In the second half. XVII century Several public schools were established.

1649 – F. Rtishchev’s school (school in St. Andrew’s Monastery).

1640s – school of Epiphany Slavinetsky in the Chudov Monastery,

1665 - the school of Simeon of Polotsk in the Zaikonospassky Monastery there was a school for training employees for central institutions, for the Printing House (Printing School in 1681, headed by the Russian monk Timothy and the Greek Manuil), the Apothecary Prikaz, etc. 1687 The first higher educational institution was founded in Moscow -Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy,where they taught “from grammar, rhetoric, literature, dialectics, philosophy... to theology.” The Academy was headed by the brothers Sophrony and Ioannikiy Likhud (after the exile of the Likhuds in 1701, the Academy fell into decay), Greek scientists who graduated from the University of Padua (Italy). Priests and officials were trained here. M.V. Lomonosov also studied at this academy.

The interest of Russian people in literacy is evidenced by a sale in Moscow(1651) within one day“ABC book” by V. F. Burtsev, published in a circulation of 2,400 copies. Were published“Grammar” by Meletiy Smotritsky(1648) and multiplication table“Counting is convenient” (1682). But: Psalter.

In the 17th century, as before, there was a process of accumulation of knowledge. Great successes were achieved in the field of medicine (“Herbalists”, “Healers”, “Pharmacopeia” by Ivan Venediktov, “On the structure of the human body” - translation by Epiphany Slavinetsky) in solving practical problems in mathematics (many were able to measure areas, distances, loose bodies, etc.), in observing nature.

Age of great geographical discoveries. 1632 - the Cossacks reached the Lena, founded Yakutsk; Elisha Buza discovered Yana, Indigirka, and Kopylov reached the Sea of ​​Okhotsk ( 1639 ). In 1643 Kolesnikov reached Lake Baikal, and Poyarkov discovered the Amur, which was explored in 1650-1651. Khabarov. 1654 The rivers Argun, Selenga and Ingoda were discovered. 1675-1678 . – expedition to China O.N. Spafarius, compiled “Description of the first part of the Universe, called Asia”, “The Legend of the Great Amur River”.

1692-1695 . – Dutchman Isbrant Eades compiled a description of the part of Russia near the border with China. IN 1648 The expedition of Semyon Dezhnev (80 years before Vitus Bering) reached the strait between Asia and North America, discovered the river. Anadyr. The easternmost point of our country now bears the name of Dezhnev. E. P. Khabarov in 1649 g . compiled a map and studied the lands along the Amur River, where Russian settlements were founded. The city of Khabarovsk and the village of Erofey Pavlovich bear his name. In the very end of the 17th century . Siberian Cossack V.V. Atlasov explored Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands islands. 1690 naval officer Dubrovin compiled a map of Turkestan. The first map of the Moscow state was drawn up at the turn of the 16th – 17th centuries, 1640 - “Painting of Siberian cities and fortresses”, and in 1672 - “Drawing of the Siberian land.”

Literature. In the 17th century The last official chronicles were created."New Chronicler"(30s) outlined the events from the death of Ivan the Terrible to the end of the Time of Troubles. It proved the rights of the new Romanov dynasty to the royal throne.

The central place in historical literature was occupied by historical stories that hadjournalistic character.For example, a group of such stories (“Vremennik of clerk Ivan Timofeev”, “The Legend of Abraham Palitsyn”, “Another Legend”, etc.) was a response to the events of the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century.

The penetration of secular principles into literature is associated with the appearance in the 17th century.genre of satirical story, where fictional characters act. “Service to the Tavern”, “The Tale of the Chicken and the Fox”, “Kalyazin Petition” contained a parody of the church service, ridiculed the gluttony and drunkenness of the monks, and “The Tale of Ersha Ershovich” contained judicial red tape and bribery. The new genres were memoirs (“The Life of Archpriest Avvakum”) and love lyrics (Simeon of Polotsk).

The reunification of Ukraine with Russia gave impetus to the creation of the first Russian printed work on history. The Kiev monk Innocent Gisel compiled a “Synopsis” (review), which in a popular form contained a story about the joint history of Ukraine and Russia, which began with the formation of Kievan Rus. In the XVII - first half of the XVIII century. "Synopsis" was used as a textbook of Russian history.

