an aristocrat and a rich man. As often happens, the duel happened because of a woman. Chernov had a sister, and Novosiltsev wooed her, they were engaged, but after some time, under the influence of his mother, Novosiltsev “reversed.” The engagement was called off. Such situations occurred quite often, but in this case the acuteness was that Chernov was a “small fry”, and Novosiltsev was an aristocrat. From the point of view of Ryleev and other future Decembrists, this was a cruel insult: the strong and rich insulted the poor and weak. The matter ended in a duel. As a second, Ryleev did everything to ensure that the duel took place and was as bloody as possible (this is contrary to the principles: usually the duty of seconds is to try on duelists or soften the conditions of the duel). Ryleev and his comrades handled things in such a way that the duel turned out to be terrible. They placed the duelists at such a distance that it was almost impossible to miss, and as a result both died. Chernov's funeral turned into a demonstration. The Decembrists did everything to expose this situation in the light of political discord within high society. This case shows us how tough Ryleev was in matters that concerned the honor and dignity of a person. He was ready to sacrifice not only his own, but also the lives of others in order to defend his beliefs. |
Creativity of Ryleev
Ryleev not only wrote poetry, but also published the almanac “Polar Star”. Much later, in the 1850s, this is exactly what A.I. named his magazine. Herzen (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Almanac “Polar Star”
In Russian literature, the word "polar" referred to the north. Publishing such an almanac in St. Petersburg is a completely natural thing. Ryleev published it not alone, but together with his like-minded person A. Bestuzhev.
In their work, the Decembrists were guided by Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. The name of this writer is associated with classicism, with high style and ode as a favorite genre. This is poetry focused on serious, sublime topics. The future Decembrists were quite harsh-minded people not only in their private lives, but also in the sphere of literature and art. Poetry as an adornment of life or the poetry of light themes was completely alien to them. If we look at the literary map of Russia at that time, the main controversy was between the Derzhavinites and the Karamzinists. Supporters of Karamzin's sentimental aesthetics believed that poetry could be light in style, vocabulary, and choice of topics. The stern Decembrists were for the old style, the minted style of Lomonosov and Derzhavin, and it was in this vein that Ryleev tried to write. The Decembrists were also people focused on exploits and achievements. And for heroism they turned to ancient Roman history.
All these features of the literary taste and choice of the Decembrists and Ryleev are clearly visible in one of his works, in “Ode to a Temporary Worker.”
A temporary worker is a person who, by the will of a strong patron (usually a monarch), finds himself in power for a while, achieving a high position and honors.
“An arrogant temporary worker, and vile and insidious,
The monarch is a cunning flatterer and an ungrateful friend,
Furious tyrant of his native country,
A villain elevated to an important rank by slyness!
You dare to look at me with contempt
And in your menacing gaze you show me your ardent anger!
I don’t value your attention, scoundrel;
From your mouth blasphemy is a crown worthy of praise!
Ryleev scolds and vilifies the temporary worker very rudely and furiously, but uses a high syllable for this. Next, the author moves on to threats. Let's see how he addresses the temporary worker.
“Tyrant, tremble! he may be born
Or Cassius, or Brutus, or the enemy of the kings, Cato!
Oh, how I try to glorify him with the lyre,
Who will deliver my fatherland from you?
Cassius, Brutus and Cato are heroes of ancient Roman history.
Ryleev did not just want to imitate Derzhavin, he tried to find his own syllable and style. Dumas are large works with heroes - Russian and Ukrainian historical figures. Heroes of thought usually reflected on the fate of the Fatherland, and all of them, in one way or another, sacrificed themselves for the sake of the people's good. For example, Ivan Susanin, well known to us from history, gave his life for the Tsar and Russia.