Sections: History and social studies

The formation and development of ancient Russian culture was inextricably linked with the same historical factors and conditions that influenced the formation of statehood, the development of the economy of Rus', the political and spiritual life of society. The rich cultural heritage of the Eastern Slavs, their beliefs, experience, customs and traditions - all this was organically combined with elements of the culture of neighboring countries, tribes and peoples. Rus' did not copy or recklessly borrow someone else's heritage; it synthesized it with its own cultural traditions. The openness and synthetic nature of Russian culture largely determined its originality and originality.

Oral folk art continued to develop even after the appearance of written literature. Russian epic of the 11th – early 12th centuries. enriched with stories dedicated to the fight against the Polovtsians. The image of Vladimir Monomakh, the initiator of the fight against the nomads, merged with the image of Vladimir Svyatoslavich. By the middle of the XII - beginning of the XIII century. This includes the appearance of Novgorod epics about the “guest” Sadko, a wealthy merchant descended from an ancient boyar family, as well as a cycle of tales about Prince Roman, the prototype of which was the famous Roman Mstislavich Galitsky.

Ancient Rus' knew writing even before the official adoption of Christianity. This is evidenced by numerous written sources, such as the agreement between Prince Oleg and Byzantium, and archaeological finds. Around the first half of the 1st millennium AD. e. primitive pictographic writing (“traits” and “cuts”) arose. Later, the Slavs used the so-called Proto-Cyrillic alphabet to write complex texts. The creation of the Slavic alphabet is associated with the names of the Christian missionaries brothers Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius. In the second half of the 9th century. Kirill created the Glagolitic alphabet - the Glagolitic alphabet, and at the turn of the 9th-10th centuries. Based on the Greek letter and elements of the Glagolitic alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet arose - an easier and more convenient alphabet, which became the only one among the Eastern Slavs.

The Baptism of Rus' at the end of the 10th century. contributed to the rapid development of writing and the spread of literacy. The Slavic language, understandable to the entire population, was used as the language of church services, and as a result of this, its development as a literary language occurred. (In contrast to the Catholic countries of Western Europe, where the language of church services was Latin, and therefore early medieval literature was predominantly Latin.) Liturgical books and religious literature began to be brought to Rus' from Byzantium, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Translated Greek literature of ecclesiastical and secular content appeared - Byzantine historical works, descriptions of travel, biographies of saints, etc. The first handwritten Russian books that have reached us date back to the 11th century. The oldest of them are “Ostromir Gospel”, written by Deacon Gregory for the Novgorod mayor Ostromir in 1057, and two “Izbornik” of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich 1073 and 1076. The highest level of craftsmanship with which these books were made testifies to the existence of traditions of making handwritten books by this time.

The Christianization of Rus' gave a powerful impetus to the spread literacy. The “bookish men” were princes Yaroslav the Wise, Vsevolod Yaroslavich, Vladimir Monomakh, Yaroslav Osmomysl.

Highly educated people met among the clergy, among wealthy townspeople and merchants. Literacy was not uncommon among commoners. This is evidenced by inscriptions on handicrafts, church walls (graffiti), and finally, birch bark letters, first discovered during archaeological excavations in Novgorod in 1951, and then in other cities (Smolensk, Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Staraya Russa) . The wide distribution of letters and other documents on birch bark indicates a fairly high level of education of a significant layer of the ancient Russian population, especially in cities and their suburbs.

Based on the rich traditions of oral folk art, arose Old Russian literature. One of its main genres was chronicle - weather report of events. Chronicles are the most valuable monuments of the entire spiritual culture of medieval society. The compilation of chronicles pursued very specific political goals and was a matter of state. The chronicler not only described historical events, he had to give them an assessment that met the interests of the prince-customer.

According to a number of scientists, the beginning of chronicle writing dates back to the end of the 10th century. But the oldest chronicle that has come down to us, based on earlier chronicles, dates back to 1113. It went down in history under the name “The Tale of Bygone Years” and, as is commonly believed, was created monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor. Answering the questions posed at the very beginning of the story (“Where did the Russian land come from, who was the first prince in Kiev, and how did the Russian land begin to exist”), the author unfolds a wide canvas of Russian history, which is understood as an integral part of world history (under the world in those times Biblical and Roman-Byzantine history was implied). The “Tale” is distinguished by the complexity of its composition and the variety of materials included in it; it absorbed the texts of treaties, as if illustrating records of events, retellings of folk legends, historical stories, lives, theological treatises, etc. Later

The Tale of Bygone Years,” in turn, became part of other chronicle collections. From the 12th century a new period begins in the history of Russian chronicles. If earlier the centers of chronicle writing were Kyiv and Novgorod, now, after the fragmentation of the Russian land into many different-sized principalities, chronicles are created in Chernigov, Smolensk, Polotsk, Vladimir, Rostov, Galich, Ryazan and other cities, acquiring a more local, local character.

One of the oldest monuments of ancient Russian literature is the famous “Sermon on Law and Grace” by the princely priest in Berestov and the future first Russian metropolitan of Kiev Hilarion (40s of the 11th century). The content of the “Word” was the substantiation of the state-ideological concept of Ancient Rus', the determination of the place of Rus' among other peoples and states, and its contribution to the spread of Christianity. The ideas of Hilarion’s work were developed in the literary and journalistic monument of the second half of the 11th century. “In memory and praise of Vladimir,” written by the monk Jacob, as well as in “The Tale of Boris and Gleb” - about the first Russian saints and patrons of Rus'.

At the beginning of the 12th century, new literary genres were formed in ancient Russian culture. These are teachings and walking (travel notes). The most striking examples are the “Instructions for Children”, compiled in his declining years by the Kyiv Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh, as well as the famous “Walking” created by one of his associates, Abbot Daniel, which describes his journey to holy places through Constantinople and Fr. Crete to Jerusalem.

At the end of the 12th century. The most famous of the poetic works of ancient Russian literature was created - “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”. The basis of the plot of this small secular work was the description of the unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsians of Novgorod-Seversk Prince Igor Svyatoslavich (1185). The unknown author of the Lay apparently belonged to the druzhina nobility of one of the southern Russian appanage principalities. The main idea of ​​the “Tale” was the need for unity of Russian princes in the face of external danger. At the same time, the author was not a supporter of the state unification of the Russian land; his call was aimed at agreement in actions, to an end to civil strife and princely strife. Apparently, these ideas of the author of “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” did not find a response in the society of that time. Indirect evidence of this is the fate of the manuscript of “The Lay” - it was preserved in the only copy (which was lost during the fire of 1812 in Moscow).

Much more widespread in Rus' was another remarkable work, preserved in two main editions - “The Word”, or “Prayer”, by Daniil Zatochnik (late 12th - first quarter of the 13th century). It was written in the form of an appeal to the prince on behalf of the author - an impoverished princely servant, perhaps a warrior who fell into disgrace. A staunch supporter of strong princely power, Daniel paints an ideal image of a prince - a defender of his subjects, capable of protecting them from the tyranny of “strong people”, overcoming internal strife and ensuring security from external enemies. The brightness of the language, masterful rhyming play on words, an abundance of proverbs, aphorism, and sharply satirical attacks against the boyars and clergy ensured this talented work great popularity for a long time.

Reached a high level in Rus' architecture. Unfortunately, the monuments of ancient Russian wooden architecture have not survived to this day. Few stone structures survived, since a significant part of them was destroyed during Batu’s invasion. Monumental stone construction began in Rus' at the end of the twentieth century, after the adoption of Christianity. The principles of stone construction were borrowed by Russian architects from Byzantium. The first stone building - the Tithe Church in Kyiv (end of the 10th century, destroyed in 1240) was erected by Greek craftsmen. Excavations revealed that it was a powerful structure made of thin brick, decorated with carved marble, mosaics, glazed ceramic slabs, and frescoes.

Under Yaroslav the Wise (probably around 1037), Byzantine and Russian craftsmen built the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv, which has survived to this day (though not in its original form, but significantly rebuilt from the outside). St. Sophia Cathedral is a wonderful monument not only of architecture, but also of fine art. Kiev Sophia is already significantly different from Byzantine examples in the stepped composition of the temple, the presence of thirteen domes crowning it, which was probably reflected in the traditions of Russian wooden architecture. The interior of the temple is decorated with mosaics and frescoes, some of which were apparently created by Russian masters, or, in any case, painted on Russian subjects.

Following the Kyiv Sophia, the St. Sophia Cathedral was built in Novgorod (1045–1050). And although there is a clear continuity between these two architectural monuments, the appearance of Novgorod Sophia already reveals the features of the future Novgorod architectural style. The temple in Novgorod is stricter than the one in Kyiv, it is crowned with five domes, there are no bright mosaics in the interior, but only frescoes, more severe and calm.