And again we are convinced that Ryleev’s poetry is poetry of serious, tragic themes, and in the center there is always civic interest, a common cause. The ideological and artistic paradox of Ryleev’s works was that he portrayed anti-romantic heroes through romantic techniques. One of these heroes is Ermak from the thought “The Death of Ermak” (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Illustration for the Duma “Death of Ermak”
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Ermak Ataman Ermak Timofeevich is one of the most famous Cossacks in the history of Russia. He stands on a par with such characters as Bulavin, Pugachev and Razin. But these people are rebels who opposed the authorities, against the state. Ermak is a slightly different character, he is also a representative of a free anti-state force, a robber and brigand who decided to serve the Fatherland. But Ermak pursued selfish goals in the attack on the Siberian Khanate. It is immediately clear that the attack would allow him to loot a lot, and in case of victory he would receive a reward from the sovereign. But robbery outside the state, which it also supports, is no longer a crime, but becomes a military feat. Ermak's success was one of the positive events of the times of Ivan the Terrible. Ermak is at the same time the embodiment of rampant free power and a servant of the sovereign. This attracted not only Ryleev, A.K. Tolstoy brought out Ermak in the novel “Prince Silver,” but did it in a rather unusual way. Ermak himself never appears on the pages of the novel; others talk about him. In Tolstoy, Ermak is a saving ray against the background of the oprichnina described in the novel, an image of a bright future. |
Ermak is a real character in Russian history of the 16th century. He was a Cossack chieftain who went to conquer Siberia, which was under the rule of Khan Kuchum. Ermak died by drowning in the river during a sudden attack by the Tatars. It was with Ermak’s campaign in Siberia that the annexation of these lands into the territory of the Russian state began.
Readers already know its outcome from the title of the Duma.
“The storm roared, the rain made noise,
Lightning flew in the darkness,
And the winds raged in the wilds...
Breathing passion for glory,
In a harsh and gloomy country,
On the wild bank of the Irtysh
Ermak sat, overcome with thought.”
The description is romantic: the hero is presented to us surrounded by nature and completely alone. Next we read the Cossack’s address to his squad.
"Comrades of his labors,
Victories and thunderous glory,
Among the pitched tents
They slept carelessly near the oak grove.
“Oh, sleep, sleep,” the hero thought,
Friends, under the roaring storm;
At dawn my voice will be heard,
Calling for glory or death!
You need rest; sweet dream
And in a storm he will calm the brave;
In dreams he will remind you of glory
And the strength of the warriors will double.”
Here we understand that dramatic events will soon begin. It is important to note that Ermak addresses the sleeping people, hoping that they will hear him. Readers of Ryleev's time, when reading this passage, immediately arose an association with the prayer for the cup in the Garden of Gethsemane from the Gospel (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. V. Perov. "Prayer of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane"
Before his execution, Jesus prays, and his disciples-apostles sleep nearby. And we foresee a tragedy. This parallel is not accidental.
"Who did not spare his life
In robberies, mining for gold,
Will he think about her?
Dying for holy Rus'?
Washed away with your own and the enemy's blood
All the crimes of a violent life
And deserved it for the victories
Blessings of the Fatherland, -
Death cannot be scary to us;
We have done our job:
Siberia was conquered by the king,
And we did not live idly in the world!”
Ermak says that in the past they all sinned, but now they have the opportunity to atone for their sins. And we see the subtext: here it is, exactly the sacrifice made for the sake of the Fatherland. And this feat can redeem everything, and yesterday’s sinner can become a saint.
"But his fate is fatal
Already sitting next to the hero
And looked with regret
Looking at the victim with a curious look.
The storm roared, the rain made noise,
Lightning flew in the darkness,
The thunder roared incessantly,
Stormy nature no longer acts as a silent witness, but becomes the embodiment of fate, taking up arms against the hero.
“The Irtysh was boiling in steep banks,
Gray waves rose,
And they crumbled into dust with a roar,
Biya o breg, Cossack boats.
With the leader, peace in the arms of sleep
The brave squad ate;
With Kuchum there is only one storm
I didn’t sleep on their destruction!
Ermak is sleeping, and his fate is approaching him closely - we understand that he is doomed. This fits within the framework of the Christian faith. What is important is not victory, but sacrifice, feat. Then follow the lines about the attack of enemies.
“Afraid to enter into battle with a hero,
Kuchum to the tents like a despicable thief,
Sneaked along a secret path,
Tatars are surrounded by crowds.
Swords flashed in their hands -
And the valley became bloody,
And the formidable one fell in battle,
Without drawing your swords, the squad..."
An unfair battle takes place, and the Tatars exterminate the Cossacks. Ermak takes flight.
“Ermak rose from sleep
And, death in vain, rushes into the waves,
The soul is full of courage,
But the boat is far from the shore!
Irtysh is more worried -
Ermak is straining all his strength
And with your powerful hand
It cuts through the gray trees...”
In these lines we observe Ermak’s struggle with nature, as in the ancient tragedy, here nature acts as an evil fate. The character continues to fight injustice and is again shown as a romantic hero. But, like the most powerful Greek hero Achilles, Ermak has a weak spot. For him, this is a gift from Ivan the Terrible, heavy armor that pulls him to the bottom.
“It’s floating... the shuttle is already close -
But power gave way to fate,
And, boiling more terribly, the river
The hero was noisily consumed.
Having deprived the hero of his strength
Fight against the furious wave,
Heavy armor - a gift from the king
Became the cause of his death"
In this fragment one can see the poetic convention of Ryleev’s thought. It's not about reality, but about some poetic side of things. Next, the author shows us the dead, but in some sense not defeated Ermak.
“The storm roared... suddenly the moon
The boiling Irtysh turned silver,
And the corpse, spewed out by the wave,
The copper armor lit up.
The clouds were rushing, the rain was noisy,
And the lightning still flashed,
And the thunder still roared in the distance,
And the winds raged in the wilds.”
In the finale, Ryleev masterfully uses lines that are already familiar to us, but now they have a different shade. If you think about it, the final picture reminds us of an honorary funeral for a military man, only nature is involved in this procession.
Conclusion
Three years have passed since the creation of the “Death of Ermak” Duma, and a speech took place on Senate Square. This was the crown of Ryleev’s political and civil life. This temperamental man was the soul and engine of this uprising. The Decembrist uprising was suppressed, Ryleev was arrested and spent his last months in prison. He was sentenced to death and hanged along with four of his comrades. The poet accurately predicted his fate in the Nalivaiko Duma.
“I know: destruction awaits
The one who rises first
On the oppressors of the people, -
Fate has already doomed me.
But where, tell me, when was it
Freedom redeemed without sacrifices"?
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Ryleev in prison The adamant Kondraty Ryleev could be patient and gentle. He was a Christian (Fig. 5).
Rice. 5. K. Ryleev His Christian position was especially visible at the end of his life. Ryleev accepted the verdict without anger or protest. The letter he wrote to his wife in his last hours has been preserved. Usually a suicide letter was written before a duel, where the outcome was unknown. Ryleev had no doubts. It's interesting what he writes to his wife. He asks her to come to terms with what is happening and not to be angry with either God or the sovereign who sentenced him. “God and the Sovereign have decided my fate: I must die and die a shameful death. May His holy will be done! My dear friend, surrender to the will of the Almighty, and he will console you. Pray to God for my soul. He will hear your prayers. Do not grumble either at him or at the Emperor: this will be both reckless and sinful. Can we comprehend the inscrutable judgments of the Incomprehensible? I never once grumbled during the entire time of my imprisonment, and for this the Holy Spirit wonderfully comforted me. Marvel, my friend, and at this very moment, when I am busy only with you and our little one, I am in such a comforting calm that I cannot express to you. Oh, dear friend, how saving it is to be a Christian. I thank my Creator that He has enlightened me and that I am dying in Christ.” Ryleev died reconciled and said goodbye to his wife. He accepted death as a humble man, and not as a rebel, as we first remember him. |
As he wanted, as he dreamed, he suffered for a just cause. And it turns out that he was a real romantic. He actually professed the romantic principle: live as you write, write as you live. And so it happened: that Kondraty Ryleev lived, wrote and died as a romantic.