From the 12th century a new stage in the development of Russian architecture began. Architecture of the 12th–13th centuries. distinguished by less monumental buildings, the search for new simple and at the same time elegant forms, rigor, even stinginess of decoration. In addition, while maintaining the common features of architecture in different centers of Rus', local stylistic features are developed. In general, the architecture of this period is characterized by a combination of local traditions, forms and elements of the Western European Romanesque style borrowed from Byzantium. Particularly interesting buildings from this period have been preserved in Novgorod and in the cities of the Vladimir-Suzdal region.

In Novgorod, princely construction was reduced; boyars, merchants, and residents of this or that street began to act as customers for churches. The last of the princely Novgorod churches is the modest and elegant Church of the Savior on Nereditsa (1198), destroyed during the Great Patriotic War and then restored.

Russian medieval architecture is one of the most striking pages in the cultural history of Rus'. Architectural monuments fill our ideas about the development of culture with living, imaginative content and help us understand many aspects of history that are not reflected in written sources. This fully applies to the monumental architecture of the ancient, pre-Mongol period. As in the Western European Middle Ages, Russian architecture of the X-XIII centuries. was the main type of art, subordinating and including many other types, primarily painting and sculpture. From this time to the present day, brilliant monuments have been preserved, often not inferior in their artistic perfection to the best masterpieces of world architecture.
The thunderstorms that swept over Russia, unfortunately, wiped out many architectural monuments from the face of the earth. More than three quarters of the ancient Russian monumental buildings of the pre-Mongol period have not survived and are known to us only from excavations, and sometimes even from their mere mention in written sources. Of course, this made it very difficult to study the history of ancient Russian architecture. Nevertheless, over the past three decades, great strides have been made in this area. They are due to several reasons. First of all, it is worth noting the methodological approach, which provides for an analysis of the development of architecture in inextricable connection with the socio-economic and political history of Rus', with the development of Russian culture. It is equally important that, thanks to the wide scope of architectural and archaeological research, the number of monuments involved in study has significantly increased.

Restoration work carried out on many of them made it possible to get closer to understanding the original appearance of the structures, which, as a rule, turned out to be distorted over the long years of existence and operation. It is also very important that architectural monuments are now considered comprehensively, taking into account equally the historical, artistic, and construction-technical aspects.
As a result of the successes achieved, it became possible to understand the ways of development of ancient Russian architecture with much greater completeness than before. Not everything in this process is still completely clear, many monuments have not yet been studied, but the overall picture nevertheless emerges quite clearly now.

in the discipline "Culturology"

on the topic: “Culture of Ancient Rus'”

INTRODUCTION

1. ORAL FOLK ARTS

2. WRITING AND LITERATURE

3. ARCHITECTURE

4. PAINTING

5. ARTISTIC CRAFTS

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The culture of Ancient Rus' is a unique phenomenon. According to the researcher, “Old Russian art is the fruit of the feat of the Russian people, who defended their independence, their faith and their ideals on the edge of the European world.” Scientists note the openness and synthetic nature (from the word “synthesis” - reduction into a single whole) of ancient Russian culture. The interaction of the heritage of the Eastern Slavs with Byzantine and, consequently, ancient traditions created a unique spiritual world. The time of its formation and first flowering was the 10th-first half of the 13th century. (pre-Mongol period).

The Russian people made a valuable contribution to world culture, creating hundreds of years ago works of literature, painting and architecture that have endured for centuries. Acquaintance with the culture of Kievan Rus and the Russian principalities of the era of feudal fragmentation convinces us of the fallacy of the once-existing opinion about the original backwardness of Rus'.

Russian medieval culture X-XIII centuries. earned high praise from both contemporaries and descendants. Eastern geographers pointed out the routes to Russian cities and admired the art of Russian gunsmiths who prepared special steel (Biruni). Western chroniclers called Kyiv the adornment of the East and the rival of Constantinople (Adam of Bremen). The learned presbyter Theophilus of Paderborn in his technical encyclopedia of the 11th century. admired the products of Russian goldsmiths - the finest enamels on gold and niello on silver. In the list of countries whose masters glorified their lands with one form of art or another, Theophilus put Rus' in a place of honor - only Greece was ahead of it. The sophisticated Byzantine John Tsetzes was so fascinated by Russian bone carving that he sang in poetry about the pyxis (carved box) sent to him, comparing the Russian master with the legendary Daedalus.

1. ORAL FOLK ARTS

Oral folk art includes proverbs and sayings, songs and stories, ditties and charms. An integral part of the art of Rus' was the art of music and singing. In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” the legendary storyteller-singer Boyan is mentioned, who “let” his fingers onto the living strings and they “themselves rumbled glory to the princes.” On the frescoes of the St. Sophia Cathedral we see images of musicians playing woodwind and string instruments - lute and harp. The talented singer Mitus in Galich is known from chronicle reports. Some church writings directed against Slavic pagan art mention street buffoons, singers, and dancers; There was also a folk puppet theater. It is known that at the court of Prince Vladimir, during feasts, those present were entertained by singers, storytellers, and performers on string instruments.

An important element of the entire ancient Russian culture was folklore - songs, tales, epics, proverbs, aphorisms. Wedding, drinking, and funeral songs reflected many features of the life of people of that time. So, in ancient wedding songs they spoke about the time when brides were kidnapped, “kidnapped”, in later ones - when they were ransomed, and in songs from Christian times they talked about the consent of both the bride and parents to marriage.

A special place in the historical memory of the people was occupied by epics - heroic tales about defenders of their native land from enemies, recorded on paper in the 19th century. Folk storytellers glorify the exploits of Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Volga, Mikula Selyaninovich and other epic heroes (in total there are more than 50 main characters in the epics). They address their appeal to them: “You stand for the faith, for the fatherland, you stand for the glorious capital city of Kiev!” It is interesting that in epics the motive of defending the fatherland is supplemented with the motive of defending the Christian faith. The Baptism of Rus' was the most important event in the history of ancient Russian culture.

2. WRITING AND LITERATURE

With the adoption of Christianity, the rapid development of writing began. Writing was known in Rus' in pre-Christian times (mention of “lines and cuts”, mid-1st millennium; information about treaties with Byzantium, drawn up in Russian; discovery near Smolensk of a clay vessel with an inscription made in Cyrillic - the alphabet created by the Slavic enlighteners Cyril and Methodius at the turn of the X-XI centuries). Orthodoxy brought liturgical books, religious and secular translated literature to Rus'. The oldest handwritten books have reached us - the “Ostromir Gospel” (1057) and two “Izborniki” (collections of texts) of Prince Svyatoslav (1073 and 1076). They say that in the XI-XIII centuries. 130-140 thousand books of several hundred titles were in circulation: the level of literacy in Ancient Rus' was very high by the standards of the Middle Ages. There is other evidence: birch bark letters (archaeologists discovered them in the middle of the 20th century in Veliky Novgorod), inscriptions on the walls of cathedrals and handicrafts, the activities of monastic schools, the richest book collections of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra and St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, etc.

There was an opinion that ancient Russian culture was “dumb” - it was believed to have no original literature. This is wrong. Old Russian literature is represented by various genres (chronicles, lives of saints, journalism, teachings and travel notes, the wonderful “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” which does not belong to any known genre), it is distinguished by a wealth of images, styles and trends.

In the XI-XII centuries. chronicles appear in Rus'. The chronicles not only describe the sequence of events that took place, but also contain biblical texts, record documents, and provide comments from the chronicles' compilers. The oldest chronicle that has come down to us, “The Tale of Bygone Years,” was created around 1113 by the monk of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, Nestor. The famous questions with which “The Tale of Bygone Years” opens: “Where did the Russian land come from, who was the first prince in Kyiv, and how did the Russian land begin to exist?” already speak about the scale of the personality of the creator of the chronicle, his literary abilities. After the collapse of Kievan Rus, independent chronicle schools arose in the isolated lands, but they all turned to the “Tale of Bygone Years” as a model.

Another genre of ancient Russian literature is hagiography. A life (hagiography) tells about the holy life of a clergyman or a secular person elevated to the rank of saint. The Life required its author to strictly follow the established rules. The life was compositionally divided into three parts: introduction, central part, conclusion. In the introduction, the author should have apologized for his lack of skill in writing. And the conclusion was dedicated to praising the hero of the life. The central part directly describes the biography of the saint. The life belongs to the pre-realistic genre, because Only the positive properties of the hero are described. Negative ones are omitted. The result is a “saccharine” image of the saint. In this case, hagiography comes close to icon painting. The chronicler Nestor is credited, according to legend, with the authorship of a life dedicated to the murdered Boris and Gleb, as well as to the founder of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, Abbot Theodosius.