Questions for notes
Make a table in which you enter the titles of the microtopics. In each column, write down key words, phrases, fragments of micro-topic sentences (according to Ryleev’s thought “The Death of Ermak”).
Write an essay “The role of the Decembrists in the development of social thought in Russia.”
Answer in writing the question: “Why are the fate of the author and the fate of the hero Ermak parallel?”
Five people prepared for execution by hanging in caps stand on the scaffold. Ryleev is among them. The rotten ropes broke. Ryleev stood up and said: “We are dying in torment, in suffering.” He was only thirty-one years old.
The Moirai have woven a terrible fate for him, not soft, not fluffy, but all in knots, on which he will bleed all his life. They determined the inevitable, and callously cut the thread of life when they saw fit.
It all started in childhood
Kondraty Ryleev's father had a formidable father. Just a spanking. The mother could not look at this calmly and assigned the five-year-old boy to the cadet corps. But he was unlucky. The director changed, and the humanity that preceded the appearance of Kondraty disappeared. Rods were a reliable basis for education here too. Ryleev was an ardent and enterprising tomboy. He was constantly punished. He often took the blame of others upon himself. For this they had both respect and trust in him. This is how the past “illuminates” the future. What is the theme and idea of Ryleev’s thought, which will come to him much later? Of course - the theme of freedom.
After study
Ryleev was assigned to the corps stationed in Dresden. Only recently ended. He also went on campaigns in Bavaria, Saxony, Prussia, Switzerland and Paris. There he visited the fortune teller Lenormand. She predicted a sad fate for him, but did not specify which one. And the premonition of death, the sacrifice of his path always accompanied Ryleev.
Poet and politician
By the age of twenty-two, Ryleev had matured both as a poet and as a politician. Already in 1821 he became acquainted with Karamzin’s “Russian History”. And he wrote his first, as he put it, “trinket.” A little later, others appeared, including “The Death of Ermak.” Finally, he gives his miniatures a name - duma. And the impulse, in addition to Russian history, was the genre of the thought of the Polish poet and writer Nemtsevich. Thus, with the light hand of Ryleev, thoughts entered Russian poetry. But the Polish poet took advantage of folk art, where thoughts on historical themes in the epic and lyrical genre were a phenomenon of musical creativity and where, above all, freedom was sung. Likewise, if you ask a Russian revolutionary what the theme and idea of Ryleev’s Duma are, the answer will be independence and will. After all, it was not for nothing that he was a member of the literary society, which was an offshoot of the Union of Welfare. And later Ryleev will become close to Pushchin, who will introduce him to the secret Northern Society. And it turns out that it was not an ordinary member who joined it, but a person with an extraordinary revolutionary temperament, for whom freedom is the main goal of life. So, what would be the theme and idea of Ryleevani’s Duma, but they completely overlap with his activities. Of course, having lived in Europe, with its jubilant freedom, with the seething of political thought, it is very difficult to come to terms with Russian reality: gloomy, wild, dark and where you want, above all, freedom. What is the theme and idea of Ryleev’s Duma? This is a fusion of Karamzin’s life and history.
Historical reference
Ermak Timofeevich is known as the conqueror of Siberia. But besides Russia, other peoples also had their sights on it. First of all, the Tatars, who lived on the Irtysh, which flowed into the huge Ob. They did not lay claim to more distant lands up to the Pacific Ocean. The Tatar kingdom depended on the Moscow kingdom and was obliged to pay tribute. But they attacked the deserted Russian Perm lands, which the Stroganovs were supposed to populate. To prevent Tatar robberies, the landowners turned to the free Cossacks, whose leader was Ermak. There weren't many of them. There are about eight hundred people in total. But the Cossacks managed to take the capital of the Tatar kingdom in battle and even capture the king’s nephew. And the overthrown Tsar Kuchum fled and for three years cherished plans to exterminate the Cossacks. This final episode reveals the doom. What is the theme and idea of Ryleev’s thought “The Death of Ermak”?
Poetic work
The Duma begins with a refrain full of menacing romance, which is then repeated in its central part, showing how nature resists what will happen and ends with the same gloomy quatrain. It describes a storm with raging winds and flashing lightning in complete darkness.
The hyperbolic forces of nature are depicted with full brilliance. In such a harsh and gloomy and wild place, Ermak alone sits on the shore.
He does not sleep, guarding the sleep of his comrades. He thought deeply about the glory of his homeland and the lives of his comrades. What will the battle lead to in the morning? To glory or to death? This topic worried not only Ermak, but also the author himself. When asking the question: “What is the theme and idea of Ryleev’s thought “The Death of Ermak?”, first of all, we must remember what responsibility lay on Kondraty Fedorovich to maintain secrecy and responsibility for the lives and families of his comrades. Therefore, when Ermak wishes his friends rest, one cannot help but think about Ryleev, who wishes the conspirators rest until the time comes.
Before the fight
Ermak Timofeevich continues to reflect that everyone needs a dream, which, even in the midst of a raging nature, will bring calm and strength; in dreams, thoughts should come and confidence should be strengthened: to fight in glory or die for Holy Rus' - this is the theme and idea of Ryleev’s thought. What feelings arise in the reader with such thoughts? Pride in a handful of heroes who will face a mortal battle and who will wash away past crimes with blood and open up immeasurable Siberia for Russia.
What else is Ermak thinking about?
Yes, the blood of your comrades will wash away everything, and for this you will receive the blessing of the Motherland. The main thing will be done - the rebellion will be suppressed, and Siberia, with its enormous riches and vast expanses, will join Russia. But Ermak does not yet know that fate is inexorable. And already doom hung over the small detachment.
This is the theme and idea of Ryleev’s Duma. What feelings the author is trying to convey - the inevitability, inevitability of death. With regret, the all-knowing fateful fate watches over the sleeping ones, over those who will soon become victims. All this is shaded by a gloomy black thundering storm.
The battle
Kuchum secretly crept up to the sleeping people and quickly, so that the Cossacks did not even have time to draw their swords, destroyed everyone. Only Ermak managed to shake off his slumber and rushed into the raging waters of the Irtysh, trying to escape. And he has a lot of strength, but you can’t argue with fate, in which everything is predetermined. The river became full of whirlpools, and the boiling waves swallowed Ermak.
The hero died, but nature continued to rage in anger, as if she were protesting against such a death of a faithful son of the Motherland. It was no coincidence that such a tragic plot attracted the attention of Ryleev, who always remembered his upcoming dramatic death. Which? He didn't know yet.
Abstractliterature lesson on the topic: “K.F. Ryleev.
Lesson type
Tasks:
educational:
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“Summary of a literature lesson on the topic: “K.F. Ryleev. The historical theme of the Duma is “The Death of Ermak.”
Novik Nadezhda Grigorievna, teacher of Russian language and literature, State Budgetary Educational Institution JSC “Vychegda SKOSHI”.
Abstractliterature lesson on the topic: “K.F. Ryleev. The historical theme of the Duma is “The Death of Ermak.”
Lesson type: a lesson in mastering new knowledge, developing and improving skills and abilities.
Tasks:
educational:
introduce the personality of the poet; recall the events of the historical era of the early 19th century;
give the concept of the “thought” genre, the characteristics of the genre; the originality of the duma genre in the works of K.F. Ryleev;
be able to analyze a work taking into account its genre features;
developing skills in working with text and illustrations;
improve the skill of conscious reading;
developing:
develop students’ speech and monologue speech skills;
consolidate and introduce terms: thought;
intensify cognitive activity in literature lessons, develop interest in reading ;
develop the skill of working with various sources of information in order to search and select the necessary material;
unleash the creative potential of students.
develop attention, the ability to perceive and evaluate the phenomena of fiction and form spiritual and moral qualities, aesthetic taste;
educational:
to cultivate interest, respect for the subject, and a value-based attitude to the word;
formation and education of a spiritually developed personality;
cultivate a careful, respectful attitude towards the book;
cultivate patriotism and interest in the history of your country.