Among the works of the oratorical and journalistic genre, the “Sermon on Law and Grace”, created by Hilarion, the first metropolitan of Russian origin, in the middle of the 11th century, stands out. These are reflections on power, on the place of Rus' in Europe. The “Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh, written for his sons, is wonderful. The prince must be wise, merciful, fair, educated, lenient and firm in protecting the weak. Strength and valor, faithful service to the country, were demanded from the prince by Daniil Zatochnik, the author of the brilliant “Prayer” in language and literary form.

The unknown author of the greatest work of ancient Russian literature, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (late 12th century), also called for agreement and reconciliation among the princes. A real event - the defeat of the Seversk prince Igor from the Polovtsians (1185-1187) - became only the reason for the creation of the “Word”, amazing with the richness of the language, the harmony of the composition, and the power of the figurative structure. The author sees “Russian land from a great height, covers vast spaces with his mind’s eye. Danger threatens Rus', and the princes must forget the strife in order to save it from destruction.

A significant difference between Russian culture and the culture of most countries of the East and West is the use of the native language. The Arabic language for many non-Arab countries and the Latin language for a number of Western European countries were alien languages, the monopoly of which led to the fact that the popular language of the states of that era is almost unknown to us. The Russian literary language was used everywhere - in office work, diplomatic correspondence, private letters, in fiction and scientific literature. The unity of the national and state languages ​​was a great cultural advantage of Rus' over the Slavic and Germanic countries, in which the Latin state language dominated. Such widespread literacy was impossible there, since to be literate meant knowing Latin. For Russian townspeople, it was enough to know the alphabet in order to immediately express their thoughts in writing; This explains the widespread use in Rus' of writing on birch bark and on “boards” (obviously waxed).

3. ARCHITECTURE

Russian medieval architecture makes a serious contribution to the history of world culture. For many years, Rus' was a wooden country, and its architecture, pagan chapels, fortresses, towers, and huts were built of wood. In wood, Russian people, first of all, expressed their perception of structural beauty, a sense of proportion, and the merging of architectural structures with the surrounding nature. If wooden architecture goes back mainly to pagan Rus', then stone architecture is associated with already Christian Russia. Unfortunately, ancient wooden buildings have not survived to this day, but the architectural style of the people has come down to us in later wooden structures, in ancient descriptions and drawings. Russian wooden architecture was characterized by multi-tiered buildings, crowning them with turrets and towers, and the presence of various types of extensions - cages, passages, vestibules. Intricate artistic wood carving was a traditional decoration of Russian wooden buildings.

IX -XIII centuries XIV-XV centuries 3. Birch bark letters as evidence of the spread of literacy in cities and suburbs 1. Replacement of parchment with paper. 2. Monasteries still remain the centers of book learning - the origin of book printing Ivan Fedorov. The first book is “Apostle” - 1564, “Book of Hours”, Psalter Correspondence of I. the Terrible with A. Kurbsky. 3. Basic knowledge of salt making, history 1. Growth of printed materials. 2. The emergence of public and private libraries - the opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy by Simeon of Polotsk - “Primer” by V. Burtsev, “Grammar” by M. Smotritsky 5. “Synopsis” - historical work by I. Gisel

IX -XIII centuries XIV-XV centuries Monomakh XII century 4. “The Tale of Igor’s Host” (about the events of 1185) 5. “The Word and Prayer” by D. Zatochnik (XII-XIII centuries) 1. Sophony of Ryazan “Zadonshchina” - end of the XIV century 2. The work of Epiphanius the Wise “Life of Sergius Radonezh" 3. Af. Nikitin "Walking beyond the three seas" 4. "Life of Al. Nevsky" (XIII-XIV centuries) 1. Sylvester "Domostroy" 2. A. Kurbsky "The Story of the Grand Duke of Moscow" 3. Encyclopedic work " Great Chetya-Menaion" under the direction of Macarius 4. Philotheus "Moscow - the Third Rome" 5. Ermolai Erasmus "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia" 6. The emergence of the genre of journalism (Ivan Peresvetov and Abraham Palitsyn) 1. The emergence of the genre of historical story "The Tale of Seat of Azov" (1642) 2. The appearance of autobiographical works "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum" 3. Satirical stories 4. The work of Simeon of Polotsk 5. Virshi - poetic works of love, everyday, satirical motifs