Visibility and equipment: illustrations, portrait of K.F. Ryleev, statements of contemporaries about Ryleev, presentation, computer, multimedia projector, screen,
cards with words, explanatory dictionaries, textbook: Literature, 8th grade. Textbook-reader for educational institutions. At 2 o'clock. Auto-stat. V.Ya.Korovina and others - 5th ed. – M.: Education, 2009
During the classes
| Lesson stage | Activities of a teacher | Student activities |
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| Psychological attitude(inclusion in educational activities) | Good afternoon Hello guys! I'm glad to see you all healthy, cheerful, smiling. I really hope that you and I will work well and actively today, and that you will gain knowledge and decent grades. | Place educational materials at the workplace and demonstrate readiness for the lesson. Included in educational activities. |
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| Homework survey. | What was the homework assignment? The life of K.F. Ryleev was short but eventful. At home you became acquainted with the facts of the poet’s biography and work. Now you have to answer a number of questions about the content of the textbook article. And do a digital dictation. If the statement I presented is true, you put the number “1”; if the statement is false, then you put the number “0”. And now a few questions for those who prepared at home using additional sources. Who did Ryleev serve? Is his professional activity related to literature? What is the life credo of K.F. Ryleev? In what work is it formulated? How do you understand it? How did participation in the uprising on Senate Square turn out for the poet? We already know that Kondraty Fedorovich worked intensively on his thoughts and published them. What are the features of this genre? What is unique about Ryleev’s thoughts? (individual message) | We read a textbook article about the life and literary work of Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev (pp. 88-89) 1.Digital dictation 2. Ryleev graduated from the cadet corps. 3. The poet did not serve in the active army. 4. Ryleev was a member of the Northern Secret Society. 5.He dreamed of an unlimited monarchy in Russia. 6. The poet became one of the organizers of the uprising on Senate Square. 7. Ryleev’s early poetic experiments date back to 1813-1814. 8. Ryleev never wrote odes. 9.The satire “To the Temporary Worker” gained popularity for the poet. 10. Thoughts are the poet’s favorite genre. 11. In 1822, 15 thoughts appeared in print. 12.Publications of thoughts in magazines attracted the attention of the literary community. (Mutual verification of work). In 1821 - 1824 Ryleev served as assessor of the criminal chamber, in 1824 he joined the Russian-American Company as the ruler of the chancellery. “I am not a poet, but a citizen,” poem “Voinarovsky.” Ryleev took part in the performance on Senate Square and the next night he was arrested and imprisoned in the casemate of the Alekseevsky Ravelin. ExecutedJuly 13 (25) 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress, among the five leaders of the uprising, along withP. I. Pestel, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol, M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, P. G. Kakhovsky . The originality of Ryleev's thoughts: 1. When writing, historical material is used; 2. Duma as a genre combines the characteristics of an ode, an elegy, a poem, a ballad and, perhaps, a historical story in verse. 3. In Ryleev’s creative attitude when creating thoughts, an educational, instructive desire prevailed. 4.The task of the thoughts is to awaken interest and sympathy for courageous people who performed feats in the name of the Motherland and the people. |
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| Lesson topic message Determining the topic and purpose of the lesson. | 1.Opening speech by the teacher. - The thought “The Death of Ermak” enjoyed nationwide fame. What's happened thought? Read the topic of the lesson. Based on the topic of the lesson, formulate the objectives of the lesson. - Before moving on to the topic of the lesson, let's get acquainted with the textbook article "From the history of the annexation of Siberia toXVIcentury." (or student messages) | (Write the term in a notebook.) & Vocabulary work: Thought - is a Ukrainian folk song about a historical event and folk heroes. The themes of the thoughts are primarily historical. Determining the purpose of the lesson by the students themselves. We will get to know… We will find out what is said in... |