IX -XIII centuries XIV-XV centuries .Intercession on the Nerl Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (1326; 1475 A. Fioravanti) 2. Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin (house church of the royal family) 3. Faceted Chamber - M. Fryazin Place of ceremonial receptions 4. Trinity-Sergius Monastery -1337. 5. Andronikov Monastery (Moscow, 1427) 6. Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (Vologda 1397) 7. Solovetsky Monastery (Arkhangelsk) 1. Construction of China Town (F. Kon) 2. Wall of the White City (F. Kon) 3. Novodevichy Convent (in honor of the capture of Smolensk by Vasily III) 4. Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye 1532 (in honor of the birth of Ivan the Terrible) 5. Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin A. Fryazin () Tomb of the Russian Tsars. 6. Kazan Cathedral. Barma. Postnik (in honor of the capture of Kazan by Ivan IV) 7. Bell tower of Ivan the Great Bon Fryazin. 1505 1. A new style appears - Naryshkin Baroque 2. Palace in Kolomenskoye Work of architects Bazhen Ogurtsov, Larion Ushakov, Chirin, Savin.

IX –XIII centuries XIV-XV centuries XVI century XVII in painting 1. Iconography of Alimpius 1. Iconography of Theophanes the Greek. Painting of the Annunciation Cathedral. 2. The works of Andrei Rublev () 1. Iconography of Dioni. () Assumption Cathedral. 2. Stroganov school of painting 1. The emergence of the parsuna genre 2. Simeon Ushakov () master of the armory travelers Af. Nikitin – research of Crimea, Turkey, India. “Walking across three seas” 1. Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev () exploration of Siberia, passage from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific, the strait between Asia and America 2. Khabarov Erofey Pavlovich () exploration of the Amur. 3. Atlasov Vladimir Vasilievich () - study of Kamchatka

Culture test. * A1 Indicate the earliest cathedral in terms of construction? 1) Sofia in Kyiv 2) Dmitrievsky in Vladimir 3) Sofia in Novgorod 4) Uspensky in Vladimir * A2. A popular genre in Rus', in which the narrative went from year to year: 1) chronicle 2) chronicle 3) hagiography 4) walking * A3. Read an excerpt from a literary work and indicate the year to which it refers: “It was not proper for us, brothers, to begin with ancient words the difficult story of the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavovich... Let us begin, brothers, the story from ancient Vladimir to present-day Igor...” 1))) ) 1224 * A4. Under which ruler did a unique Kremlin ensemble emerge that still amazes with its beauty today? 1) Ivan Kalita 2) Dmitry Donskoy 3) Ivan III 4) Simeone Gordom * A5. Under which prince was the idea of ​​“Moscow – the third Rome” formed? 1) Ivan III 2) Ivan Kalita 3) Dmitry Donskoy 4) Vasily III

* A6. The author of “Walking Beyond the Three Seas” is 1) Aristotle Fioravanti 2) Fedor the horse 3) Aleviz Fryazin (New) 4) Marco Fryazin * A7. The temple built by Grozny in honor of the victory over Kazan 1) St. Basil's 2) Assumption Cathedral 3) Ivanovo Church 4) Church of the Ascension * A8. Name the artist who worked in the Armory in the 17th century 1) Georgy Zinoviev 2) Ivan Maximov 3) Tikhon Filatiev 4) Simon Ushakov * A9. Which buildings were built by the architect Kazakov a) Gubin House b) Golitsyn Hospital c) Winter Palace d) Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin e) Academy of Arts building f) Mikhailovsky Palace 1) ABG 2) AVG 3) BGE 4) AVD * A10. Who organized the first professional theater? 1) Volkov 2) Pashkevich 3) Sumarokov 4) Shlykova

* A 11 The “secularization of culture” of the 17th century is evidenced by 1) the appearance of parsuna 2) the adoption of the law on compulsory primary education 3) the beginning of book printing 4) the opening of the Academy of Sciences * A 12 The “secularization of culture” of the 17th century is evidenced by 1) the emergence of professional theater 2) transition to a new chronology 3) the beginning of book printing 4) the creation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy * A13 “The Glades lived separately in those days... and there were three brothers - Khoriv, ​​Shchek, Kiy and their sister - Lybid. And they built a city and named it in honor of their brother - Kiev..." 1) "Cathedral Code 2) "Russian Truth" 3) "Teaching of Vladimir Monomakh" 4) "The Tale of Bygone Years" * A 14 "The Father" of the Russian theater is called 1) Biron 2) Volkov 3) Radishchev 4) Polzunov * A 15 The creator of the first steam engine is considered to be 1) Biron 2) Volkov 3) Polzunov 4) Rokotov * A 16 In ancient Russian literature, “Life” was called 1) a weather record of events 2) a description of the activities of Christian saints 3) teachings of princes to their heirs 4) folk epic tales

* A 17 A small-sized pictorial work of art was called 1) stained glass 2) headband 3) filigree 4) miniature * A 18 Russian portrait painter of the 18th century 1) Rokotov 2) Kiprensky 3) Bryullov 4) Voronikhin * A 19 The emergence of printing in Russia is associated with named after 1) Simeon Ushakov 2) Ivan Peresvetov 3) Andrei Kurbsky 4) Ivan Fedorov * A 20 Russian architects of the 18th century 1) Tatishchev, Shcherbakov 2) Kazakov, Bazhenov 3) Shubin, Argunov 4) Horse, Chokhov * A 21 The navigator who discovered strait between Asia and America 1) Bering 2) Poyarkov 3) Ushakov 4) Nakhimov * A 22 The names of Theophanes the Greek, Dionysius, Simeon Ushakov are associated with the development of 1) jewelry art 2) architecture 3) chronicle writing 4) icon painting *

Q1 Arrange in chronological order the appearance of historical monuments * A) St. Basil’s Cathedral b) “The Tale of Bygone Years” c) “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” d) the white stone Kremlin in Moscow * B2 Match * A) Daniil Zatochnik 1) “Zadonshchina” * B ) Sophony Ryazan 2) “Prayer” * C) Nestor 3) “Teaching to Children” * D) Vladimir Monomakh 4) “The Tale of Bygone Years” 5) “Domostroy” * Match: * A) Marco Fryazin 1) “Trinity” * B ) Andrey Rublev 2) Chamber of Facets * C) Aristotle Fioravanti 3) Archangel Cathedral * D) Aleviz Novy Fryazin 4) Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin 5) Kazan Cathedral

* References: * 1. History from ancient times to the end of the 18th century, textbook for universities. Ed. A.N. Sakharov. M: Ast., 2003 * 2.V.N. Alexandrov History of Russian Art, Minsk, 2007 * 3.L. A. Belyaev. Fortresses and weapons of Eastern Europe. M: "Book House",

The culture of which was a striking phenomenon in the development of the country, famous for its beautiful architectural monuments and literary creations. What influenced its development? How has your view of the world changed? All this needs to be sorted out.

Ancient Rus': culture and its features before and after

As you know, the ancient state was subordinated to pagan religion, as a result of which we can talk about several characteristic features of that society. Firstly, oral folk art predominated. It was then that epics, songs and fairy tales began to emerge. People passed on the most important information from generation to generation, which has survived to this day. Secondly, wooden architecture was developed. At that time there were no stone buildings in Rus', but there were strong wooden temples and huts known throughout the world. Thirdly, there were no written sources. Yes, before the adoption of the new faith there were no such monuments of art on the territory of our country. Fourthly, there were a lot of features that changed a lot after the adoption of Christianity:

Ancient Rus': culture and its embodiments

The entire culture of that time can be divided into three areas: writing, architecture and fine arts. So, let's start with literature. The first kind of messages to each other (and this can be called the origin were found in Novgorod, where they were nicknamed After the adoption of Christianity, Illarionov’s “Sermon on Law and Grace” appeared, as well as the “Ostromir Gospel” (the authorship is attributed to the scribe Gregory). In addition, it is impossible one cannot remember the fact that the alphabet was created by the great brothers, Cyril and Methodius, also at that time. The history of the culture of Ancient Russia, in particular, stone architecture, is the richest heritage of the entire country. What are the examples of the cross-domed style: both Kiev and " Our Lady of Oranta”, the icon “The Annunciation of Ustyug”, as well as the fresco “Prophet Zachary”.

Thus, Ancient Rus', whose culture laid the foundations for the development of the Russian soul, became an example for subsequent creators. We study her works and rejoice at the achievements of that time to this day, and this is one of the main reasons to be proud of our history.