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| Working on the topic of the lesson: Duma "Death of Ermak». | 1. Expressive reading by the teacher of the thought “The Death of Ermak” pp. 90-93 Did you like the thought “The Death of Ermak”? What is the theme of this piece? What event is it dedicated to? Historical information about Ermak ( student messages). 2. Reading the thought by students How do you understand the words and lines from the work? 2.Analysis of the text of the Duma “Death of Ermak” 1) Expressive reading in parts of a fragment of the thought “The Death of Ermak.” 2) Conversation on issues. 1. From the list provided, select the phrases that the author uses to create a picture of nature in the Duma. What do the title and the first sentence have in common? Without reading the text in its entirety, will you be able to form a further idea about it? What does Ermak think about the night before the fight? How do you understand the hero’s words: “And we did not live idly in the world”? How did Ermak Timofeevich’s squad die? What does the author see as the cause of death and who does he condemn for this? 3) Drawing up a quotation plan for the Duma. Highlight micro-topics in the text of the thought and title them with words from the thought (work in groups). 4) Work with illustrations for the Duma “The Death of Ermak” What episode from the Duma did the artist Dekhterev depict? Reading the episode. Who painted the picture “The Conquest of Siberia by Ermak”? Support with quotes from the thought. 5) Work on expressive reading of the thought | Student statements. The theme of the expansion of Russian lands. On a dark night, Kuchum attacks the Cossack army. Having no means of salvation other than flight, Ermak rushed into the Irtysh, intending to swim to the other side, and died in the waves. Working with explanatory dictionaries. & Vocabulary work: A) “despicable thief” - (a thief deserving of contempt); B) “And the winds raged in the wilds” (Wilds - places overgrown with impenetrable forests); B) “With the leader there is peace in the arms of sleep The brave squad ate" (Taste - feel, experience). (We write down the terms in a notebook.) The sun was shining lightning flew in the darkness the leaves fluttered in the wind, thunder roared, the wave swayed slightly, the rain was noisy, the storm was roaring, raindrops rang, the winds raged in the wilds. About something tragic, dark. Work in groups Independent research work . Students fill out the table, then read it out. During the discussion, a note appeared in notebooks and on the board: 5 microthemes: 1 – riot of elements ( Storm; darkness; the country is harsh, gloomy; the coast is wild; “Breathing with passion for glory”...) 2 – thoughts of the hero (“comrades of his labors”; “Death cannot be scary for us”; “and we did not live idle in this world”...) 3 – meanness of the enemy ("fatal fate"; victim; Kuchum=storm; “like a despicable thief”; “a formidable squad has fallen”...) 4 – death of Ermak (“the soul is full of courage”; “strength has given way to fate”; “heavy armor - the king’s gift became the guilt of his death”...) 5 – calm ( Moon; “clouds were rushing”; “the lightning STILL flashed”; “thunder... STILL thundered”...). Group work Students prepare an expressive reading of the Duma |
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| Physical education minute (held in the middle of the lesson) | Once again we have a physical education session, My head is tired too. Even though the charge is short, | ||
| Homework | Prepare an expressive reading of the thought “The Death of Ermak.” | They open their diaries and write down their homework. |
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| Reflection. Summing up the lesson. | So what is the life feat of K.F. Ryleev? Our lesson is coming to an end, let's summarize our work. What does knowledge of their past, the history of their country give people? 1. It was difficult for me to understand...” 2. I liked the lesson, because....” 3. “I have learned...” Place emoticons next to statements: | Formulation of conclusions, recording them in a notebook. In the days before the Decembrist uprising, K.F. Ryleev showed exceptional energy, becomingthe soul of the upcoming revolution, insisted on the need for decisive action. K.F. Ryleev sacrificed his own life, just trying to change the way of life of the common people. And his death was not in vain either! Fill out the self-assessment form. Well learned I learned it well and can put it into practice I learned it well, but I have questions Much is unclear. |